What not to do if you have sugar. What can you eat if you have diabetes: rules and principles of healthy eating, as well as what is GI

Widespread complex disease, which, as a rule, requires not only the constant use of hypoglycemic drugs, but also mandatory adherence to a diet.

Moreover, dietary nutrition for diabetes mellitus is 50% of success in treatment. This is a disease of older people: it mainly develops after 40 years of age, and the risk of the disease increases with age.

The main risk factor for this pathology is excess weight- it is dangerous even for people who do not have hereditary predisposition. Type 1 diabetes mellitus if the diet is not followed can be complicated by coma and even lead to death. Since with this pathology there is a violation of not only carbohydrate but also fat metabolism, nutrition for diabetes mellitus is aimed at normalizing them. Its goal: reducing excess weight and replacing part of the carbohydrates in the diet with other components.

General principles of nutrition for diabetes mellitus

To successfully cope with the disease, you must strictly follow the basic principles of nutrition for diabetes. They relate to the main components, calorie content, frequency of meals:

1. Good nutrition. It depends on the patient’s body weight:

At normal weight The body's need is 1600 - 2500 kcal per day;

If you exceed normal body weight - 1300 - 1500 kcal per day;

For obesity - 600 - 900 kcal per day.

Exist certain features in counting daily norm nutrition: for some diseases low calorie diet contraindicated, despite the existing overweight bodies. These include, first of all, complications of diabetes itself:

Severe retinopathy (damage to the uvea of ​​the eyes);

Nephropathy in diabetes with nephrotic syndrome (kidney damage with high content protein in urine);

As a result of nephropathy - developed chronic failure kidney (CRF);

Heavy diabetic polyneuropathy.

Contraindications are mental illness and somatic pathology:

Unstable angina and the presence of life-threatening arrhythmias;

Gout;

Serious illnesses liver;

Other related chronic pathology

2. The specific portion of carbohydrates in the daily diet of a diabetic should be no more than 55% - 300 - 350 g. This refers to complex, slowly breaking down carbohydrate products containing vitamins, microelements, and hard-to-digest fibers:

Various whole grain cereals;

Wholemeal bread;

Legumes;

They must be evenly distributed in the daily diet, divided into 5 - 6 doses. Sugar and products containing it are strictly excluded; it is replaced with xylitol or sorbitol: 1 g per 0.5 kg of body weight (40 - 50 g per day for 2 - 3 doses).

3. The amount of protein is approximately 90 g per day, which is the physiological norm for any healthy person With normal content blood sugar. This amount corresponds to 15 - 20% of the total daily diet. Featured protein products:

Meat of any poultry without skin (except goose meat);

Chicken eggs(2 – 3 pieces per week);

Lean fish;

Low-fat dairy products (kefir, fermented baked milk, cottage cheese).

5. Limitation table salt up to 12 g per day(in order to prevent certain types of complications of diabetes), products containing a lot of cholesterol and extractives (strong meat broths).

Prohibited Products

There are foods (containing glucose) that absolutely must be excluded from the diet for diabetes. Even in small quantities, their use is contraindicated. These include:

Sugar, honey, all sweets made from fruits and berries (jam, marmalade, preserves, marmalade), chocolate, candies, grapes, bananas, dates, figs;

Fruit drinks with sugar, Coca-Cola, tonic, lemonade, liqueur;

Sweet and semi-sweet wines, fruits preserved in sugar syrup;

Pies, baked goods, cookies with sweet cream, puddings;

Canned food, smoked meats, sausages;

Alcoholic drinks– even the weakest of them contain a large amount of calories.

Products allowed in limited quantities

The following products are allowed in very small quantities:

Not fatty varieties meat, fish products, skinless chicken, eggs, cheese (only one of the listed protein products can be consumed once during the day);

Butter, margarine, whole and baked milk;

Any vegetable oil;

Nuts (up to 50 g).

Products that can be consumed in measured quantities

Porridge, bran flakes;

Wholemeal bread, whole grain biscuits (crackers);

Pasta;

All fresh fruits(no more than 1-2 per day).

Green vegetables;

Berries: gooseberries, cherries - flask, any kind of currants, blueberries;

Citrus fruits: lemons, grapefruits;

Tea, coffee, fruit drinks without added sugar, water;

Pepper, seasonings, mustard, various herbs, vinegar;

Sweeteners.

Example of daily meals for diabetes for a week

Monday

First breakfast: low-calorie cottage cheese with a small amount of milk, rosehip infusion.

Second breakfast: jelly from any permitted fruits or berries with xylitol, orange.

Lunch: white cabbage soup, lean boiled meat with stewed vegetables, a decoction of dried fruits without sugar.

