What is the blood sugar level? Normal blood sugar levels in adults. The main signs of violation of the permissible level

Ivan Viktorovich. Hello! I recently crossed the 60-year mark. My daughter has it, I measured my sugar several times after lunch - it shows from 7.5 to 8.5 - 8.7. I read about the symptoms of diabetes, but I don’t seem to have any thirst or itchy skin, and my appetite is good. My daughter is afraid that I may have diabetes. Can sugar levels rise so high after 60 years? How are sugar levels ranked based on age?

You did the right thing in deciding to measure your blood sugar level, because... 7.5 - 8.5 mmol/l - quite high performance sugar levels after meals (postprandial glycemia).

In general, blood sugar levels are not usually ranked by age; they are approximately the same for people of all ages. If there are differences, they are minor. In infants they are slightly lower than in older people.

However, the risk of developing diabetes mellitus Type 2 increases with age. Diabetes is a condition that occurs when blood sugar levels rise because the body cannot use glucose properly. If you have overweight and age over 45 years - there is a risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Blood sugar levels

What are the normal blood sugar levels? They change throughout the day. Normal level Fasting blood sugar for adults of all ages should not exceed 5.5-5.7 mmol/liter.

Before meals during the day, blood sugar levels fluctuate around 3.3-5.5 mmol/l.

Postprandial blood sugar, measured two hours after a meal, should not exceed 7.7 mmol/l. These are normal numbers for people without diabetes, regardless of their age.

If you have diabetes, endocrinologists advise keeping your blood sugar level before meals from 4.5 to 7.2 mmol/l, and 1-2 hours after meals - up to 9 mmol/l.

There is also analysis for (HbA1c), which shows average level blood sugar over the past 2-3 months. HbA1c is expressed as a percentage. The norm of glycated hemoglobin for a person without diabetes is from 4 to 5.9%. The target for diabetics is 6.5%, as recommended by the International Diabetes Federation. A diabetic can make it lower if he wants to strictly monitor his glycemia.

Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly popular that people with diabetes should maintain their sugar levels. as possible closer to the norms of healthy people without diabetes, because such control protects against the development of diabetic complications.

For example, Dr. R. Bernstein in his book Diabetes Solution writes that normal values blood sugar in diabetics should be around 75-86 mg/dl. ( 4.16 - 4.72 mmol/l ). In his opinion, an excellent level of glycated hemoglobin should be from 4.2% to 4.6%, which corresponds to the above sugars.

This level of glycemia requires a careful diet and more frequent blood sugar measurements to prevent it from falling to low level(). Such strict conditions are quite feasible for most patients. Following a low-carbohydrate diet according to the method helps a lot with this.

If your blood sugar level after a meal rises to 8.5 - 8.7 mmol/l, then this is a sign of diabetes. Considering that you are 60 years old, this is type 2 diabetes. You need to contact an endocrinologist so that he can prescribe additional tests to clarify the diagnosis. Specifically, you need to be tested for and pass a glucose tolerance test. If glucose tolerance test shows sugar more than 11.1 mmol/l, then you will be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus.

Lazareva T.S., endocrinologist of the highest category

A blood sugar test is laboratory test, which is prescribed to any person with diagnostic examination. This test is prescribed not only for a routine examination of a patient who comes to the clinic, but also when examining organs in the field of endocrinology, surgery, general therapy. The analysis is carried out in order to:

• find out the state of carbohydrate metabolism;
• find out general indicators;
• confirm or deny the presence of diabetes;
• find out a person's glucose levels.

If the sugar level has some deviation from the norm, then they may additionally prescribe analysis for glycated hemoglobin and glucose sensitivity(two-hour sample test with sugar loading).

What level of reference values ​​is considered normal?

You can find out the result of the analysis after 24 hours from the moment of blood collection. If an urgent test is prescribed in a clinic (marked “cito!”, which means “quickly”), then the test result will be ready in a few minutes.

Normal blood sugar levels in an adult range from: from 3.88 to 6.38 mmol per liter. If the value exceeds the upper limit of normal, this usually indicates the development of hyperglycemia or type 2 diabetes.

The condition when the body does not have enough glucose is called hypoglycemia. Low indicators, like overestimated ones, may indicate not only a disease, but also some physiological indicators. Elevated blood sugar levels will occur immediately after eating a meal, and reduced level indicates prolonged fasting. Also, short-term hypoglycemia can occur in diabetics who have recently injected themselves with insulin.

