History of the development of the Morozov Children's Clinical Hospital. Glorified Russian medicine. Who are Moscow clinics named after?

In Podsosensky Lane in Moscow there is a beautiful mansion, in magnificent stucco decorations, built by the famous in the 19th century architect Mikhail Chichagov. In 1917, the mansion was nationalized, but its owner did not go anywhere, “did not rush abroad.” Modestly located in the two lower rooms of his former home, he met visitors and gave them excursions, introducing them to his lovingly collected collection of antique porcelain, silver, engraved portraits, and icons (the best in Russia). He “with amazing submissive calm was engaged in the description and protection of his museum.”

It was Morozov Alexey Vikulovich, thanks to which one of the best city children's hospitals, Morozovskaya, once appeared in Moscow. A wonderful portrait by Valentin Serov gives us an idea of ​​the appearance of this man.

In 1898, Alexey Vikulovich turned to the Moscow City Duma with an application for a donation of 400 thousand rubles, bequeathed by his late parent for the construction of a children's hospital. Having accepted the Morozovs' donation, the city hastily allocated a site. In Moscow at that time there was an extremely high level of spread of infectious diseases among children: measles, whooping cough, diphtheria... And children with infectious diseases accepted only in one city hospital - St. Vladimir. And only a small number of places were intended for this. There were only three children’s hospitals at that time: in addition to the one mentioned above, Saint Olga- for 40 seats and Saint Sophia- by 100. For the city, which at that time was experiencing one of the most turbulent periods of growth and influx of people in its history, this was a drop in the bucket.

On Horse Square

It was decided to build an infectious diseases hospital (but with places for non-infectious, as well as surgical patients). A large area for construction was allocated: 9 hectares, taking into account future growth and expansion - as funds are received from the city treasury and from philanthropists. (The Committee of Public Health insisted on the construction of a large hospital with 340 beds, although available funds were supposed to accommodate only 150.)

The location was determined at the beginning of Mytnaya Street, where Horse Square was located. The fact that the hospital should be built specifically in Zamoskvorechye was a condition of the will Vikuly Evseevich Morozov, as well as the availability of medical care for children of all classes.

On the map of Moscow, Konnaya Square looked like a quadrangle irregular shape: horse fairs were held there and... court verdicts were announced. (For example, the sentence of the first revolutionary terrorist Nechaev was announced precisely at the Horse.)

Morozov Children's Hospital in Moscow, administrative building. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / A.Savin

Everything is separate

Having transferred the money bequeathed by his parent to the city, Morozov took upon himself the main efforts associated with the design, construction and organization of a completely new children's medical institution for the city. First of all, he sent the best pediatric surgeon in Moscow on a long foreign business trip “across Europe” Timofey Petrovich Krasnobaev- get acquainted with the latest achievements in order to use the best experience at that time when creating a hospital.

To avoid the spread of infection, we decided to go with the pavilion type of construction: for each infection there is a separate building. Moreover, the layout of each building was provided in such a way that, if necessary, it could be divided into parts isolated from each other. After all, each infectious disease is already serious in itself, but if a second one joins it, this will complicate the course of the disease.

Since staff can also be carriers of the infection, in each department in the second floor superstructure it was planned to equip housing for nannies and paramedics only for that building.

The foundation stone for the hospital took place on August 26, 1900. In 1902, an outpatient clinic was opened on the first floor of the administrative building for both infectious and non-infectious patients. The reception was organized as follows: at the entrance of patients, they were greeted by a gatekeeper and a paramedic and, having specified the reason for their visit, they directed the patients either to the main entrance or to the side entrances of the building for infectious patients.

The appointment at the outpatient clinic was conducted by 3 doctors: a pediatrician, an infectious disease specialist and a surgeon. There was an operating room, a smallpox vaccination room with a separate entrance, in addition, a laboratory room, a library for doctors and a pharmacy for outpatients. Up to 500 sick children were admitted daily.

