Prevention of exogenous and endogenous routes of infection. Endogenous and exogenous infection and measures for its prevention. Prevention before emergency surgery

It's an infection! The Ermakovs firmly adhere to their version: the misfortune with Olya’s child is the result of an intrauterine infection. Attached is a list of Olya’s diseases - apparently from medical card, which includes chlamydia, mycoplasmosis and untreated infertility for 9 years

Our health often depends on the outcome of the struggle between active substances(enzymes) and poorly soluble or insoluble substrates (inhibitors) in the bloodstream with acid-base balance(neutral pH factor). That is, our health depends on the result of the struggle between slightly alkaline native proteins and denatured acid proteins.

Scientists who have studied the origins of AIDS, cancer and other diseases have come to the conclusion that these diseases are based on unbalanced nutrition and consumption of food. modified products, which causes acidosis, which, in turn, interferes with the processes of oxidation, combustion and excretion in cells.

The processes of inhibition and deinhibition, which constantly occur in the human body, lead to a change in the dynamic equilibrium necessary for the function of cells to carry out an ideal colloidal dispersion of molecules, which leads to the development of the disease.

Endogenous viruses and denatured proteins

The origin of endogenous viruses is as follows: we humans introduce denatured proteins into the body with food, which should be considered exogenous (that is, external). Ribosomes synthesize these exogenous proteins, causing mutations - structural changes, as a result of which exogenous proteins are converted into endogenous (that is, internal). When mitochondria malfunction regularly, they can turn into proteins from viruses, such as HIV.

The synthesis of new proteins in the body is influenced by individual factors, since due to hereditary mechanisms or mechanisms determined by the specific biochemical characteristics of the body, only those proteins that are specific to each individual are synthesized individual person. The individuality and specific features of these proteins are determined by hereditary genes.

The unique composition of proteins in each separate organism allows them to distinguish between any foreign, denatured proteins and fight them.

This is the basis of all immunological defense mechanisms, and for this reason it is logical to assume that the HIV virus is endogenous and not exogenous in nature. This means that the endogenous virus arises from a denatured protein, because the protein causes mitochondrial malfunctions (mitochondrial errors), which lead to a sequential mutation of the protein synthesized by the ribosomes and its transformation into a viral protein.

Currently, new theories about the origin of AIDS have been formulated, but effective treatment this disease has never been found. Despite the WHO's alarming reports, scientists deny that current treatments are flawed because they all fail to prevent the AIDS virus from entering cells.

Medical scientists believe that infectious diseases are caused by viruses or bacteria that accidentally enter the human body, mutate, multiply, and are also transmitted from one person to another as an infection.

These researchers, in order to prevent and combat such diseases, searched for methods of immobilizing enzymes (directed mutagenesis), vaccines , antibiotics, inhibitors, denatured substances and so on, which led to the beginning of a real chemical war against various microorganisms inhabiting our body.

New theory about AIDS (immune overload theory)

Modern medicine is very demanding and does not accept new theories, even if they may look promising, unless they have been tested and confirmed different groups researchers.

For medical scientists, the claim that the HIV virus is endogenous is tantamount to heresy, since it has been established that HIV is an exogenous virus, even if no one has been able to determine its exact origin.

The misconception that viruses cause disease and must be controlled and eradicated is as widespread as narrow-mindedness and conservatism in the scientific community. Scientists reject any other opinion about viruses, for example, the theory that a virus can arise in the body due to poor cell nutrition, which leads to the conversion of exogenous proteins into endogenous viral proteins and the development of infection.

This means that the cells get sick first, and only then the virus appears, and not vice versa. Therefore, the virus is not the cause of the infection. The same applies to uterine cancer.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is not directly linked to cancer and is not the cause of uterine cancer.

An exogenous infection is an infection whose causative agents are microorganisms coming from the environment with food, water, and air. The transmission routes are different: transmission, contact and others. Knowing these features helps avoid infection

Every day around a person in the external environment there are many microorganisms, both beneficial to health and not so good. Dangerous bacteria live in water, air, food and are transmitted exogenously or endogenously. An exogenous infection is an infection that enters the body from the external environment.

The science that studies how infections are transmitted is called epidemiology.

Any microbes, regardless of the route of transmission, can penetrate the bloodstream and cause serious illness.

For the infectious process to begin, you will need a certain amount of the infectious agent and the entrance gate, which is living human tissue. Exogenous modes of transmission include various routes.

Airborne

The most common method of transmission of infection from the external environment is air. In this way, bacteria and viruses penetrate through the smallest secretions. Such transmission is typical for tuberculosis, influenza, whooping cough and other diseases. Infection occurs when inhaling infected air, sneezing, or talking.