In newborn babies, the norm varies within from 2.8 to 4.4 mmol per liter, and in older children from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol per liter.

Table of values:

All of the above values ​​are often the same in laboratory diagnostic centers, but still some reference indicators may differ in different clinics, since diagnostic markers are different. Therefore, the norm of values ​​will, first of all, depend on the laboratory.

In pregnant women, a reading of 3.3-6.6 mmol/l is considered normal. An increase in value may indicate the development of a latent diabetic condition. The amount of sugar changes in a person throughout the day, after eating. In a state of prediabetes, glucose levels are in the range of 5.5-7 mmol/l, in people with the disease and initial stage its development indicator varies from 7 to 11 mmol/l.

All people over 40 years of age who suffer from overweight body, liver diseases, as well as pregnant women.

In what cases is decoding considered incorrect?

False reference values ​​and incorrect interpretation are the result of poor human preparation for laboratory analysis.

• Be sure to donate blood only in the morning on an empty stomach. The increased level may appear after a strong nervous stress or grueling physical activity.
• IN extreme conditions The adrenal glands begin to work hard and secrete counter-insular hormones, as a result of which a large amount of glucose is released from the liver, which enters the blood. Regular use of certain types of medications can cause high blood sugar.
• Sugar levels are increased by some diuretics (diuretics), hormones thyroid gland, estrogens, glucocorticosteroids, some types of non-steroidal analgesics. Therefore, if a person regularly takes such drugs or has recently taken them before the test, then the attending physician should definitely inform them about this. If there were no disturbing factors in testing and preparation for it, then deviations from the norm in deciphering the values ​​require additional testing.

What should be the proper preparation for donating blood?

To obtain the most accurate result, you must carefully prepare for the tests. For this:

• the day before the test, you need to stop drinking alcohol;
• in the morning before the test, you are allowed to drink only clean water, and eight or twelve hours before measuring the indicator you need to completely limit your food intake;
• It is forbidden to brush your teeth in the morning, because the toothpaste contains a monosaccharide (glucose), which penetrates the mucous membrane oral cavity into the body, can change the level of the resulting value (few people know about this rule);
• You should not chew chewing gum in the morning.

Blood is drawn from a finger. You can find out your readings at home, but this requires a glucometer. The result is often inaccurate because the test strips with reagents, when exposed to air, oxidize slightly, and this distorts the result.

Reasons for increased monosaccharide content

To the reasons high content blood sugars include:

1. eating food before donation;
2. emotional, nervous, physical stress;
3. diseases of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, pineal gland, thyroid gland;
4. epilepsy;
5. diseases of the pancreas and digestive tract;
6. taking certain medications (insulin, adrenaline, estrogen, thyroxine, diuretics, corticosteroids, glucocorticosteroids, a nicotinic acid, indomethacin);
7. carbon monoxide poisoning;
8. development of diabetes.

Reasons for low monosaccharide content

1. strong feeling of hunger;
2. severe alcohol poisoning;
3. organ diseases gastrointestinal tract(spicy or chronic pancreatitis, enteritis, side effects, sometimes developing after surgical intervention on the stomach);
4. severe disruption of metabolic processes in the human body;
5. liver diseases (obesity, cirrhosis);
6. obvious form of obesity;
7. tumor-like neoplasms in the pancreas;
8. disturbances in vascular activity;
9. central and peripheral diseases nervous system, stroke;
10. sarcoidosis;
11. acute poisoning rat poison or chloroform;
12. in the presence of hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia develops after an overdose of exogenous insulin or hypoglycemic drugs. Also, a diabetic will experience hypoglycemia when vomiting after eating or due to skipping meals.

Subjective signs of increased glucose in the body

An increased content of monosaccharide in the body often leads to the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Signs of developing type 1 diabetes include:

1. strong and chronic feeling of thirst, the patient can drink about five liters of water per day;
2. such a person’s breath smells strongly of acetone;
3. a person feels constant feeling hunger, eats a lot, but at the same time loses a lot of weight;
4. because of large quantity drinking liquid, polyuria develops, constant desire emit contents Bladder, especially at night;
5. any damage to the skin does not heal well;
6. the skin on the body often itches, chronic fungus or furunculosis appears.