Discoverers

In 1903, the first infectious diseases wards were opened for patients with scarlet fever, diphtheria and mixed infections. In 1906 - 6 more medical buildings, staff housing, a chapel, and all outbuildings. As a result, an entire medical campus was created: 9 buildings arranged in three rows. (Several pavilions - therapeutic, surgical buildings, for “doubtful patients” and other buildings - were built according to the project I. A. Ivanova-Shica.) They laid out a park, planted trees both around the buildings and around the entire territory.

Major clinicians B. A. Egiz, V. A. Kolli, T. P. Krasnobaev(a monument to him was erected on the territory of the hospital) led not only therapeutic work, but also taught young specialists who also lived at the hospital. Doctors were working scientific activities, issued guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of severe infectious diseases and on pediatric surgery.

Much of what was carried out here was then for the first time in Russia. And throughout its subsequent history, the Morozov hospital continued to remain a pioneer in many ways. Already in Soviet time here the first department in Russia with Meltzer boxes for complete isolation of patients was opened, then the first specialized otolaryngological department, the first rheumatology department, the first department for patients with tuberculous meningitis (and the first such sick child was cured here). Already in the 60s, the country's first department for newborns with lesions appeared nervous system, traumatology and endocrinology, hematology for patients with leukemia, neurosurgical departments.

Now the Morozov City Children's Hospital (4th Dobryninsky Lane, 1) is one of the largest hospitals in the city. And its architectural decoration is a pink oasis of elegant Russian Art Nouveau. A brilliant art connoisseur, Alexey Vikulovich Morozov knew how to choose projects.

Morozov Children's City Clinical Hospital began its history back in 1900. Money for the construction of children's buildings infectious diseases hospital donated by the merchant of the first guild, manufacturing advisor Vikula Eliseevich Morozov.
Just two years after the start of construction, patients began to be admitted on an outpatient basis, and at the beginning of 1903, the first three buildings of the infectious diseases hospital were opened. Construction was carried out under the leadership of the head physician of the hospital Alekseev, as well as the architect Ivanov-Shits.
At first, patients were admitted on an outpatient basis on the first floor of the administrative building. The buildings opened the following year accommodated 100 beds for the treatment of infectious patients in the clinic. In 1906, six buildings were ready for operation, for patients with various diseases, a building for the surgical department, as well as premises for the kitchen, warehouses, and chapel. One building was set aside so that hospital managers could live there.
In 1906, the construction of the fourth children's hospital named after V.I. Morozov. in Moscow was completed. In total, the hospital was designed for 340 beds.
The work on treating young patients was led by such doctors as: Egiz B.A. and Colley V.A. in the infectious diseases department, Dr. William was the senior physician in internal medicine, in surgical department worked Krasnobaev T.P. In the administrative building of the surgery, on the second floor lived young specialists who combined study and work. Medical staff from the “Quench My Sorrows” community lived there. Staff working in different departments of the hospital were unable to communicate with each other, thus protecting themselves from the spread of infectious diseases within the hospital.
The public was very concerned high level child mortality infancy, as well as the spread of nosocomial infections. A problem with infants resolved when a specialized building was built to treat children of this age. The merchant Karzinkin donated money for the construction. In the building, which is called S.A. Karzinkina, there was a hospital for 25 people, there was also a dairy kitchen and an outpatient clinic. The work was carried out under the guidance of Professor Langovoy N.I. Problem nosocomial infection was decided later. In 1930, one infectious diseases department was reconstructed into boxes. Then they built three compartments with boxes that could accommodate 120 people. This hospital was the first in the country to use Meltzer boxes. In 1960-1970, some buildings were expanded to two or three storey buildings. In 1972, construction of a seven-story building designed to accommodate more than 300 people was completed. In 1983, the construction of a building with boxes was completed, on the ground floor of which there were Meltzer boxes. In 1976, a pathology department appeared in a separate building. In 1997, the hematology building was reconstructed and a blood transfusion department was organized on its basis. In 1932, a children's ENT department was opened, and two years later a rheumatology department was opened. In 1942, a department for the treatment of neurological diseases was opened. This neurological department was the second in Moscow at that time. Five years later, a department for the treatment of meningitis and tuberculosis was opened for the first time. In 1962, a department was opened for the first time to treat newborns with diseases of the nervous system. The following year, traumatology and endocrinology were opened. In 1965, the hematology department was opened, where patients with leukemia were treated. Neurosurgery was first discovered in 1970.
The first ophthalmology department, as well as an ophthalmological clinic, was opened at the Morozov Hospital. In 1962, children's cardiorheumatology was organized. Later, a clinic was opened for consultations on neurological diseases. In 1937, a school was organized at the hospital to train highly qualified paramedical personnel.
Nowadays, the Morozov Children's City Clinical Hospital is one of the city's largest hospitals for children. The hospital has a total of twenty-four departments with 1020 beds, seventeen profiles and seven additional services, a clinic, an ophthalmological sanatorium, medical School.
Two hundred and sixty-four doctors work at the Morozov Hospital, about half of whom have highest category, and 4 doctors received the title Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation.