Afternoon snack: rosehip decoction.

Dinner: seaweed, baked lean fish, vinaigrette with corn oil, stewed eggplant with onions, tea.

Tuesday

First breakfast: buckwheat porridge with corn oil, steamed omelette, vegetable salad with sunflower oil(tomatoes cucumbers, Bell pepper), bran bread, unsweetened tea with added milk.

Second breakfast: a decoction made from wheat bran.

Lunch: borscht with a spoonful of sour cream, boiled lean meat, stew from various permitted vegetables, xylitol jelly from unsweetened fruits.

Afternoon snack: grapefruit.

Dinner: steamed fish, carrot and cabbage schnitzel, fruit broth.

Wednesday

First breakfast: low-calorie cottage cheese casserole.

Second breakfast: oranges (2 medium sized).

Lunch: cabbage soup, 2 lean fish cutlets, fresh vegetables, fruit compote without sugar.

Afternoon snack: 1 boiled egg.

Dinner: stewed cabbage, 2 small meat cutlets, steamed or cooked in the oven.

Thursday

First breakfast: wheat milk porridge, boiled beet salad with corn oil, tea.

Second breakfast: yogurt with minimal fat content - 1 cup.

Lunch: fish soup, barley porridge, meat goulash.

Afternoon snack: salad of various fresh vegetables.

Dinner: vegetables stewed with lamb.

Friday

First breakfast: oatmeal, carrot salad, apple.

Second breakfast: 2 medium-sized oranges.

Lunch: cabbage soup, 2 peppers stuffed with meat and permitted grains.

Afternoon snack: carrot casserole with low-fat cottage cheese.

Dinner: salad of any vegetables, stewed chicken without skin.

Saturday

First breakfast: any porridge with added bran, 1 pear.

Second breakfast: soft-boiled egg, unsweetened drink.

Lunch: vegetable stew with lean meat.

Afternoon snack: several permitted fruits.

Dinner: vegetable salad with stewed lamb.

Sunday

First breakfast: low-calorie cottage cheese, fresh berries.

Second breakfast: boiled chicken.

Lunch: vegetarian vegetable soup, goulash. squash caviar.

Afternoon snack: berry salad.

Dinner: beans, steamed shrimp.

It must be remembered that with mild and medium degree severity of the disease, diet is the determining treatment measure. In severe cases of the disease, it is a necessary component of treatment.

A correct, rational and carefully balanced diet is key factor maintaining systemic stable compensation of carbohydrate metabolism. Unfortunately, at the moment there are no effective medications that could completely rid a person of diabetes, so it is diet, along with correct mode day and, if necessary, by appointment medicines, can help the patient live life comfortably and without danger to health.

Medical nutrition

Doctors have known about the need for a diet for diabetes for a long time - it was therapeutic nutrition in the pre-insulin era that was the only effective mechanism to combat the problem. The diet is especially important for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, where there is a high probability of coma during decompensation and even fatal outcome. For diabetics with the second type of disease, nutritional therapy is usually prescribed for weight correction and a more predictable stable course of the disease.

Basic principles

1. The basic concept of a therapeutic diet for diabetes of any type is the so-called bread unit - a theoretical measure of the equivalent of ten grams of carbohydrates. Modern nutritionists have developed special sets of tables for all types of products indicating the amount of XE per 100 grams of product. Every day, a patient with diabetes is recommended to take products with a total “value” of 12–24 XE - the dosage is selected individually, depending on the patient’s body weight, age and level of physical activity.
2. Keeping a detailed food diary. All foods consumed must be recorded so that, if necessary, the nutritionist can make adjustments to the nutritional system.
3. Multiplicity of receptions. Diabetics are recommended to eat 5–6 times a day. At the same time, breakfast, lunch and dinner should account for 75 percent of the daily ration, and the remaining 2-3 snacks should account for the remaining 25 percent.
4. Personalization therapeutic nutrition. Modern science recommends individualizing classic diets, adjusting them to the patient’s physiological preferences, regional factors (set local dishes and traditions) and other parameters, while maintaining the balance of all components of a balanced diet.
5. Substitution equivalence. If you change your diet, then the selected alternative products should be as interchangeable as possible in terms of calories, as well as the ratio of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. To the main groups of components in in this case include products containing predominantly carbohydrates (1), proteins (2), fats (3) and multi-component (4). Substitutions are possible only within these groups. If the replacement occurs in (4), then nutritionists make adjustments to the composition of the entire diet; when replacing elements from (1), the equivalence in terms of the glycemic index must also be taken into account - the XE tables described above can help with this.