Very often, type 1 diabetes begins to develop a few weeks after a recent diagnosis. viral disease(measles, rubella, influenza) or severe nervous shock. According to statistics, a quarter of people with type 1 diabetes do not notice any symptoms of development. terrible pathology. Often It happens that the sick person falls into a hyperglycemic coma, and only after that in the hospital he is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.

Symptoms of the development of type 2 hyperglycemia

This disease develops in stages over a couple of years. Usually affects people closer to old age. The sick person constantly experiences deterioration in health, a state of weakness, wounds on the body do not heal well, vision deteriorates, and memory suffers. Few people think that this is a development of hyperglycemia, so doctors usually diagnose it in patients by accident. The symptoms are as follows:

1. Memory problems, blurred vision, increased fatigue.
2. Skin problems: itching, fungus, wounds do not heal well.
3. Intense thirst + polyuria.
4. Among women chronic thrush, which is difficult to treat.
5. On terminal stages illness, a person begins to lose weight.
6. Ulcers appear on the legs and feet, it hurts to walk, the legs go numb, and a tingling sensation is felt.
7. In half of the patients, the pathology is asymptomatic.
8. Often hyperglycemia can be accompanied by kidney disease, sudden strokes or heart attacks, and loss of vision.

Collapse

Diabetes mellitus is a serious and incurable disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels in women, men or children (sometimes it can also change dramatically). Wherein high sugar It occurs more often in the body of the fair sex; women are more likely to suffer from diabetes. In addition, this disease is transmitted more actively through the maternal line than through the paternal line. For this reason, it is important to know what women’s blood glucose levels are at a given age and how to return sugar to normal in cases of deviation.

The Importance of Sugar Control

Although diabetes is a disease that is equally dangerous for both men and women, and monitoring blood sugar levels from a vein is important for people of any gender and age, nevertheless, women should be more careful for the following reasons:

• Sugar in pregnant women increases as a result of the natural accumulation of ketone bodies. It is important to return sugar to normal so that glucose from the body does not affect negative impact on mother and child and so that type 2 diabetes does not develop. For this purpose, at 28 weeks, expectant mothers need to donate blood from a vein for sugar;
• The number of sick women is higher than men. Although in general the course of the disease is more favorable in them and the mortality rate is lower;
• Diabetes is inherited more strongly on the maternal side than on the paternal side.

The list shows that representatives of the fair sex are at risk for this disease V to a greater extent than men. Therefore, condition control is more important for them.

Control methods

In order not to think about how to return elevated sugar to normal, it is important to prevent the development of diabetes (even if you have increased indicators sometimes diagnosed with prediabetes). In any case, the sooner it is determined that the patient suffers from high blood sugar and the sooner the diagnosis is made, the less the disease and its complications will develop.

For this reason, blood testing for sugar from a vein or finger should be taken regularly (and also be careful possible symptoms diseases). Sugar norm in women can increase according to various reasons(pregnancy and childbirth, heredity, age, unhealthy diet, metabolic changes and disorders). On average, normal blood sugar levels are considered to be between 3.3 and 5.5 mmol per liter. This is the norm on an empty stomach. With age normal indicators(normal sugar) increase, sugar normally can reach 6.9.

1. The easiest way to monitor blood sugar levels, the norm of which is given above, is to buy a home glucometer and take periodic random measurements of sugar after meals and on an empty stomach (the norm for a finger prick test is up to 8.2);
2. It is important to donate blood from a vein for sugar at least once a year to conduct a glucose tolerance test, with which you can diagnose prediabetes (for blood from a vein, the glucose norm is slightly lower);
3. It is important to take a glucose tolerance test during pregnancy - this difference in monitoring the state of the blood is fundamental for the fair sex.

It is important to measure both blood sugar and cholesterol periodically, as increases in these indicators may be associated. Sugar in women can be elevated during pregnancy.

Sugar norm - table

Many people predisposed to diabetes are wondering what blood sugar level is not a cause for concern, what should be the norm from a vein or finger? The acceptable level is different for a diabetic and a healthy person. Also, the norm for women by age may differ significantly. The normal sugar level of a 40-year-old woman is lower than that of a 5-9-year-old woman or a 65-70 year old patient. On average, there is a tendency that upper limit the norm increases as age increases, i.e. in a child of 7 years the normal value is much lower than in older people (62 years or older).

The table by age for older people and young people is given below. You need to rely on it when determining your own upper sugar limit and ideal indicator.