In the vocabulary of capital residents there are words whose meaning is completely unambiguous. For example, “Filatovskaya”, “Morozovskaya”, “Sklifosovsky”, “Botkinskaya” - it is clear to everyone that we are talking about famous Moscow medical institutions.

But how much do we know about the people after whom these clinics are named? Do we often think about what we owe to them?

Doctor-legend

Another doctor who not only our city, but the whole country can be proud of is Sergei Petrovich Botkin, who also lived in the century before last. He was called a legendary doctor - he was such a brilliant therapist and diagnostician.

Botkin is considered the founder of scientific clinical medicine. This doctor was the first to prove that the body is a single whole, controlled by the nervous system and at the same time being inextricably linked with its environment. Sergei Botkin created the first experimental laboratory in Russia, where they studied the effects of drugs on human body. Moreover, he created a free outpatient clinic at the clinic where the poor could be treated. Dr. Botkin became a trustee of infectious diseases hospitals in Russia, introduced the first ambulance - the prototype of a modern ambulance. And the famous “Botkin’s disease” - hepatitis A - bears this name because Sergei Petrovich established the infectious nature of the disease.

In 1920, his name was given to the Soldatenkovskaya Hospital. Today it is a multidisciplinary hospital where care is provided in surgical, gynecological, therapeutic, cardiac surgery, traumatology and other areas. The Botkin Hospital has a regional vascular center, a joint replacement center, and a hematology center. Almost all departments of the clinic are clinical bases of leading educational and research institutions in Russia.

A brilliant diagnostician and brilliant therapist “donated” his name to the Botkin Hospital

Master of good deeds

Among the people after whom famous clinics are named, there are both famous doctors and those who have nothing to do with this science at all. However, in their time they became famous for their good and good deeds. One of these Muscovites was Vikula Eliseevich Morozov, whose name is given to the children's city clinical hospital.

Morozov owned a huge fortune, which he earned as an entrepreneur-manufacturer. At the same time, a significant part of his family’s money went to good deeds. Vikula Eliseevich bequeathed to his children to spend 600 thousand rubles - a huge amount for those times! - for charitable purposes, including for the device medical institutions. His sons carried out his will, and in 1900, after the death of the entrepreneur, the construction of a children's hospital named after Vikula Morozov began. It must be said that other large Moscow entrepreneurs also donated money for the development of this clinic.

Today Morozov Hospital is a multidisciplinary clinical and diagnostic complex that provides high-tech medical care children. The hospital is being renovated: a modern building with unique transplant departments has been built on the site of old buildings bone marrow and pediatric cardiac surgery. Thanks to Vikula Morozov and his sons, schools, theaters, hospitals, orphanages, and libraries appeared in our city. More than 70 buildings were built in the capital with their funds.

Vikula Morozov created the financial “foundation” of the Morozov Children’s Hospital.

Sklifosovsky Castle

How many saved human lives on the account of Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky, it is impossible to count. Nikolai Pirogov himself spoke with admiration of him as an excellent field surgeon.

It was Sklifosovsky who introduced the principles of asepsis and antisepsis (in other words, disinfection of wounds), and this sharply reduced the mortality rate among surgical patients. He was the first to introduce rules for the disinfection of instruments and the operating table, and laid the foundation for abdominal surgery. During Russian-Turkish War More than 10 thousand wounded passed through his hands, sometimes the doctor operated for days on end.