Products strictly prohibited for diabetes

Modern dietetics, armed with advanced diagnostic methods and research into the effects of substances and products on the body, has in recent years significantly narrowed the list of products absolutely prohibited for consumption by patients with diabetes. At the moment, dishes based on refined purified carbohydrates, sweets and sugar, as well as products containing refractory fats and a lot of cholesterol are absolutely contraindicated.

There is a relative ban on white bread, rice and semolina porridge, as well as pasta - their consumption can be strictly limited. In addition, regardless of the type of diabetes, alcohol is completely contraindicated.

In some cases, strict adherence to a diet for type 2 diabetes helps to completely compensate for carbohydrate metabolism and not use medications. For diabetics with type 1 and other types of diabetes, therapeutic nutrition is considered and is an important element complex therapy Problems.

Types of diets for diabetes

1. Classic. This type therapeutic nutrition was developed back in the 30-40s of the twentieth century and is a balanced, although strict, type of diet. A striking representative of it in domestic dietetics is “Table number 9” with numerous, later variations. This type of nutritional therapy is suitable for almost all diabetics with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
2. Modern. Principles of individualization and features of the mentality of individuals social groups gave rise to many different menus and modern diets, with less strict prohibitions on individual species products and taking into account new properties discovered in the latter, which made it possible to introduce previously conditionally prohibited products into the daily diet. The main principles here are the use of “protected” carbohydrates containing a sufficient amount dietary fiber. However, it is worth understanding that this kind of therapeutic nutrition is selected strictly individually and cannot be considered as a universal mechanism for compensating carbohydrate metabolism.
3. Low carb diets. Intended primarily for type 2 diabetics with increased body weight. The main principle is to exclude as much as possible the consumption of foods high in carbohydrates, but not to the detriment of health. However, it is contraindicated for children; it should also not be used by people with kidney problems (late-stage nephropathies) and diabetics with type 1 diabetes and severe hypoglycemia.
4. Vegetarian diets. As experimental studies have shown at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, vegan types of diets, with an emphasis on a significant reduction in the consumption of foods rich in fat, not only help reduce body weight, but also reduce. A large amount of whole vegetables, rich in dietary fiber and fiber, in in some cases It turns out to be even more effective than recommended specialized diets, especially since a vegetarian diet implies a significant reduction in the total calorie content of the daily diet. This in turn significantly reduces the risk metabolic syndrome in prediabetic conditions, is able to act independently prophylactic and effectively combat the emergence of diabetes.

Menu for every day

Below, we will look at the classic diet menu for diabetics of the 1st and 2nd types of the disease, which is optimally suited for patients with mild and moderate forms of diabetes. In case of serious decompensation, tendency and hyper- and hypoglycemia, an individualized therapeutic nutrition plan should be developed by a nutritionist taking into account human physiology, current health problems and other factors.

Base:

1. Protein - 85–90 grams (sixty percent animal origin).
2. Fats - 75–80 grams (one third of vegetable base).
3. Carbohydrates - 250–300 grams.
4. Free liquid - about one and a half liters.
5. Salt -11 grams.

The nutritional system is fractional, five to six times a day, the daily maximum energy value is no more than 2400 kcal.

Prohibited products:

Meat/cooking fats, strong sauces, sweet juices, baked goods, rich broths, cream, pickles and marinades, fatty meats and fish, canned food, salty and rich cheeses, pasta, semolina, rice, sugar, jams, alcohol, ice cream and sweets sugar-based, grapes, all varieties of raisins and bananas with dates/figs.

Allowed products/meals:

1. Flour products - rye and bran bread are allowed, as well as non-food items flour products.
2. Soups - borscht, cabbage soup, vegetable soups, as well as stews made with low-fat broth are optimal for therapeutic nutrition. Sometimes - okroshka.
3. Meat. Lean varieties of beef, veal, pork. Chicken, rabbit, lamb, boiled tongue and liver are allowed to a limited extent. From fish - any low-fat varieties, boiled, steamed or baked without vegetable oil.
4. Milk products. Low-fat cheeses, fermented milk products without added sugar. Limited - 10 percent sour cream, low-fat or half-fat cottage cheese. Eggs should be consumed without yolks, or at least in the form of omelettes.
5. Cereals. Oatmeal, pearl barley, beans, buckwheat, egg, millet.
6. Vegetables. We recommend carrots, beets, cabbage, pumpkin, zucchini, eggplant, cucumbers and tomatoes. Potatoes - limited.
7. Snacks and sauces. Fresh vegetable salads, tomato and low-fat sauces, horseradish, mustard and pepper. Limited - squash or other vegetable caviar, vinaigrette, jellied fish, seafood dishes with a minimum of vegetable oil, low-fat beef jellies.
8. Fats - limited vegetable, butter and ghee.
9. Other. Sugar-free drinks (tea, coffee, rose hip decoction, vegetable juices), jellies, mousses, fresh sweet and sour drinks Exotic fruits, compotes. Very limited - honey and sweets with sweeteners.