Sugar norm in women after a certain age (norm sugar)

These indicators (norm sugar) are average and are not always suitable for everyone. So, some time after giving birth limit rate in a venous sample it can be either increased or decreased. Only an endocrinologist or a pregnancy specialist can determine which indications are considered normal in this case.

Blood glucose levels in children under 6 years of age (and sometimes longer) do not differ depending on gender. It makes sense to measure the baby's sugar after 1 month. Before this age, the standards are not applicable because the level of glucose in the blood of a newborn is not stable.

-FOOTNOTE-

Until the age of 6, the indicator is often not very stable either. Usually doctors call normal boundaries from 2.5 to 3.3. But in each specific case, indicators may change.

Deviations

The level indicator should be relatively constant. However, fasting blood glucose should be significantly lower than after a meal. The values ​​in these cases may differ by several mmol/l and this is normal for a healthy person. But if jumps in indicators are observed in women after 50 years of age and younger, this is a reason to say that diabetes is developing, especially in cases where other subtle symptoms are present.

In addition to diabetes, there may be other reasons why the indicator in older people, as well as in young people, may differ from the norm in women by age. Inflated sugar readings in a sample occur for several reasons:

1. A long absence of physical activity before testing for sugar from a finger or vein, as a result of which the patient’s blood glucose was not processed, but accumulated, which made its level indicators overestimated;
2. The fasting sugar level is the most informative, but if taking a sample from a vein on an empty stomach is impossible and was carried out after a meal, then the blood glucose level readings will be overestimated;
3. Some diseases, such as nervous and digestive system may also be affected by the fact that sugar levels in the body after 30 years are high;
4. For some time after childbirth, the glucose norm is venous blood may be exceeded, since during pregnancy there is an accumulation of ketone bodies and gestational diabetes may develop, which can develop into type 2 diabetes.

Besides, normal sugar in venous blood on an empty stomach in a person over 10 years of age is slightly lower than when a sample is taken from a finger. In laboratories, samples are collected from both a vein and a finger. There will be no fundamental difference in the amount of sugar in the blood in the morning on an empty stomach, but it is important that this is taken into account in all subsequent tests. However, a violation occurs not only when the sugar norm is exceeded, but also when it is underestimated. The lower limit can be traced in the following cases:

1. There is not enough glucose in the blood from a finger or vein because the patient is malnourished or on a diet;
2. Sometimes blood glucose from a vein is low and in alcoholics as a result of metabolic disorders;
3. In diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and absorption disorders, even 1 mg of carbohydrates takes longer to be absorbed, therefore the level of sugar in the venous blood may be underestimated;
4. Blood sugar in 40-year-olds and older, the value of blood glucose levels may be underestimated even in the case of severe physical activity before measuring blood sugar in the laboratory.

Prevention

It is quite possible to maintain normal levels in women. However, for this you need to perform a number of procedures daily and make some changes to your lifestyle. Basic rules for the risk group, that is, for women after 40, when the likelihood of developing diabetes increases and for those who have the disease hereditary predisposition, are as follows:

• It is important to carefully control your weight at any age, but this is especially important for women after 60, when age-related changes and slow metabolism lead to weight gain. Insulin receptors, which bind to glucose in human blood and transport it into cells, preventing it from accumulating, are located mainly in adipose tissue. As it grows, the receptors lose sensitivity and are destroyed, stop working, as a result, glucose accumulates in the blood and type 2 diabetes develops. On the other hand, diabetes can also cause weight gain, so if you lose control over your body weight, you should consult a doctor;
• Blood glucose in women 30 years of age and older may increase due to a decrease in receptor activity, which occurs after the onset of average age. In people aged 60, the receptors function so poorly that type 2 diabetes develops. Therefore, it is necessary to purchase a home glucometer and regularly measure blood glucose using a finger stick. Once a year, it is worth taking blood measurements from a vein and doing a glucose tolerance test in a medical facility. If the glucose level is exceeded, you should immediately consult a doctor;
• Support normal content will help and physical exercise. They ensure that glucose in the blood is quickly converted into energy necessary for muscle function and does not accumulate in the body. As a result, normal levels (normal sugar levels) are maintained. But you should be careful with physical activity - those that are suitable for 35-year-olds can cause health problems in women after 60 years of age. Therefore, for women over 40 years of age, a training program should be developed by a doctor;
• Also, the norm in women after 30–45 years can be maintained at a normal level with the help of a low-carbohydrate diet. It is carbohydrates that are converted into glucose and cause an increase in sugar (for example sweet tea sugar increases). Reducing their consumption and uniform intake into the body throughout the day leads to the fact that the normal level in women at any age will not be exceeded;
• To maintain the norm in women 50 – 55 and younger, it is necessary to comply healthy image life. Bad habits and unhealthy food cause disturbances in metabolism, its disruptions, which can result in the development of diabetes, because this endocrine disease. And if at the age of 14 a single use of preservatives does not have a destructive effect, then at the age of 50 in women such a diet can cause problems with metabolism.

