NPK. "Prevention of infectious diseases among primary school students" (grade 2). Infectious disease prevention training

In relation to school prevention infectious diseases consists of three groups of events:

1. Proper organization sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic regime.

2. Rapid elimination of the infection when it enters the school.

3. Increased immunity in children.

1. Proper organization of the sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic regime. The basis of the activities of this group is the so-called alarm control, which includes the following provisions:

Daily registration of absent students and submission of information to the medical office of the school;

Notification of the school administration by the health authorities about the appearance of an infectious disease among students of the school;

Notification of the school by parents about the reasons for the absence of the student;

Finding out the reasons for the absence of the student, if such information is not available;

Admission of a student to school who missed more than two days is allowed only if there is a certificate from a doctor stating that the child is healthy and can attend school (regardless of the reason for the absence).

special attention deserve the last two provisions of signaling control. It is unacceptable to use information received from other children to find out the reasons for the absence of a student, this should be done by one of the adults. Can't accept any explanation phone calls, notes, etc.) of parents in case of a long absence of a student. The only permit to visit the school in such cases should be the conclusion of a medical worker.

In addition to signaling control, the first group of measures for the prevention of infectious diseases at school includes a number of other points:

Annual preventive medical examinations before starting school year(the role of the teacher is auxiliary and organizational);

Observation of the behavioral characteristics of students (any deviations in typical behavior the student should be alerted by the teacher in terms of his state of health);

Sanitary and hygienic education and education of schoolchildren and their parents;

The teacher's control over the state of his own health.

2. Measures for the rapid elimination of the infection when it enters the school. The basis of this group of activities is quarantine, which is imposed on the class or on the whole school. Quarantine is introduced by order of the school principal in agreement with the health authorities, and its essence is to minimize the contact of students in the quarantine class with other students. For this, the following activities are carried out:

The start and end dates of classes in the quarantine class are shifted (usually 15 minutes later than the general schedule of classes at the school);

Children of the quarantine class undress in a separate room specially designed for them;

For quarantine class students, a separate room is allocated, preferably as close as possible to the exit; in this room lessons are held in all subjects, with the exception of physical education;

Changes have been shifted in the quarantine class; if it is impossible to conduct them on the school site, it is advisable to allocate a separate place for them in the recreational premises; sometimes it is necessary to carry out changes directly in the training room;

Students of the quarantine class either do not go to the canteen at all (they bring food to the class in special marked dishes treated with disinfectants), or separate tables are set for them in the canteen, followed by sanitization;

Students of the quarantine class do not use the school library for the period of quarantine;

Schoolchildren of the quarantine class are being monitored more carefully in order to identify the sick and isolate as soon as possible;

In the classrooms of the quarantine class, a more thorough wet cleaning is carried out using disinfectants; if necessary, disinfect the entire school;

Students of the quarantine class, and sometimes all schoolchildren (depending on

depending on the nature of the disease), serum is administered.

The implementation of the quarantine regime is supervised by the school doctor and nurse schools. A nurse should enter the quarantine classroom daily to assist in identifying latent signs of illness.

The task of the school is to increase immunity in children is to explain to parents and children the need for timely preventive vaccinations. Before carrying out unscheduled immunization for epidemic indications, the principal of the school issues an order, which approves the schedule for vaccinations for the classes of the school and indicates the need for the participation of all class teachers and teachers in this work. In the order, class teachers are instructed to conduct conversations with students in their classes about the need for vaccination against an infectious disease and the possibility of a temporary deterioration in well-being in the next few days after vaccination. All teachers are advised to increase attention to complaints about the well-being of students in each lesson and, if necessary, refer sick people to a doctor.

Tasks of the class teacher in connection with the vaccination:

Pre-conduct a class discussion with students, as well as with their parents, about the benefits of vaccination;

In agreement with the school doctor, draw up a list of students exempted from vaccination for health reasons;

Send students in their class in an organized manner to the medical office for vaccination at the time allotted for this;

Ensure that vaccinated children are monitored for the next two weeks after vaccination.