Individual components of the menu below are subject to replacement according to the principles of equivalent substitution within the above groups.

Monday

• We have breakfast with two hundred grams of low-fat cottage cheese, to which you can add some berries.
• The second time we have breakfast with one glass of one percent kefir.
• We have lunch with 150 grams of baked beef and a bowl of vegetable soup. For garnish - stewed vegetables in the amount of 100–150 grams.
• Having an afternoon snack fresh salad made from cabbage and cucumbers, seasoned with a teaspoon of olive oil. Total volume - 100–150 grams.
• We have dinner with grilled vegetables (80 grams) and one medium baked fish weighing up to two hundred grams.

Tuesday

• We have breakfast with a bowl of buckwheat porridge - no more than 120 grams.
• The second time we have breakfast with two medium-sized apples.
• We have lunch with a plate of vegetable borscht and 100 grams of boiled beef. You can wash down your meal with compote without adding sugar.
• We have an afternoon drink with a glass of rosehip decoction.
• We have dinner with a bowl of fresh vegetable salad in the amount of 160–180 grams, as well as one boiled lean fish(150–200 grams).

Wednesday

• Having breakfast cottage cheese casserole- 200 grams.
• Before lunch, you can drink a glass of rosehip decoction.
• We have lunch with a plate of cabbage soup, two small fish cutlets and a hundred grams of vegetable salad.
• We have an afternoon snack with one boiled egg.
• We have dinner with a plate of stewed cabbage and two medium-sized meat cutlets, cooked in the oven or steamed.

Thursday

• We have breakfast with a two-egg omelet.
• Before lunch, you can eat a cup of low-fat or unsweetened yogurt.
• We have lunch with cabbage soup and two units of stuffed peppers based on lean meat and permitted cereals.
• We have an afternoon snack with two hundred grams of casserole made from low-fat cottage cheese and carrots.
• We have stewed dinner chicken meat(two hundred gram piece) and a plate of vegetable salad.

Friday

• We have breakfast with a bowl of millet porridge and one apple.
• Before lunch we eat two medium-sized oranges.
• We have lunch with meat goulash (no more than one hundred grams), a plate of fish soup and a plate of pearl barley.
• We have an afternoon snack with a plate of fresh vegetable salad.
• We have a good dinner stewed vegetables with lamb, total weight up to 250 grams.

Saturday

• We have breakfast with a bowl of bran-based porridge; you can eat one pear as a snack.
• Before lunch, it is permissible to eat one soft-boiled egg.
• We have lunch with a large plate of vegetable stew with the addition of lean meat - only 250 grams.
• We have an afternoon snack with a few permitted fruits.
• We have dinner with a hundred grams of stewed lamb and a plate of vegetable salad in the amount of 150 grams.

Sunday

• We have breakfast with a bowl of low-fat cottage cheese with a small amount of berries - up to a hundred grams in total.
• For second breakfast - two hundred grams of grilled chicken.
• We have lunch with a plate of vegetable soup, one hundred grams of goulash and a bowl of vegetable salad.
• We have an afternoon snack with a plate of berry salad - up to 150 grams in total.
• We have dinner with one hundred grams of boiled beans and two hundred grams of steamed shrimp.

Useful video

Nutrition for diabetes

16/12/2014 13:32

Endocrine disease occurs because the body needs insulin. And this hormone secreted from the pancreas, in turn, is responsible for the absorption of glucose. Thus, unused sugar quickly enters the blood, insulin is released, while glucose levels increase and all types of metabolism in the body are disrupted.

List of foods to avoid if you have diabetes

To overcome diabetes, you should stick to a diet. It should consist of 40-50% from carbohydrates, 30-40% proteins and 15-20% fats.

You need to eat 5-6 times a day. If you are insulin dependent, then the same amount of time should pass between meals and injections.

Note that the most dangerous and prohibited foods are those with a high glycemic index of 70-90%, that is, those that are quickly broken down in the body and lead to the release of insulin.