Among Sklifosovsky's achievements is the creation of a device for maintaining anesthesia throughout the entire operation, a method local anesthesia. It was he who came up with an original way to connect crushed bones, which is called the “Russian castle”, or “Sklifovsky castle”.

Under the name of Nikolai Sklifosovsky, a scientist and surgeon, today the largest research institute for emergency care operates

The golden hands of a surgeon

At the beginning of the twentieth century. native Muscovites argued that there were three attractions in the capital: the Tretyakov Gallery, Red Square and Doctor Yudin. Such a strange saying. What kind of person is this, whose name could be compared with the central square of the capital?
Sergei Sergeevich Yudin was a brilliant surgeon who made a serious contribution to the development of military field surgery and traumatology. Even during the First World War, he headed a medical detachment and operated on soldiers right on the front line, in trenches and dugouts. Later he worked as the chief surgeon of the Sklifosovsky Research Institute, operating daily, and sometimes at night. It was difficult to find a better surgeon in the world than Yudin. He was an unsurpassed master of gastric surgery; during his life he performed more than 17 thousand operations on the stomach.

Today, the city clinical hospital, a huge modern hospital, is named after him.

Sergei Yudin was the pride and best surgeon in the capital; he sometimes operated for days on end.

Doctor No. 1

City Clinical Hospital No. 1 is named after Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, a world-famous surgeon. Pirogov’s personality is unique. A participant in four wars, Nikolai Pirogov laid the foundations of military field surgery, developing a number of medical techniques that made it possible to avoid amputation of soldiers’ limbs.

For the first time in the history of world medicine, Pirogov began to use plaster casts, implemented general anesthesia and performed the first operation under anesthesia in field conditions. In our country, Dr. Pirogov was the first to propose the idea plastic surgery and for the first time in the world came up with the idea of ​​bone grafting.

By the way, it was on Pirogov’s initiative that sisters of mercy appeared in the Russian army. And it is quite natural that one of the oldest and largest hospital in the capital today, No. 1, a multidisciplinary hospital, where more than 40 thousand inpatients are treated and more than 400 thousand receive outpatient care, is named after this man.

Hospital No. 1 is named after Nikolai Pirogov, the famous Russian surgeon and scientist.

The most ambulance

Among the great Russian doctors there are names that are little known to the general public. Few people know why the capital's ambulance station emergency care, the largest in Europe, including 58 substations and 87 posts throughout the city, bears the name of Alexander Sergeevich Puchkov.

It’s all very simple: it was this doctor who founded the service in Moscow emergency assistance. In 1921, when a terrible typhus epidemic was raging in Moscow, Puchkov led the evacuation of the sick. But the patients were put into ordinary cars, which became the first ambulances, transporting people to hospitals and infectious disease barracks. In this way, 70 thousand patients were transported, and this fact played a huge role in the fight against the spread of typhus.

Puchkov created the basic principles for organizing rapid medical care for the population, and he himself took part in the development of a new type of ambulance. Later, the experience of organizing a Moscow service with the famous telephone “03” was introduced in all cities of Russia. Today, the capital's emergency ambulance station named after Puchkov carries out up to 12 thousand calls daily, and the arrival time in Moscow is 10-12 minutes.

Alexander Puchkov in the 1920s. organized the transportation of patients in Moscow, laying the foundation for the capital's ambulance service

Errors - to a minimum

The multidisciplinary clinic named after Ippolit Davydovsky, located in an old mansion in the center of Moscow, provides assistance to people with acute heart attack myocardium and coronary disease hearts. But how much do we know about Ippolit Vasilyevich himself? He was the most famous pathologist and pathologist of his time. He thought pathological anatomy primarily by the method of scientific monitoring of the doctor’s work and improving diagnostics. During the war, Davydovsky dealt with the problems of sepsis and wound processes. On his initiative, it became mandatory in all hospitals in the USSR to compare clinical and post-mortem pathological diagnoses - this makes it possible to minimize medical errors. Ippolit Davydovsky understood the significance of the demographic problem in the country and was the first to study the biology of aging, organizing a laboratory for the pathology of old age. By the way, the doctor himself, fortunately, lived to an old age.