When accounting medical contraindications The vaccine poses no health risk. Carrying out preventive vaccinations contributes to the creation of a sufficient immune layer of the population, which can serve as a powerful barrier to the epidemic spread of an infectious disease.

THE CONCEPT OF EMERGENCY CONDITIONS, CAUSES AND FACTORS CAUSING THEM

Basic concepts

The wounded often die not from injuries, but because first aid is late. So, for example, a person died when an artery was damaged, because they could not quickly stop the bleeding (with a hand, a tourniquet), or the victim, lying on his back, suffocated (vomit, blood, sunken tongue). Some of the deaths are on the conscience of those who, being nearby, hesitated, or did not know what to do. The main thing is to learn how to act correctly in the first seconds after finding the victim in order to save his life until the doctors arrive.

First aid plays a significant role in saving lives in emergency conditions and preventing complications in domestic and industrial injuries, poisoning and other accidents. Its role especially increases in conditions of catastrophes that entail mass casualties, as well as in conditions where a significant gap in time is created between the moment of damage or the development of an emergency and the help provided by a doctor (on a hike, in the forest, on vacation, etc. .).

When providing the first medical care should be followed the following rules:

1. It is necessary to act expediently, deliberately, decisively, quickly and calmly.

2. First of all, it is necessary to assess the situation and take measures to stop the impact of damaging factors - remove the victim from water, fire, blockage, extinguish burning clothes, etc.

3. Quickly assess the condition of the victim, determine the severity of the injury, the presence of bleeding, etc.

4. Examine the victim, determine the method and sequence of first aid.

5. Decide what means are needed for first aid, based on specific conditions, circumstances, opportunities.

6. Provide first aid and prepare the victim for transportation.

7. Arrange transportation of the victim to a medical facility.

8. Provide first aid to the maximum extent possible at the scene of the incident and on the way to the medical institution.

9. Carry out care for the injured or suddenly ill before sending him to a medical institution.

Emphasis on learning techniques first aid should be given in pedagogical universities, since it is the school teacher who often faces the need to provide it with the development of emergency conditions or injuries in students.

First aid- this is a complex of urgent simple measures to save a person's life and prevent complications in case of accidents or sudden illness, sudden death carried out at the scene of the incident by the victim himself or by another person. Purpose of first aid:

1. Revival of a person in case of sudden death ( artificial respiration, heart massage).

2. Temporary stop of external bleeding by applying bandages or a tourniquet.

3. Prevention of secondary infection of wounds by applying aseptic dressings.

4. Transport immobilization fractures.

5. Carrying and transportation of victims.

Timely and correctly provided assistance sometimes not only saves a person’s life, but also ensures further successful treatment, prevents the development of severe complications (shock, suppuration of the wound, etc.), eliminates disability.

For the provision of first aid, special medical institutions- ambulance stations and emergency rooms (traumatological, dental, etc.). Ambulance stations have special teams of doctors equipped with modern medical equipment, medicines etc.

Tasks for the test in the discipline:

"Fundamentals of medical knowledge and a healthy lifestyle"

Tasks to know max 3 points per task:

Exercise 1. What is a "health code"?

Certain rules of health and a healthy lifestyle

Task 2. What is an emergency and what are they (list)?

Emergency conditions- a set of symptoms requiring first aid, emergency medical care, or hospitalization of the victim or patient.

2. Bleeding

3. Injury and damage

6. Frostbite

Task 3. When a person is transported:

Only on the abdomen (please list): patients with spinal injuries who are in unconscious

Only on the back with legs raised or bent at the knees: injury abdominal cavity; suspicion of internal bleeding; Availability large blood loss

In the “frog” position with a roller placed under the knees : with spinal injuries, damage spinal cord or suspected similar injury; with a fracture of the pelvic bones or suspicion of it.