Here is a list of prohibited foods for diabetes:

1. Sweet products. These include candies, chocolate, honey, jam, marshmallows, marmalade, and ice cream.
2. Confectionery products, especially rich ones. They may contain fats or cocoa butter substitutes.
3. White bread.
4. Alcohol.
5. Pickled, spicy and salty foods.
6. Smoked sausages, frankfurters, lard.
7. Fast food, especially French fries, hot dogs and hamburgers.
8. Meat - pork and beef.
9. Fruits containing a huge amount of carbohydrates. For example, it is better to avoid bananas, raisins, dates, and grapes.
10. Some vegetables rich in carbohydrates: potatoes, beets, carrots.
11. Fatty dairy products: sour cream, butter, margarine, spreads, yoghurt, cream, milk.
12. Cheese varieties are yellow in color.
13. Mayonnaise, mustard, pepper.
14. White, brown sugar.
15. Cereals – rice, millet, semolina.
16. Sparkling water.
17. Juices that contain sugar.
18. Any products containing fructose.
19. Popcorn, cornflakes, muesli.

Allowed foods for diabetes - list

Foods with a low and even medium glycemic index are allowed to be eaten if you have diabetes. They will not harm and will saturate the body with useful substances necessary for the functioning of all systems.

Here is a list of foods that can be consumed if you have diabetes:

• Brown bread or whole grain products.
• Low-fat broths and soups.
• Lean meat - chicken, rabbit, turkey.
• Pasta.
• Cereals – buckwheat, oatmeal.
• Legumes - peas, beans, lentils.
• Eggs.
• Sea and river fish.
• Some seafood - caviar, shrimp.
• Some dairy products - cottage cheese, kefir, skimmed milk, curdled milk.
• Vegetables - cucumbers, tomatoes, all types of cabbage, radish, avocado, zucchini, eggplant.
• Greens – spinach, asparagus, onions green onions, basil, lettuce, parsley.
• Almost all fruits - apples, oranges, lemons, quinces, pears, apricots, pomegranates. And tropical fruits - pineapple, kiwi, mango, papaya.
• Propolis, in limited quantities.
• Tea and coffee.
• Mineral water and sparkling water, just without sugar.
• Nuts – hazelnuts, pistachios, peanuts, almonds, walnuts and pine.
• Mushrooms.
• Berries - strawberries, wild strawberries, cherries, plums, raspberries, currants, blackberries, blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, gooseberries, melon, watermelon.
• Kissel, compote, jam without sugar.
• Soy sauce, tofu, soy milk.
• Sesame seeds, sunflower, pumpkin.
• Some foods can lower your blood sugar. But they should not be used together with medications.

Foods that lower blood sugar:

• Cabbage juice.
• Grapefruit and grapefruit juice.
• Chicory.
• Jerusalem artichoke.
• Rose hip.
• Ginseng.
• Eleutherococcus, St. John's wort, nettle, dandelion.
• Flax seeds.
• Celery, parsley, horseradish, and onion.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a pathology of the endocrine apparatus, in which there is a reduced sensitivity of the body’s cells and tissues to insulin (the hormone of the islets of Langerhans-Sobolev of the pancreas) with its sufficient synthesis. The result is high blood sugar and disruption of all types of metabolism.

To effectively contain the manifestation of the disease, you need to follow the rules of diet therapy (nutrition therapy). The main goal is to keep the glucose level no higher than 5.6 mmol/l and glycosylated hemoglobin within 6-6.5%, reduce body weight, reduce the load on the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas. What you can eat with type 2 diabetes and a sample menu are discussed below.

Nutritional Features

As a rule, patients are advised to adhere to table No. 9, however, the treating specialist can make individual adjustments to the diet based on the state of compensation endocrine pathology, the patient’s body weight, body characteristics, and the presence of complications.

The basic principles of nutrition are as follows:

• the ratio of “building” material - used / used - 60:25:15;
• daily caloric intake is calculated by the attending physician or nutritionist;
• sugar is excluded from the diet, you can use sweeteners (sorbitol, fructose, xylitol, stevia extract, maple syrup);
• a sufficient amount of vitamins and microelements must be supplied, since they are massively excreted due to polyuria;
• indicators of consumed animal fats are halved;
• reduce fluid intake to 1.5 l, salt to 6 g;
• frequent split meals (having snacks between main meals).

Important! There are special tables that indicate the calorie content, chemical composition and glycemic index of products, on the basis of which it is necessary to create an individual menu.

Allowed products

When asked what you can eat on a diet for type 2 diabetes, the nutritionist will answer that the emphasis is on vegetables, fruits, dairy and meat products. There is no need to completely exclude carbohydrates from the diet, since they perform a number of important functions (construction, energy, reserve, regulation). You just need to limit quickly digestible monosaccharides and give preference to polysaccharides (substances that have a large amount of fiber in their composition and slowly increase blood glucose).

Bakery and flour products

Permitted products are those in the production of which premium and first grade wheat flour “did not participate.” Its calorie content is 334 kcal, and the GI (glycemic index) indicators are 95, which automatically puts the dish in the section of prohibited foods for diabetes.