Ippolit Davydovsky, whose name this clinic bears, worked, among other things, on the problems of aging.

Health of the soul

Gilyarovsky's surname is familiar to any Muscovite, but in in this case we are not talking about an expert on old Moscow, but about the great psychiatrist and scientist Vasily Alekseevich Gilyarovsky, who became the founder of child psychiatry.
During the First World War, he created a shelter in Moscow for nervously ill refugee children - confused, frightened, shocked. Gilyarovsky paid attention not only severe diseases, but also their prevention, as well as tracking the so-called borderline states. He was one of the first in our country to introduce methods of treating the mentally ill - electrosleep, insulin shock, collective psychotherapy and occupational therapy. He is the author of 250 scientific works, and his "Manual of Psychiatry" long years used as a textbook for students. Today, psychiatric clinical hospital No. 3 is named after him.

Vasily Gilyarovsky is the founder of child psychiatry.

We have not yet mentioned Alexander Yeramishantsev, who was the first to successfully perform a liver transplant in our country; about Mikhail Zhadkevich, who for the first time removed a blood clot from the pulmonary artery in a regular medical unit; about Leonid Vorokhobov, a brilliant surgeon who headed the capital’s medicine for more than 20 years (under him, more than 80 new hospital buildings and 137 clinics were opened in Moscow); about Valentin Buyanov, whose textbook on surgery is still a reference book for mid-level medical specialists; about Valentin Voyno-Yasenetsky, surgeon, scientist and theologian, who took monastic orders.
But you can find out for yourself everything about the great Russian doctors - you just have to come to Chistoprudny Boulevard, see the exhibition and bow deeply to these truly great people.

State budgetary healthcare institution Morozov Children's City Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Health Department (former Children's City Clinical Hospital No. 1) is one of the largest and oldest children's hospitals in Russia.

Story

Construction of the hospital began in 1900 with funds from the Moscow merchant of the first guild V. E. Morozov (hence modern name hospitals). In 1902, an outpatient clinic and an administrative building were built, and in 1903, the first three infectious disease buildings were built. ...On the instructions of a philanthropist, surgeon Timofey Petrovich Krasnobaev traveled best clinics Italy, Switzerland, Germany, assessing what is advanced foreign experience may be useful in the construction of a children's hospital in Russia. It was he who explained to the benefactor how to build a hospital “no worse than in Europe.” The main principle of construction infectious diseases hospitals at that time they were divided into many different buildings - the isolation of infectious patients was the only way preventing epidemics. Krasnobaev’s opinion was taken as a basis when creating the project. The first buildings of the hospital corresponded to the best foreign clinics of that time. In 1906, construction of a hospital with 304 beds was completed. Throughout the 20th century, the hospital was repeatedly completed and reconstructed. Today, the medical care that patients receive at the facility is no different from what they could receive in any other country in the world.

Current position of the hospital

The structure of the hospital includes a hospital with 954 beds with 33 intensive care and intensive care beds, 40 day hospital beds, consisting of 28 clinical and 7 auxiliary departments and services, as well as a consultative and diagnostic center for outpatients. Every year, up to 36 thousand patients receive medical care in the hospital. Currently, the hospital has been reorganized by merging children's dental clinic No. 36 (now referred to as branch No. 1) operating at the address: Malaya Sukharevskaya Square, 3, and children's bronchopulmonary sanatorium No. 51 (now referred to as branch No. 2) located at address: Orekhovy Boulevard, 4, with the aim of creating a medical rehabilitation department.

A number of units provide assistance not only to children in Moscow, but also in many regions of Russia. These are neuro-oncology and oncohematology (the only ones in the system of children's city hospitals), urgent endocrinology (constantly working hotline in pediatric endocrinology), ophthalmology-eye microsurgery (the only 24-hour pediatric eye emergency room in Moscow).