Only sitting or semi-sitting: with neck injuries and with significant injuries upper limbs

Tasks to be able to max 3 points per task:

Task 4. Calculate your ideal weight and provide results. If there is no compliance (more or less than the norm), then describe the reason.

A body mass index (BMI) of 23.8 falls within the range of 18.5 to 25. This means that the weight is normal.

normal weight with a height of 169 cm should be in the range from 52.8 kg to 71.1 kg, while the estimated weight rate for this height is 64.9 kg.

Task 5. Record your resting heart rate, then calculate your max exercise heart rate and calculate the optimal post-exercise heart rate for your age group. You sign everything to check your data.

At rest- 74 beats per minute

HRmax = 205.8 - (0.685 * age)

205.8-(0.685 * 24) = 189,36 - maximum allowable heart rate

INSTRUCTION

Prevention of infectious diseases

AIRDROP INFECTIONS

Airborne infections (ICI) are infections that are transmitted by sneezing and coughing. These include: acute respiratory viral diseases, flu, chicken pox, measles, rubella, whooping cough, meningococcal infection.

1. plays an important role in disease prevention hardening of the body. Children involved in sports, gymnastics, water procedures, are much less susceptible to diseases and the effects of the virus, and even if they get sick, the disease proceeds much easier.
2. Strict observance of the sanitary minimum both at home and in in public places. The room must be cleaned with a wet method.
3. It is necessary to observe personal hygiene: wash hands with soap, use a personal towel; monitor the cleanliness of the air in the rooms that need to be ventilated 3-4 times a day, at least 30-40 minutes each time, since Fresh air destructive effect on viruses.
4. timely treatment of carious teeth and chronic inflammation tonsils also important for prevention.
5. When the first signs of the disease appear can't go to school.
6. During an epidemic should not go to public places.
7. Any infection is huge pressure for the body, carrying an infection on your legs, you can cause yourself great harm - the disease can lead to severe complications.
8. The patient should not go to the clinic himself, it is necessary to call a doctor at home ! Take any medication without a doctor's prescription it is forbidden.
9. Try with acetylsalicylic acid or analgin It is not recommended to "knock down" the temperature. Elevated temperature- a normal protective reaction of the body.
10. The patient must have separate dishes which must be washed thoroughly with laundry soap.
11. Of no small importance during the epidemic and before it acquire correct mode food, calories, its saturation with vitamins.
12. It must be understood that an airborne infection can be transmitted at a distance of 1.5-3 meters. B When sneezing and coughing, you need to cover your mouth with a handkerchief.
13. When a patient appears in the house, it is recommended put on a four-layer gauze bandage, which should cover the mouth and nose.
14. Do not talk for a long time with the patient, sit on his bed, kiss, etc. after contact with the patient or his things wash your hands thoroughly with soap.

Implementation of all measures preventing the spread and development of an infectious disease - the best remedy in the fight against the virus.

BEWARE OF ACUTE INTESTINAL DISEASES!

dysentery and salmonellosis, typhoid fever, cholera, yersiniosis and food poisoning that occur when various intestinal bacteria and toxins enter the body are very dangerous to health. At least they cause dysbacteriosis gastrointestinal tract, typhoid fever and cholera in the absence of timely medical care can lead to death.

It is quite possible to protect yourself from intestinal infections, subject to fairly simple sanitary rules:

1. Of course, you must wash your hands thoroughly after using the toilet, returning from the street, and before preparing or eating food.
2. You only need to use boiled water wherever you are.
3. Milk and dairy products can also carry infection. It is for this reason that it is recommended (especially in the hot season) to use them only after heat treatment. Boil milk, use cottage cheese to make cheesecakes and casseroles.
4. Meat, meat products, chickens, chicken eggs also subject to prolonged heat treatment. They will not become worse, but they will not bring harm to health.
5. Vegetables and fruits are essential for the body. They contain essential vitamins and micronutrients. But they are often contaminated with various intestinal bacteria. Resist the temptation to eat them on the counter of a store or market. Treat yourself only after you wash the purchased vegetables and fruits well with clean running water.
6. Protect products from flies - carriers of infection.
7. If you still get sick, it means that enough has been violated somewhere simple rules protection from illness. There is nothing left but to urgently seek the help of a doctor. And you don't need to self-medicate. This will lead to nothing but harm to health.