At the age of 56 years and older, it is important to regularly, at least once every six months, carry out a test from a vein in a laboratory, since the likelihood of developing the disease at this age is high. The normal fasting level (normal sugar) must be maintained very carefully, and if the level deviates from the norm, you should consult a doctor.

A blood test for sugar is an expression that, although generally accepted, is not entirely correct or incorrect. The expression “blood sugar” itself has historical roots: in the Middle Ages, doctors believed that the cause of increased thirst, frequent urination and pustular infections depends on how much sugar a person has in his blood. Today doctors know that there is no sugar in the blood: research shows that everything simple sugars as a result chemical reactions are converted into glucose, and it is glucose that plays one of the main roles in metabolism. And, speaking about blood sugar standards, they mean the concentration of glucose, a universal energy supplier for all human organs and tissues.

Photo: Syda Productions/Shutterstock.com

"Blood sugar" or glycemia

The reading of blood glucose concentration (or blood sugar level as laymen commonly say) is called glycemia. Sugar in the blood exists only in the form of a monosaccharide, glucose, the level of its concentration and its fluctuations largely determine a person’s well-being and health.

When assessing the indicator, they are guided by blood sugar standards: when reduced quantity hypoglycemia is diagnosed; if elevated, hyperglycemia is diagnosed. Hypoglycemia, regardless of the cause of the condition (chronic or acute diseases, physical or emotional overstrain, non-compliance with food intake or a low-carbohydrate diet) leads to a deterioration in well-being, since glucose is a “fuel material” primarily for the central nervous system, as well as for almost all organs and tissues. A drop in blood sugar may be accompanied by irritability, decreased stamina, disturbances, or loss of consciousness, even leading to coma.

Photo: Africa Studio/Shutterstock.com

Temporary hypoglycemia is possible due to the above reasons. If the factors causing increased glucose consumption or insufficient supply to the body last long enough, a adaptive reaction tissues, against the background of which a short-term increase in blood glucose levels may be recorded. Severe, prolonged hypoglycemia develops most often due to poor nutrition with lots of sweets, simple carbohydrates in food. The pancreas, in response to the intake of excess sugars, begins to increase the production of insulin, which leads to excessive accumulation of glucose in the tissues.
Other causes of hypoglycemia are disorders of the insulin-producing function of the pancreas, diseases of this organ, as well as the kidneys, adrenal glands, and hypothalamus.

The first symptoms of hypoglycemia:

• sudden weakness;
• increased sweating;
• tremor, trembling in the limbs and/or throughout the body;
• increased heart rate;
• increased excitability, irritability, state of agitation;
• strong feeling of hunger;
• disturbances of consciousness, dizziness, fainting.

In the presence of hypoglycemia, patients are recommended to always have with them food or liquid that supplies glucose in a quickly digestible form: sugar, sweets, an aqueous solution of glucose. Important has a diet, consumption of complex, slow carbohydrates, avoidance of increased physical and psycho-emotional stress, stress, adherence to a daily routine, proper rest.
Hyperglycemia or excess blood sugar levels may be a consequence of increased stress and a temporary condition. If high concentration glucose in the blood plasma is determined for a long time and repeatedly, this most often indicates diseases endocrine system, in which the rate of glucose release exceeds the rate of its absorption by tissues.

A mild degree of physiological hyperglycemia does not cause significant harm to organs and tissues. Prolonged, severe pathological hyperglycemia leads to severe disorders metabolic processes, decreased immunity, blood supply, damage to organs and systems, and death.
Hyperglycemia as a symptom is characteristic of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, diseases associated with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, dysfunction of the hypothalamus, the area of ​​the brain responsible for the activity of the glands internal secretion, as well as for some dysfunctions and diseases of the pituitary gland and liver, in particular infectious hepatitis.