Contact path

When microorganisms attack mucous membranes and skin patient, they can be transmitted to another person by contact, through household items, a handshake, upon contact with a wound, during surgery. The infection is transmitted by sick people, carriers of infection, animals, insects and objects surrounding a person.

There is direct contact from the source of infection to a person and indirect, when infectious agents are transmitted through intermediate household items. During medical manipulations Pathogenic microorganisms enter the patient through surgical instruments and injections. And sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and syphilis are contact method, as well as mononucleosis, fungal diseases, for example, mycosis of the feet.

Insect bites

Pathogenic microorganisms can pass from an insect to a person during a bite. For example, malaria, which is carried by mosquitoes, encephalitis due to a tick bite, plague, typhus and many other diseases. This transmission route is called transmissive.

Fecal-oral transmission

Very often, microbes enter through dirty, unwashed foods, which are also exogenous routes of infection transmission. Through the fecal-oral route, microbes penetrate the gastrointestinal tract and become the cause of many intestinal disorders and poisoning.

Prevention of exogenous infection

The main manifestation infectious process is intoxication of the body, which is often expressed by weakness, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, depending on the pathogen and the route of transmission of the infection. If the upper Airways at respiratory diseases, a runny nose or cough appears. To avoid infection, you should follow certain rules.

How to protect yourself in public places

Unfortunately, careful personal hygiene may not be enough for high-quality prevention, because microbes live almost everywhere around a person.

For example, with the flu, the infection lives in crowded places, where the risk of infection increases significantly. In such cases, if possible, it is better not to contact people who have a runny nose or cough.

Masks are used to protect against the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms through the air. During a flu epidemic, the mask becomes the best way protection against infection in crowded places. There are products made from fabric, gauze, as well as liquid masks with an adsorbent substance that is surrounded by film or fabric. The gauze mask should consist of 4 layers, and it will have to be changed every two hours.

When you come home, you should always wash your hands with soap, because they contain germs, dust and other particles. Do not touch your face or mucous membranes with dirty hands. You need to wash not only your hands, but also your face, especially after visiting a hospital or clinic. Rinsing the nasal cavity is one of the few methods of protection against colds. viral diseases. Various aerosols are suitable for this sea ​​water, weak antiseptic solutions.

How to avoid contact infection

When visiting saunas, baths, and public toilets, you should be attentive to personal hygiene. Such places should be regularly treated with disinfectants. Open areas of the body should not come into contact with household items. in public places. It is also important to protect mucous membranes from contact with external environment. Sexual contact should be protected, especially in cases where the partner is unstable.

To prevent infection from entering the wound, apply a sterile bandage to the damaged area of ​​skin. Exogenous infection can cause serious complications, therefore, the wound surface will need to be treated with antiseptic solutions.

Protection against insect bites

Prevention of vector-borne infection of humans through bites involves the use of repellents for spraying on exposed areas of the body and clothing. IN warm time have been using protective nets on windows for years.

For many infections characterized by exogenous transmission, there are vaccines used to prevent diseases such as diphtheria, rubella and many others.

Vaccination is also used to prevent influenza epidemics.

It is important to always observe the rules of personal hygiene, wash your hands, do not eat dirty fruits and vegetables, boil water from the tap or from unknown sources, milk. It is also important to have the correct heat treatment food products, the use of disinfectants for premises and household items. The house needs to be wet cleaned frequently. Bacteria surround humans every day and are present in soil, water, air and food. An infection can harm your health at any time, but knowing prevention methods that protect against dangerous microbes entering the body can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

EXAMINATION PROGRAM

(medical Faculty)

ASEPSIS

Nosocomial infections: sources of infection of the patient, sources of endo- and exogenous infection, routes of transmission of infection from the patient to medical staff.

According to the WHO expert committee: “Nosocomial infections include any clinically recognizable diseases of microbial etiology that affect the patient as a result of his stay in the hospital or treatment for medical assistance/regardless of the onset of symptoms of the disease before or during a stay in the hospital/, or a hospital employee due to his work in this institution."

Nosocomial infections are divided into:

Traditional infections \flu, dysentery\;

Hospital purulent-septic infections.

Sources of infection of the patient/carriers and vectors pathogenic microflora/ are

People: medical staff, the patient, persons in contact with the wound, persons in contact with the patient, his relatives;

Medical instruments, suture material, surrounding objects /mattresses, blankets, etc./;

Ambient air contaminated with dust or moisture droplets.

Thus, the sources of infection for the patient are everything that surrounds him and the patient himself.