Infectious diseases are a group of diseases etiological factor which are pathogenic microorganisms - bacteria, viruses, prions. Once in the body, they begin to multiply rapidly and produce toxins. A typical clinical picture diseases.

One of the key properties of infectious diseases is contagiousness, that is, the ability of the pathogen to pass from a sick person or carrier to a healthy one. Therefore, preventive measures are required.

Prevention is a set of measures aimed at stopping the spread of pathogenic microorganisms and preventing the development of diseases. Distinguish between primary and secondary prevention.

Primary prevention is a set of measures that affect the emergence and spread of pathogens. Simply put, its goal is to prevent the appearance of pathology.

Secondary prevention of infectious diseases is carried out after certain symptoms have appeared. Its goal is to eliminate risk factors that contribute to the recurrence of the disease, as well as the prevention of complications.

Depending on the method and mechanism of influence on the cause of the disease, there are specific and non-specific prevention.

Specific prevention is the most effective remedy fight against infectious diseases. Its essence is the creation of immunity. There are three types of prevention:

– active;

– passive;

– active-passive.

Active prevention consists of administering vaccines. They contain live or killed microorganisms or their parts. The immune system produces antibodies to them that circulate in the blood long time. When infected, they neutralize the pathogen. It takes 3-4 weeks to develop immunity to most microorganisms.

During passive prophylaxis, ready-made antibodies in the form of serum are introduced into the body. This is usually done during epidemics, when there is no time to wait for the production of one's own antibodies.

Active-passive prevention combines both of the previous types. The patient is given the vaccine and serum. The fact is that the life of ready-made antibodies is short - only 2-3 weeks. But this time is enough for immunity to begin to form.

Non-specific prevention is a set of actions that affect the spread of a pathogenic agent. This general measures which provide:

- washing hands;

– ventilation of premises;

- avoidance of crowded places;

– use of personal protective measures, such as masks and gloves when caring for the sick;

- increasing the overall resistance of the body:

- classes physical education;

- hardening;

- Compliance with the regime of work and rest.

TO nonspecific prevention quarantine also applies - a set of measures that limit the contacts of a sick person or a possible carrier with healthy population. It provides for the isolation of patients and contacts, examination of those arriving from disadvantaged regions, disinfection of premises, cargo, and transport. This is the so-called health quarantine.

Medico-administrative quarantine provides for a ban on entry to and exit from an unfavorable territory, closing state borders or the introduction of special rules for their intersection.

The terms for which quarantine is introduced are different, but for all diseases there is general rule- from the moment of recovery of the last patient, the maximum incubation period specific disease.

Considering the importance preventive measures both for the population and for a particular person, they need to be approached with understanding. Compliance simple rules can get rid of some pretty serious problems.

Description.

Introduction
1. Background. Public and individual prevention
2. Types of prevention of infectious diseases. Vaccination
2.1 Primary prevention
2.2 Secondary prevention
2.3 Tertiary prevention
2.4 Vaccination
3. Prevention of infectious diseases at school
Conclusion
Bibliography

Extract from work.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………...3

1. Background. Public and individual prevention… ..5

2. Types of prevention of infectious diseases. Vaccination………8

2.1 Primary prevention……………………………………………….8

2.2 Secondary prevention………………………………………………..8

2.3 Tertiary prevention………………………………………………..8

2.4 Vaccination…………………………………………………………………9

1. Prevention of infectious diseases at school………………...11

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………16

References………………………………………………………………18

Introduction

Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by the penetration of pathogenic (pathogenic)microorganisms. In order for a pathogenic microbe to cause an infectious disease, it must be virulent (poisonous; lat. virus - poison), that is, the ability to overcome the body's resistance and show toxic action. Some pathogenic agents cause poisoning of the body by the exotoxins they secrete during their vital activity (tetanus, diphtheria), others release toxins (endotoxins) when their bodies are destroyed (cholera, typhoid fever).