Symptoms of hyperglycemia include:

• strong unquenchable thirst;
• increased frequency of urination;
• feeling of dry mouth;
• high fatigue, drowsiness;
• unexplained weight loss;
• visual disturbances (blurredness, “fog before the eyes”);
• disturbances of emotional balance: irritability, irascibility, sensitivity;
• increased frequency of respiratory movements, increased depth of inspiration;
• smell of acetone when exhaling;
• tendency to infectious diseases, especially bacterial, fungal, prolonged healing of superficial epithelial wounds;
• imaginary tactile sensations, most often in lower limbs(tingling, goosebumps, insects running, etc.).

What is the normal blood sugar level?

A blood test allows high frequency determine blood sugar levels. Blood sugar, or glucose concentrations, vary depending on a person's age, when they eat, and the characteristics of the blood itself. various methods sampling of biological material: the norm of blood sugar from a vein on an empty stomach differs from the norm when collecting blood from a finger or after a meal.

In an adult, the normal blood sugar level is 3.2-5.5 mmol/l, regardless of gender characteristics (does not differ between women and men). An indicator within this interval when assessing fasting blood sugar levels (taking capillary blood from a finger) is considered normal. When assessing the level of glucose concentration when analyzing for sugar from a vein, the upper indicator increases to 6.1-6.2 mmol/l.

Test results in which blood sugar exceeds 7.0 mmol/L are considered a sign of prediabetes. – a condition characterized by impaired absorption of monosaccharides: on an empty stomach the body is able to regulate the concentration of glucose, and after eating a carbohydrate meal, the amount of insulin produced does not meet the needs.

How do you know if high blood sugar levels actually indicate prediabetes? In such cases, to confirm or differentiate the diagnosis, additional analysis blood sugar: blood sugar or glycemic index determined twice after patient administration aqueous solution glucose. The interval between the appointment and the first test is 1 hour, between the appointment and the second blood sugar check is 2 hours.

Normally, blood sugar, or glucose, is absorbed by the tissues, and its levels decrease in accordance with the time interval after taking the glucose solution. If a concentration of 7.7 to 11 mmol/l is detected in the second analysis, impaired tissue tolerance to glucose is diagnosed. In this condition, symptoms and signs of diabetes mellitus may be absent, but will develop in the absence of necessary therapy.

Blood sugar: norms by age

The range from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol/l is considered normal for people aged 14 to 60 years. For others age periods are guided by the following data:

The normal age intervals are the same for men and women. However, in women during the gestational period, the levels may be slightly increased; the normal glucose concentration in women during pregnancy can range from 4.6 to 6.7 mmol/l. If the levels are exceeded, gestational diabetes is diagnosed. Increased blood sugar in women during pregnancy when the levels are exceeded physiological norm indicates endocrine disorders and requires appropriate therapy to maintain the health of the mother and child. A blood test for glucose levels is included in the list of studies required for the expectant mother.

Also, age-related increases in the normal level for women can fluctuate depending on the time of menopause and the associated endocrine changes in the body. On average, after 50 years of age, preventive consultations with a specialist and tests for blood glucose concentrations should be carried out at least once every 6 months, even in the absence of symptoms.

What are blood sugar levels in diabetes?

What test results mean the presence? If blood sugar when taking capillary blood on an empty stomach exceeds 7.0 mmol/l, this is most often an indicator of diabetes mellitus. To confirm the diagnosis, an analysis with a carbohydrate load (glucose tolerance test) is performed: an increase in the glycemic index after taking a glucose solution to 11.1 mmol/l or higher. However, the glycemic index is not the only indicator by which the diagnosis of diabetes is differentiated.

To clarify the causes of hyperglycemia, a number of studies are carried out, in particular, an analysis of glycated hemoglobin. This study blood test reveals the proportion of red blood cells that have undergone changes due to excess glucose in plasma. The irreversible reaction of hemoglobin in red blood cells demonstrates the development and extent of the disease over the previous 3 months. Such a retrospective of changes reveals the time of occurrence of disorders, the stage of development of the disease, the severity negative influence on the body.

In a healthy person, the proportion of glycated hemoglobin in the blood does not exceed 6%; in a patient with compensated diabetes, it can range from 6.5 to 7%. Indicators above 8% in patients with a previously established diagnosis indicate ineffectiveness of disease therapy or a violation of the diet and treatment regimen.