Wholemeal bread is the basis of diet therapy for diabetes mellitus

• rye flour;
• bran;
• second grade wheat flour;
• buckwheat flour (in combination with any of the above).

Important! Whole wheat flour is the best option. It contains a significant amount useful substances and minerals, from which polished varieties are “purified”, and has low GI values.

Unsweetened crackers, bread rolls, biscuits, and savory pastries are considered permitted products. The group of savory baked goods includes those products in the production of which eggs, margarine, and fatty additives are not used.

The simplest dough from which you can make pies, muffins, and rolls for diabetics is prepared as follows. You need to dilute 30 g of yeast in warm water. Connect with 1 kg rye flour, 1.5 tbsp. water, a pinch of salt and 2 tbsp. vegetable fat. After the dough has “proven” in a warm place, it can be used for baking.

These products for type 2 diabetes are considered the most popular because they have low calorie content and low GI values ​​(with the exception of some). All green vegetables (zucchini, zucchini, cabbage, lettuce, cucumbers) can be used boiled, stewed, for preparing first courses and side dishes.

Vegetables are representatives with the lowest GI

Pumpkin, tomatoes, onions, peppers are also desirable foods. They contain a significant amount of antioxidants that bind free radicals, vitamins, pectins, and flavonoids. For example, tomatoes contain a significant amount of lycopene, which has an antitumor effect. Onions are able to strengthen the body's defenses, have a positive effect on the functioning of the heart and blood vessels, removing excess cholesterol from the body.

Cabbage can be consumed not only stewed, but also pickled. Its main advantage is considered to be a decrease in blood glucose levels.

However, there are vegetables whose consumption must be limited (there is no need to refuse at all):

• carrot;
• potato;
• beet.

Important! They are able to increase their GI values ​​during heat treatment. For example, the GI of raw carrots is 35, but when cooked it can reach up to 80.

Fruits and berries

These are healthy products, but it is not recommended to consume them in kilograms. The following are considered safe:

• cherry;
• cherries;
• grapefruit;
• lemon;
• unsweetened varieties of apples and pears;
• pomegranate;
• sea ​​​​buckthorn;
• gooseberry;
• mango;
• a pineapple.

Berries and fruits are foods that have a positive effect on the diabetic body

Experts advise eating no more than 200 g at a time. The composition of fruits and berries includes a significant amount of acids, pectins, fiber, essential for the body, ascorbic acid. All these substances are useful for diabetics in that they can protect against the development chronic complications underlying diseases and slow down their progression.

In addition, berries and fruits normalize work intestinal tract, restore and strengthen defenses, elevate mood, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Preference is given to low-fat varieties, both meat and fish. The amount of meat in the diet is subject to strict dosage (no more than 150 g per day). This will prevent the unwanted development of complications that may arise against the background of endocrine pathology.

Optimal possible options Rabbit, chicken and beef are considered. They combine a sufficient amount of protein with low level lipids. In addition, beef can have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the pancreas, removing waste and toxins from the body.

If we talk about what you can eat from sausages, then preference is given to dietary and boiled varieties. Smoked meats are not recommended in this case. By-products are allowed, but in limited quantities.

From fish you can eat:

• pollock;
• trout;
• salmon;
• zander;
• perch;
• crucian carp

Meat and fish sources useful vitamins and minerals

Important! Fish must be baked, boiled, stewed. In salted and fried form, it is better to limit or eliminate it altogether.

Eggs and dairy products

Eggs are considered a storehouse of vitamins (A, E, C, D) and unsaturated fatty acids. For type 2 diabetes, no more than 2 pieces per day are allowed; it is advisable to eat only proteins. Quail eggs although small in size, they are superior in their beneficial properties chicken product. They have no cholesterol, which is especially good for sick people, and can be used raw.

Milk is an allowed product containing a significant amount of magnesium, phosphates, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and other macro- and microelements. It is recommended to consume up to 400 ml of medium-fat milk per day. New milk It is not recommended to use in the diet for type 2 diabetes, as it can cause a spike in blood sugar.

Kefir, yogurt and cottage cheese should be consumed rationally, monitoring carbohydrate levels. Preference is given to low-fat varieties.

Cereals

Important! White rice should be limited in the diet, and semolina porridge should be completely abandoned due to its high GI numbers.

Beverages

As for juices, you should give preference to home-made drinks. Store-bought juices contain a large amount of preservatives and sugar. The consumption of freshly squeezed drinks from the following products is indicated:

• blueberry;
• tomatoes;
• lemon;
• potato;
• pomegranate.

Regular use mineral waters contributes to the normalization of the gastrointestinal tract. If you have type 2 diabetes, you can drink still water. It can be table, table-medicinal or medicinal-mineral.