One of the features of infectious diseases is the presence of an incubation period, that is, the period from the time of infection to the appearance of the first signs. The duration of this period depends on the method of infection and the type of pathogen and can last from several hours to several years (the latter is rare). The place of penetration of microorganisms into the body is called the entrance gate of infection. Each type of disease has its own entrance gate, for example,cholera vibrioenters the body through mouth and unable to penetrate skin .

Prevention (prophylaktikos - protective) is a term meaning a complex of various kinds of measures aimed at preventing a phenomenon and / or eliminating risk factors.

The most important component of all preventive measures is the formation of medical and social activity among the population and attitudes towards healthy lifestyle life.

Infectious diseases are not random episodes, but natural phenomena in the history of human society that develop and change along with it. Some infections are being replaced by others, and with them new problems of their prevention.

Infectious diseases pose a particular danger in groups (hostels, camps, schools, etc.).

Protecting the health of students, both physical and mental, is one of the main tasks of the school. Therefore, the ongoing prevention of infectious diseases in the school, educational work among students and their parents is very important.

The purpose of our work is to consider measures for the prevention of infectious diseases in the school.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Review the history of infectious disease prevention;

Consider the types of prevention of infectious diseases, vaccination used in the Russian Federation;

Consider measures to prevent infectious diseases in the school.

1. Background. Public and individual prevention

The issues of disease prevention based on the observance of the rules of personal hygiene and rational dietetics occupied a significant place in medicine. ancient world. However, the development of the scientific foundations of prevention began only in the 19th century. thanks to the development of general biological sciences, medical science in general and the emergence of its many disciplines dealing with particular issues, especially physiology, hygiene and epidemiology; played an important role in the dissemination of public ideas in clinical medicine. Leading physicians and medical scientists (both in Russia and abroad) saw the future of medicine in the development of public prevention and the connection between curative and preventive medicine.

The outstanding surgeon N. I. Pirogov said: "The future belongs to preventive medicine."

Domestic scientists (P.N. Burgasov, V.A. Bashenin, V.D. Belyakov, L.V. Gromashevsky, I.I. Rogozin, K. .N. Tokarevich). The teachings of E.N. Pavlovsky about natural foci is of great importance in organizing preventive measures to reduce the incidence of vector-borne diseases. Major advances in the study of virology (V.M. Zhdanov, L.A. Zilbur, V.D. Solovyov, A.A. Smorodintsev, V.D. Timakov, M.P. Chumakov) contributed to the improvement of the system of measures to combat viral infections.

Allocate public and individual prevention. Individual prophylaxis provides for the observance of the rules of personal hygiene at home and at work, while public prophylaxis includes a system of measures to protect the health of collectives.

The main principle of the activities of the Russian health authorities is the preventive direction.

Measures for the prevention of infectious diseases can be divided into two large groups - general and special.

General measures include state measures aimed at increasing material well-being, improving medical care, working conditions and recreation for the population, as well as sanitary, agroforestry, hydraulic engineering and land reclamation measures, rational planning and development of settlements, and much more, which contributes to the success of prevention and elimination of infectious diseases.

Preventive measures carried out by specialists of medical and preventive and sanitary and epidemiological institutions are special. The system of preventive measures also includes international measures when the issue concerns especially dangerous (quarantine) infections.

1. measures in relation to the source of infection aimed at its neutralization (or elimination);
2. actions regarding the mechanism of transmission, carried out with the aim of breaking the pathways of transmission;
3. measures to increase the immunity of the population.