For patients with diabetes mellitus, the norm or the so-called stage of compensated diabetes is considered to be 5.0-7.2 mmol/l. It was revealed that the average fasting capillary blood glucose levels in patients with this diagnosis may differ depending on the time of year, increasing in winter and decreasing in summer, since the susceptibility of cells to insulin and the function of its production by the pancreas correlate with the conditions external environment and depend not only on physical and emotional state humans, but also from climate change.

Rules for preparing for a blood glucose test

Depending on the type of analysis, options for preparing for it vary. Fasting analysis, when collecting venous or capillary blood, means a break between the analysis and the last meal of at least 8 hours. In this case, it is necessary to refrain not only from food, but also from taking any liquid. Unsweetened tea, pure water may affect test results by reducing blood glucose concentrations and rendering the test ineffective.

Eating food causes the pancreas to produce insulin and increase blood glucose levels. 1 hour after eating, the concentration increases to an average of 10 mmol/l, after 2 hours the levels decrease to 8 mmol/l. The composition of food also matters. After meals rich in carbohydrates, you must wait up to 14 hours before testing on an empty stomach.

Glucose concentrations in classical analysis can change under the influence of various factors. These include not only the intake of food and liquids, but also physical activity, emotional experiences, the presence infectious diseases. The results of the analysis can be affected by a walk from home to the clinic for half an hour, and a visit to the gym, active leisure activities the day before the analysis. In this case, the elevated glucose level will decrease due to exercise and the condition of prediabetes will be difficult to detect. Indicators that do not correspond to the average blood glucose level characteristic of this person, are also distorted after insufficient night rest, night work shifts, long trips, and stress.

Indications for conducting an extraordinary blood sugar test may include: itchy skin without localization in a specific place, increased thirst, frequent urination, a feeling of dry mouth, as well as sudden unmotivated weight loss and an increase in the number of skin inflammatory diseases(ulcers, boils, abscesses) and fungal diseases (stomatitis, thrush, etc.). Diabetes is accompanied by a decrease in the body's defenses, primarily skin immunity.
If there are symptoms, signs or suspicions of developing diabetes, it is recommended to conduct a test for the presence of glycated hemoglobin. At the moment, this biochemical blood indicator is the most accurate in assessing the presence or absence of diabetic changes.

Glycemic index analysis must be taken at for preventive purposes Once every 6-12 months, especially after reaching 40 years of age. IN increased group At risk are overweight patients, pregnant women and people with a hereditary tendency to type 2 diabetes (if there are direct relatives with this diagnosis).

If healthy people For preventive purposes, studies are recommended once every six months; in the presence of diabetes mellitus, the required frequency of assessing glucose levels can reach 5 times a day. In type 1 diabetes, insulin-dependent, it is necessary to evaluate the glucose concentration before each insulin injection. For type 2 of the disease, a blood test is recommended after sleep, an hour after eating and before going to bed.

If a patient with diabetes experiences a change in the rhythm of life, or there is high physical or psycho-emotional stress, it is recommended that the analysis be carried out as often as possible.
If you need to frequently self-monitor your glucose levels, it is recommended to use portable glucometers, which allow you to assess your condition at home and prevent the development of diabetes complications.

During the digestion of food, glucose enters the bloodstream and is transported into the body's cells with the help of insulin. It is a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin is needed so that a woman’s blood sugar level remains normal, the indicators are different and they are divided by age, for 40-50 years the numbers are the same, and after 60-70 they are different. Changes in the body are not a pathology, and doctors call it a completely natural process.

Biomaterial is taken for analysis on an empty stomach, in order to obtain the most accurate results; any food can change the final numbers. You are allowed to drink water without restrictions, but you must not eat 8 hours before the procedure. The material can be collected from a finger or from a vein; the first method is preferable, since it is less painful, the second is more accurate and its numbers are 10% higher.

U healthy woman after 30 years, according to the table, the permissible fasting level is from 3.3 to 5.6 mmol/l; if the values ​​are higher, you will need additional research. These include taking an analysis for glycated hemoglobin and a glucose tolerance test. Based on the results of the examination, the doctor will tell you whether the patient has diabetes or not.

For women 14-30 years old, according to their age, there is a norm for fasting blood sugar, taken from a vein or from a finger, you can see it in the table:

Normal glucose levels after 40 years

It remained a mystery to people what the normal blood sugar level is for women after 40-50 years, because what is considered an acceptable glucose limit at 60 is diabetes mellitus at 40. From age-related changes there is no escape, but it is important after 40 years to begin to carefully monitor the concentration of glucose in the body. As women age, menopause begins to develop and is characterized by hormonal changes that affect many processes, including blood sugar.