Sources of infection can be located inside the body/endogenous or internal infection/ and outside the body / exogenous or external infection /.

MAIN SOURCES OF ENDOGENOUS INFECTION

Chronic diseases outside the operation area /dormant infection/. From primary focus the infection spreads by hemato- or lymphogenous route;

Acute inflammatory diseases in the organs on which the operation is performed. Infection occurs through contact;

Saprophytic microflora of the skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract. Infection predominantly occurs through contact.

MAIN SOURCES OF EXOGENIC INFECTION

Bacilli carriers /medical staff and patients/. The spread of infection by them occurs by airborne droplets;

Patients with purulent-inflammatory diseases. The infection spreads through airborne dust and contact;

Hospital strains of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms /hospital infection/. Infection occurs through airborne dust;

Iatrogenic infection /infection by medical staff/;

spreads by contact, implantation and

by airborne droplets.

Thus, the transmission routes endogenous infection- contact, hematogenous, lymphogenous; exogenous infection - airborne, airborne, contact, implantation.

Ways of transmission of infection from a patient to medical staff

Contact path: the hands of medical staff with damaged skin or their mucous membranes come into contact with micro-contaminated or infected secretions, or biological fluids patient, microbially contaminated medical equipment, patient care items;

Through blood: the patient’s blood comes into contact with the blood of medical staff when they damage the skin of their hands with sharp or piercing objects;

Fecal-oral: hands, water, food can be contaminated with the fecal microflora of patients, which can happen when caring for patients or handling care items /beds, bed frames, etc./;

Inhalation: inhalation of pathogenic microbes released from patients into the air and settled on dust particles and liquid droplets.

Prevention of the development of nosocomial infections is achieved by aseptic methods, and treatment of already existing nosocomial infections and community-acquired infections is achieved by antiseptic methods.

2. Methods for preventing airborne dust infections.

Special layout of the operating room and dressing rooms;

Wearing special clothing and special footwear by medical staff;

Operating room and dressing room operating hours;

Restriction of movement in the operating room;

Ural Federal District for dressing and operating rooms;

Cleaning the operating room and dressing rooms;

Air filtration;

Laminar air flow in operating rooms;

Reduction of pre- and postoperative periods.

A pathogenic agent enters our body in several ways. Let's list them:

1. By air. The airborne route of transmission is the most common. It is characteristic of viruses and bacteria. Microbes either circulate freely in the air or are attached to tiny dust particles.
2. Drip. When sneezing, coughing, or talking, a person secretes billions of drops of saliva and nasal mucus. Infectious pathogens travel in these droplets.

When viral epidemic diseases (ARVI, influenza) spread, a combination of these two routes of infection occurs.

1. Contact. The pathogen is located on the skin of a sick person or on mucous membranes. If the patient comes into contact with household items or healthy person it transmits an infectious agent that causes infection. Contact transmission route for all sexually transmitted infections (syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV), for some viral diseases ( Infectious mononucleosis), in fungal diseases (onychomycosis of the feet).
2. Through insect bites. Diseases such as plague typhus, malaria, borreliosis have a vector-borne transmission route. The pathogenic agent lives and multiplies in gastrointestinal tract insects (fleas, lice, mosquitoes, ticks) and when bitten with saliva enters the person’s bloodstream.
3. Through the mouth. The fecal-oral route of transmission involves eating contaminated food and water. All foodborne infections (cholera, salmonellosis, dysentery, rotavirus) have a similar mode of transmission.

Prevention

The science of epidemiology studies ways of transmission of infection. Doctors must have such information in order to competently carry out disease prevention.

Masks can be used as a means of protection against airborne infections. They annually prove their effectiveness during influenza epidemics. It is better to use four-layer gauze bandage, which should be changed every 2-3 hours. To protect yourself from airborne infections, you should avoid crowded places. After going outside, you need to wash your hands with soap (dust particles, saliva and mucus may remain on your hands), wash your face, and rinse your nose with saline.

Deep nasal rinsing is considered the only reliable measure for preventing respiratory infections.

Prevention contact diseases consists of using protective equipment during sexual intercourse and thoroughly disinfecting premises after outbreaks contact infections, exercise caution when using public baths and toilets.

To prevent vector-borne infections, it is enough to avoid insect bites. Although this is difficult even in urban conditions. To do this, use special repellents and protective clothing. In places where malaria is widespread, swamps are drained and forest areas are treated with insecticides. In hot countries I use special mosquito nets on windows, which are treated with a special repellent solution. Ticks lurk in tall grass, which is why lawn mowers are often at work in public recreation areas.