At the Morozov Hospital, a team of medical specialists is on duty around the clock: pediatricians, a surgeon, a neurosurgeon, an orthopedic traumatologist, a neurologist, an ophthalmologist - a specialist in eye microsurgery, an otorhinolaryngologist, an endocrinologist, an oncohematologist, and resuscitators.

Morozov Hospital is one of the main emergency hospitals in the city. The hospital receives approximately 200 calls every day. Of these, approximately 130-140 children are hospitalized.

Among the hospital employees - 76 are candidates medical sciences, 17 - doctors of medical sciences, 6 - professors, 4 - corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 4 - honored doctors of the Russian Federation. On the base Morozov Hospital Students are trained in 20 departments.

History of the construction of the Morozov Children's City clinical hospital dates back to 1900, when the construction of a new children's infectious diseases hospital (the fourth children's hospital in the city) began with the donations of the manufactory-adviser, merchant of the 1st guild Vikula Eliseevich Morozov.

In 1902, an outpatient clinic was opened, and in January 1903, the first three infectious disease buildings were opened. The construction managers were chief physician hospital N.N. Alekseev and architect Ivanov-Shits.

In April 1902, an administrative building was built, in which an outpatient clinic was opened on the ground floor. In January 1903, the first three infectious diseases buildings with 100 beds were opened. By 1906, 6 more buildings were built for patients with “contagious” and “non-contagious” diseases, a surgical building, a kitchen, warehouses, chapels, a sectional room, as well as a residential building for hospital managers.

In 1906, the construction of the fourth children's hospital with 340 beds, named after Vikula Eliseevich Morozov, was completely completed in Moscow.

Photo: P.P. Pavlov, “Album of buildings belonging to the Moscow City Public Administration”

Medical work in the hospital was supervised by senior doctors infectious diseases: B. A. Egiz and V. A. Kolli, for therapy - Dr. William, for surgery - T. P. Krasnobaev. Young doctors - assistants, while studying and working, lived in the hospital - on the second floor of the administrative and surgical building. Other medical staff- maids and matrons from the “Assuage My Sorrows” Community also lived on the second floors of the buildings. Communication between staff of different departments was prohibited in order to prevent the spread and transmission of infection.

The medical community was concerned about the high mortality rate in hospital for infants and the high rate of nosocomial infection. The first problem was solved with the construction of a special building for infants with donations from the merchant Karzinkin. In the building named after Sofia Andreevna Karzinkina established a hospital with 25 beds, opened an outpatient clinic and a dairy kitchen. This work was supervised by Prof. Langova N.I. The second problem was solved later. In 1930, one of the infectious diseases departments was reconstructed into a boxed department, and in the 30s, 3 more boxed buildings with 120 boxes and the first department in Russia with Meltzer boxes were built. In the 60-70s, some buildings were built up to 2-3 floors. In 1972, a new 7-story building with 310 beds was built, and in 1983, a new boxed building with Meltzer boxes on the ground floor. In 1976, a new pathology building was built, in 1997, the hematology building was reconstructed and the Blood Transfusion Department was organized on the basis of the department. In 1932, the city's first specialized children's otolaryngology department was opened; in 1934, together with the clinics of the Russian State Medical University and the UDN, the first rheumatology department was organized. In 1942, the second neurological department in Moscow was opened. In 1947, the first department for patients with tuberculous meningitis was organized, and the patient was successfully treated; a treatment method has been developed for this serious illness. In 1962, the first department for newborns with damage to the nervous system was opened, in 1963 - the first children's traumatology and endocrinology department, in 1965 - the first hematology department for patients with leukemia, in 1970 - the first neurosurgical department.

The first ophthalmological care service for children was organized - the first ophthalmological department (1952) and the first children's ophthalmological consultative clinic. In 1962, a children's cardio-rheumatology clinic was organized for the first time. In 1970, a children's city consultative neurological clinic was opened at the hospital. Since 1937, a medical school was organized at the hospital to train nurses in children's hospitals in the city.

Currently, Morozov Children's City Clinical Hospital is one of the city's largest children's hospitals. It includes a hospital with 1020 beds with 24 treatment departments, 17 profiles and 7 auxiliary departments and services, and a consultative and diagnostic clinic.