Currently, all preventive measures are divided into three main groups: sanitary-hygienic, disinfection and pest control.

1. In intestinal infections with a fecal-oral infection mechanism (typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, dysentery, cholera), the main factors of pathogen transmission are food and water, less often - flies, dirty hands, household items. Communal and sanitary measures, food, school and industrial sanitary supervision, raising the level and sanitary and hygienic culture of the population are general sanitary. As well as disinfection, which is carried out in the foci of infectious diseases, as well as in public places (stations, transport, hostels, public toilets), regardless of the presence of an infectious disease.

2. With respiratory infections (measles, rubella, diphtheria, scarlet fever, meningococcal infection, influenza, etc.). To prevent the transmission of the pathogen presents great difficulties. The mechanism of transmission of these infections through the air involves bacterial aerosols (droplet and nuclear) and bacterial dust, therefore, preventive measures are the sanitation of the indoor air and the use of respirators. Disinfection is performed only with scarlet fever and diphtheria.

Along with an increase in the general nonspecific resistance of the organism, such measures include specific prevention, which consists in creating artificial immunity (active or passive) against infectious diseases.

2. Types of prevention of infectious diseases. Vaccination

Depending on the state of health, the presence of risk factors for the disease or severe pathology, three types of prevention can be considered.

2.1 Primary prevention

Primary prevention is a system of measures to prevent the occurrence and impact of risk factors for the development of diseases (vaccination, a rational regime of work and rest, rational high-quality nutrition, physical activity, protection environment etc.). A number of primary prevention activities can be carried out nationwide.

2.2 Secondary prevention

Secondary prevention is a set of measures aimed at eliminating pronounced risk factors that, under certain conditions (stress, weakened immunity, excessive stress on any other functional systems of the body) can lead to the onset, exacerbation and relapse of the disease. The most effective method of secondary prevention is medical examination as a complex method early detection diseases, dynamic monitoring, targeted treatment, rational consistent recovery.

2.3 Tertiary prevention

Some experts propose the term tertiary prevention as a set of measures for the rehabilitation of patients who have lost the opportunity to fully function. Tertiary prevention aims at social (formation of confidence in one's own social suitability), labor (the possibility of restoring work skills), psychological (restoration of behavioral activity) and medical (restoration of the functions of organs and body systems) rehabilitation.

2.4 Vaccination

Vaccination is the introduction of antigenic material to induce immunity to a disease that will prevent infection or reduce its effects. The following can serve as antigenic material: live, but weakened strains of microbes; killed (inactivated) microbes; purified material such as microbial proteins; there are also synthetic vaccines.

The efficacy of vaccination was first discovered by popular intuition. Since ancient times, inoculation has been practiced in India and China - inoculation with a liquid from vesicles of patients with a mild form of smallpox. The disadvantage of inoculation was that, despite the less pathogenicity of the Variola minor virus, it still sometimes caused fatal cases. In addition, it has happened that a highly pathogenic virus has been inoculated by mistake.

The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur managed to purposefully weaken the pathogens of other diseases and prepare preparations for vaccinations from them. In 1881, he created an anthrax vaccine, and in 1885, against rabies.

It was Pasteur who suggested calling such drugs vaccines, and the procedure for their use - vaccination.

At the moment, the inhabitants of Russia are provided with free vaccination against many diseases, but they have the right to refuse vaccinations.

The composition of the vaccine preparation:

Antigenic material;

Auxiliary drugs (adjuvants) that help activate immune cells (usually aluminum ions)

· Preservatives

Undesirable impurities, can cause allergies.

All vaccines are divided into live, killed and chemical.

Live vaccines are prepared from microbes with attenuated virulence.