Mineral still water is a drink that has a positive effect on the functioning of the intestinal tract.

Tea, coffee with milk, herbal teas are acceptable drinks if they do not contain sugar. As for alcohol, its consumption is unacceptable, since in the non-insulin-dependent form, surges in blood glucose are unpredictable, and alcoholic drinks can cause the development of delayed hypoglycemia and accelerate the onset of complications of the underlying disease.

Menu for the day

Breakfast: cottage cheese with unsweetened apples, tea with milk.

Snack: baked apple or orange.

Lunch: borscht in vegetable broth, fish casserole, apple and cabbage salad, bread, rosehip broth.

Snack: carrot salad with prunes.

Dinner: buckwheat with mushrooms, a slice of bread, a glass of blueberry juice.

Snack: a glass of kefir.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease with a terrible name, however, following the recommendations of specialists and diet therapy can maintain the patient’s quality of life at a high level. What foods to include in the diet is an individual choice for each patient. The attending physician and nutritionist will help you adjust the menu and select those dishes that can provide the body with the necessary organic substances, vitamins, and microelements.

Pancreas. The main reason for it is overeating and consuming large amounts of fats and carbohydrates. This forces the pancreas to “work to the limit,” which is subject to a “carbohydrate attack.” When sugar levels rise after a meal, the gland increases the release of insulin. The disease is based on disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: impaired absorption of glucose by tissues and its increased formation from fats and glycogen .

The most common is type 2 diabetes , developing more often in adults over 40 years of age and in the elderly. The number of patients especially increases after 65 years. Thus, the prevalence of the disease is 8% at the age of 60 years and reaches 23% at 80 years. In older people, reduced physical activity, decreased muscle mass, which utilizes glucose, and abdominal obesity aggravate existing insulin resistance. In old age, glucose metabolism is determined by the sensitivity of tissues to insulin , as well as the secretion of this hormone. Insulin resistance is more pronounced in overweight elderly people, and reduced secretion dominates in non-obese individuals, which allows for a differentiated approach to treatment. A feature of the disease at this age is asymptomatic until complications arise.

This form of diabetes is more common in women and the likelihood of developing it increases with age. The overall prevalence of the disease among women aged 56-64 years is 60-70% higher than in men. And this is connected with hormonal disorders— the onset of menopause and a lack of estrogen activates a cascade of reactions and metabolic disorders, which is accompanied by weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and the occurrence of dyslipidemia.

The development of the disease can be represented by the diagram: overweight- increased insulin resistance - increased sugar levels - increased insulin production - increased insulin resistance. It turns out to be such a vicious circle, and a person, without knowing it, consumes carbohydrates, reduces his physical activity and gets fatter every year. Beta cells wear out, and the body stops responding to the signal sent by insulin.

The symptoms of diabetes are quite typical: dry mouth, constant thirst, urge to urinate, fast fatiguability, fatigue, unexplained weight loss. The most important characteristic of the disease is hyperglycemia - high sugar in blood. One more characteristic symptom is a feeling of hunger in diabetes mellitus (polyphagia) and is caused by glucose starvation of cells. Even after having a good breakfast, the patient begins to feel hungry within an hour.

Increased appetite is explained by the fact that glucose, which serves as “fuel” for tissues, does not enter them. Responsible for the delivery of glucose into cells insulin , which patients either lack or the tissues are not susceptible to it. As a result, glucose does not enter the cells, but enters the blood and accumulates. Cells deprived of nutrition send a signal to the brain, stimulating the hypothalamus, and the person begins to feel hungry. With frequent attacks of polyphagia, we can talk about labile diabetes, which is characterized by a large amplitude of glucose fluctuations during the day (0.6 - 3.4 g/l). It is dangerous due to development ketoacidosis And .

At diabetes insipidus e, associated with disorders in the central nervous system, are noted similar symptoms(increased thirst, increase in the amount of urine excreted to 6 liters, dry skin, weight loss), but the main symptom is absent - increased blood sugar levels.

Foreign authors tend to believe that the diet of patients receiving replacement therapy should not limit simple carbohydrates. However, domestic medicine maintains the same approach to treating this disease. Proper nutrition in diabetes mellitus is a therapeutic factor for initial stage diseases, the main point in diabetes while taking oral hypoglycemic drugs and necessary for insulin-dependent diabetes.

What diet should patients follow? They are prescribed or its varieties. This dietary food normalizes carbohydrate metabolism (allows you to reduce blood sugar and stabilize it at a level close to normal, and prevents disorders of fat metabolism. The principles of diet therapy of this table are based on a sharp limitation or exclusion of simple carbohydrates and the inclusion of complex carbohydrates up to 300 g per day.