The test procedure is no different from more younger age and is performed on an empty stomach. There is no need to go on diets or exhaust her with hard workouts, because trying to deceive the device pathological process will not be cured. Before collecting biomaterial, doctors advise sticking to your usual rhythm of life, but it is better to limit fried foods and fried foods in your diet 2-3 days before going to the hospital. confectionery. If a girl has a night job, then she needs to take a day off before taking the test and get a good night’s sleep. The recommendation also applies to daytime work; it is advisable not to overwork the day before blood sampling. Factors can distort the test results, and they will have to be redone.

In recent studies, endocrinologists noted that type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent) was previously diagnosed after 50-60 years, and now it can be detected at 30-40.

The causes of the phenomenon in women are often heredity or complications of childbirth, or a tendency to be overweight. Separately, we can highlight stress at work, in the family and excessive loads, due to which metabolic processes are disrupted.

Women from 40 to 50 years old have their own table of designations for the results of blood sugar tests, according to which you can find out permissible norm glucose in the body by age:

Normal after 50 years

After 50 years, no matter what a woman’s health, the normal blood sugar level rises and the blood glucose limit for this level increases. age group. Connect the process with hormonal changes or menopause. If menopause does not occur at the age of 40, then after 50, the number of women with it is rapidly growing, but there is no need to worry, this is a natural process.

Glucose levels after 60 years

In women over 60, glucose concentration changes due to hormonal changes after menopause. Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed more often, you need to carefully monitor your health and get tested at least 2 times a year. For convenience, it is better to purchase a glucometer; they actually have a lifetime warranty and such devices are easy to use.

Due to the above reasons, it is not easy to understand what women's blood sugar levels should be; below is a table with a framework that you need to focus on:

Acceptable values ​​for pregnant women

If you understand how much sugar is normal for women depending on age, focusing on generally accepted tables, then it differs among pregnant women:

When the indicators are above, the doctor diagnoses gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Pathology in last years quite common, but it often goes away immediately after childbirth. The disease must be treated with insulin therapy in combination with diet and exercise. If you do not follow the doctor's instructions and ignore the course of therapy, the child will experience complications, hypoglycemia due to sharp decline glucose or breathing problems. Special attention This problem should be addressed to women over 40, because this age group is at risk (GDM).

Symptoms of high sugar levels

When the blood sugar level in women is not maintained and its concentration exceeds the permissible limit, symptoms appear:

• Untiring thirst;
• Decreased visual acuity (fog before the eyes);
• My head is spinning;
• Swelling appears throughout the body, especially in the lower extremities;
• Weakness;
• Numbness and tingling in the limbs;
• Drowsiness.

With diabetes, it doesn’t matter how much water a person drinks, because he doesn’t get enough of it. The process is due to the fact that the body tries to reduce glucose levels and the work of the kidneys increases, as they filter the blood from its excesses. This is why diabetics have a constant desire to drink water to compensate for the fluid.

Nerve cells feed on glucose and if it is not absorbed in the body, the brain begins to starve and dizziness occurs. If the problem is not solved by initial stage, functional failures will soon begin to occur, even to the point of coma.

Edema appears in advanced stages of diabetes, when sugar is beyond the limit for a long time and the kidneys cannot cope with their functions. Filtration is disrupted, and moisture does not leave the body in the required quantity.

Weakness after rest is observed due to a lack of insulin, which transports glucose into the body's cells for energy. This happens due to insufficient production of the hormone or its poor perception.

Numbness in the limbs occurs when severe course diabetes when the nerves began to be damaged. With a sharp change in temperature, diabetics sometimes experience painful sensations in the legs and arms.

In case of violations in cardiovascular system Other symptoms also appear, such as blurred vision. If complications are not treated when signs appear, the diabetic may go blind.

If a person has 1 or 2 of these symptoms, he needs to urgently get tested for glucose levels in the body; these may be signs of diabetes. Based on them, the doctor will make a conclusion and, if necessary, prescribe a course of treatment.

The normal blood sugar level in women should always be maintained; to do this, you need to know how much its levels change with age. Knowledge will be especially useful for girls after 40-50, when hormonal changes begin to occur in their body.