Killed vaccines are obtained from cultures of microorganisms killed by heat, formalin, or other chemical substances. Killed (warmed) vaccines are used against intestinal infections, whooping cough, typhus, Q fever, encephalitis. The immunity and efficacy of killed vaccines are significantly lower than those of live vaccines. They create immunity lasting from 6 to 12 months. And for long-term maintenance of the body's immunity to infection, they must be re-introduced.

Chemical vaccines contain specific antigenic components extracted from microbial cells different ways. Chemical vaccines consisting of complete antigens of pathogens typhoid fever and paraphytes, are used for the specific prevention of typhoid-paratyphoid infections.

Associated vaccines, consisting of several antigens and allowing vaccination against several infections at the same time, are widely used. These include adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus (DPT) vaccine, typhoid-paratyphoid-tetanus vaccine.

Vaccinations are carried out in a planned manner, regardless of the presence of certain infectious diseases. They can be general, and selective, which are made to persons of professional groups.

It is very important to establish contraindications to vaccination.

The significance of preventive vaccinations is to reduce the incidence among those vaccinated, and in the case of a disease - in its milder course and thereby reduce mortality.

1. Prevention of infectious diseases at school

In relation to the school, the prevention of infectious diseases consists of three groups of measures:

1. Proper organization of the sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic regime;

2. Rapid elimination of the infection when it enters the school;

3. Increased immunity in children.

Proper organization of the sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic regime.

The basis of the activities of this group is the so-called signaling control, which includes the following provisions:

Questionnaire

Anonymous (do not sign yourself)

Do you always wash your hands with soap before eating in the canteen? NOT REALLY

Do you eat during breaks without washing your hands? NOT REALLY

Do you have your hand sanitizer in your bag? NOT REALLY

Do you bite your nails or your pen? NOT REALLY

Did you get your flu shot this year? NOT REALLY

What is pediculosis? _________________________________________________________________________

What are the most dangerous places in the school where you can meet the infection? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What should you do to avoid getting the flu? _______________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What infectious diseases can you get sick at school?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Introduction.

Relevance of the topic.

Among all the diseases that occur in young children school age most common are infectious diseases. This is facilitated by the accumulation of a large number of children in the school premises and non-compliance by students with the rules of personal hygiene. After all, school books, notebooks, visual material and other educational items can become sources of infection. In addition, they are the most difficult to process.

I chose the topic “Why do children get sick?” because I think this issue is very important, because infections such as influenza lead to annual massive outbreaks. Not all infections can be vaccinated, for example, you can protect yourself from an intestinal infection only by observing hygiene rules.

my goal research work : to determine whether my peers - students know and comply with preventive measures for infectious diseases lower grades.

Hypothesis: Compliance with primary school students of measures to prevent infectious diseases depends on the level of their knowledge.

Tasks:

1. Find information in the literature about the most common infectious diseases at school.

2. Study their ways of transmission.

3. Identify effective methods for the prevention of infectious diseases at school.

Research methods:

survey of students of 2nd 3rd grades of my school.

Main content.

According to statistics taken from the journal "Pediatrics" for 2015, the following infections are most common among primary school students:

Acute respiratory diseases and the flu

Pediculosis

Acute intestinal diseases

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) and influenza.

These infections are caused by numerous viruses.

You can become infected with these viruses from a sick student or school employee if they come to school with a fever, runny nose, cough, or sneezing. When sneezing, viruses spread up to 3 meters around. When coughing and sneezing, particles of sputum with viruses are released, which settle on the palms of the sneezer. It is them that he transfers to the doorknobs, school items, furniture.

Therefore, the most effective method of preventing acute respiratory infections and influenza are:

Frequent washing hands with soap;

Do not touch your eyes with dirty hands;

Do not chew on pens, pencils and other items;

Do not slobber your fingers when flipping through the textbook;

Airing classes at breaks;

Get the flu vaccine every year.

According to the results of my survey conducted among students of the 2nd and 3rd grades,

to the question “Have you been vaccinated against the flu?” out of 45 students, only 16 students answered that they were vaccinated.

Conclusion: more than half of my classmates can get the flu.

To the question "What should be done in order not to get sick with the flu?" out of 45 students

9-do not know the answer,

17-answered that you need to wash your hands,

13-answered that it is necessary to be vaccinated,

21-answered that it is necessary to dress warmer.

Conclusion: not all students know the main way influenza is transmitted through dirty hands.

Pediculosis(lice) is a disease in which lice inhabit the scalp and feed on human blood.

Lice are transmitted from a sick student when touching hair, when using other people's combs, elastic bands, rims, hairpins, when using someone else's clothes.

In order to prevent pediculosis:

1. you can not exchange hats and scarves with classmates;

2. you can not use other people's hairpins, elastic bands, combs and do not give your own to anyone;

3. girls with long hair it is necessary to tightly braid the braids or make a bundle.

According to the results of my survey, out of 45 primary school students, only 6 students know what pediculosis is and how it is tolerated.

Conclusion: elementary school students can get pediculosis because they do not know the preventive measures.

Acute intestinal infections - Very dangerous infections, are called different bacteria.

Transmission routes:

Eating food contaminated with bacteria that has not been properly stored or washed, such as fruit.

Through dirty hands, especially when eating.

When drinking dirty tap water.

For the prevention of acute intestinal diseases necessary:

Not to drink tap water, drink only from a cooler or from a bottle.

Always wash your hands with soap before eating.

Don't bite your nails.

Be sure to wash your hands with soap after using the toilet.

According to the results of my research, to the question “Do you wash your hands before eating in the canteen?” out of 45 students, 40 answered “YES” and only 5 students do not wash their hands.

But on next question“Do you wash your hands before snacking at recess and outside?” 17 students have already answered that they do not wash their hands.

Conclusion: without supervision by teachers, more students do not wash their hands before eating.

To the question "Do you bite your nails or a pencil?" 10 out of 45 students have this habit.

To the question “Do you carry hand sanitizers (gel, wet wipes) only 12 students gave a positive answer.

Conclusion: among primary school students there is a risk of developing an intestinal infection.

Conclusion.

Thus, my hypothesis that the observance by elementary school students of measures to prevent infectious diseases depends on the level of their knowledge was confirmed.

This is proved by the results of my survey, to my question “What infectious diseases can you catch at school?” out of 45 students only

1 student answered - acute intestinal infections,

40 students wrote - flu,

5 students do not know any disease.

Based on the results of my research, I propose: to increase the level of knowledge of primary school students about effective methods prevention of infectious diseases:

1. Hang a big picture poster coli on the toilet door with the question: “DID YOU WASH E. COLI FROM YOUR HANDS?”

2. Invite parents at parent-teacher meetings to provide their children with their own hand sanitizer.

3. In order to increase students' knowledge of infectious diseases that can be contracted at school and measures to prevent them, hold a visual presentation in the classroom elementary school.

Bibliography.

2. Journal "Pediatrics" / edited by A.A. Baranov, V.K. Tatochenko, M.K. Bakradze.-M., Union of Pediatricians of Russia. 2015.

School scientific and practical conference of schoolchildren

Section: Biology

Subsection: Medicine

Job title:

Gainanova Adela Anvarovna

Tolyatti, MBU "School No. 79", 2 "B" class

Scientific adviser:

Chernova Lyubov Borisovna,

teacher primary school

Tolyatti

Introduction:

Relevance ________________________________________________________3

The purpose of the study ______________________________________________________________3

Hypothesis ____________________________________________________________3

Tasks____________________________________________________________3

Method of research __________________________________________________3

Main part:

Acute Respiratory Diseases and Influenza _____________________________4

Pediculosis ______________________________________________________________5

Acute intestinal infections

Conclusion ___________________________________________________________6

References ____________________________________________________________________7

Annex ________________________________________________________________8