The amount of proteins is within physiological norm. The amount of carbohydrates is adjusted by the doctor depending on the degree of increase in sugar, the patient’s weight and concomitant diseases.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes develops after age 40 and is usually associated with excess weight. One of the most important conditions effective treatment is self-monitoring, which allows you to maintain normal blood sugar levels. This reliable means prevention of diabetic complications. Treatment of type 2 diabetes begins with diet therapy, which helps normalize weight and control sugar levels.

What should be the diet for type 2 diabetics? Usually, with normal weight, a basic diet is prescribed with a caloric intake of up to 2500 kcal and an amount of carbohydrates of 275-300 g, which is distributed by the doctor between bread, cereals and vegetables.

Preference is given to products with a minimal glycemic index, a high content of plant fibers and, preferably, uncooked or minimally processed. The main table is shown for permanent use with diabetes 2 light type and moderate severity in patients with normal weight.

Nutrition is of great importance in the presence of obesity, since weight loss has a positive effect on the course of the disease. For obesity, varieties are prescribed - reduced diets (with reduced calorie content) containing 225 g, 150 g or 100 g of carbohydrates per day.

First of all, the 9th diet for type 2 diabetes excludes the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates, which are quickly and easily absorbed (after 15 minutes), sharply increase sugar and do not create a feeling of satiety:

• sugar;
• jams, preserves, marmalade;
• confectionery;
• syrups;
• ice cream;
• White bread;
• sweet vegetables and fruits, dried fruits;
• pasta.

Limitation of use is provided:

• potatoes as a high starch product;
• beets, which have a high glycemic index;
• bread, cereals, corn, pasta and soy products.

To lose weight, the calorie content of the diet is reduced to 1700 kcal by limiting carbohydrates to 120 g per day, with protein (110 g) and fat (70 g) as normal. Fasting days are recommended. In addition to the above recommendations, highly excluded high-calorie foods:

• oils (butter and vegetable), sour cream, margarine, mayonnaise, spreads;
• lard, sausages, frankfurters, sausages, smoked meats, fatty meat and fish, chicken with skin, canned food in oil;
• fatty cheeses, cottage cheese, cream;
• nuts, seeds, baked goods, mayonnaise, alcoholic drinks.

The consumption of vegetables in the form of side dishes increases:

• eggplant;
• cucumbers;
• cauliflower;
• leafy greens;
• red salad pepper (high content of vitamins);
• turnips, radishes;
• pumpkin, zucchini and squash, which have a beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism.

The diet should be varied, but contain less calories. This is doable if higher-calorie foods (for example, sausages) are replaced with an equal amount of boiled lean meat, and the butter in the sandwich is replaced with cucumber or tomato. This way, your hunger is satisfied and you consume fewer calories.

For non-insulin-dependent diabetes, you need to reduce the consumption of foods that contain “hidden fats” (sausages, sausages, nuts, seeds, sausages, cheeses). With these products we will quietly get a large amount of calories. Since fats are very high in calories, even a tablespoon of vegetable oil added to a salad will ruin your weight loss efforts. 100 g of seeds or nuts contain up to 600 kcal, but we do not count them as food. A piece of high-fat cheese (more than 40%) is much higher in calories than a piece of bread.

Since carbohydrates must be present in the diet, it is necessary to include slowly absorbed carbohydrates with high content dietary fiber: vegetables, legumes, wholemeal bread, whole grain cereals. You can use sugar substitutes ( xylitol , stevia, fructose or sorbitol) and count them in total carbohydrates. Xylitol is equivalent to regular sugar in terms of sweetness, so its dose is 30 g. Fructose is enough for 1 tsp. for adding to tea. It is worth giving preference to the natural sweetener stevia.

It is very important for patients to know the glycemic index (GI) of all foods. When consuming foods with a high GI, hyperglycemia appears, and this causes increased production insulin . Products with medium and low GI break down gradually and almost do not cause an increase in sugar. You need to choose fruits and vegetables with an index of up to 55: apricots, cherry plums, grapefruits, lingonberries, cranberries, peaches, apples, plums, sea buckthorn, red currants, cherries, gooseberries, cucumbers, broccoli, green pea, cauliflower, milk, cashews, almonds, peanuts, soybeans, beans, peas, lentils, lettuce. They are allowed to be consumed in limited quantities (no more than 200 g of fruit per serving). It must be remembered that heat treatment increases GI. Proteins and fats reduce it, so the diet of patients should be mixed.

The basis of nutrition should be vegetables and low-fat foods. Sample diet includes:

• Salads from fresh vegetables, boiled or baked vegetables. Try to limit beets and potatoes (you can exclude them completely).
• Lean meat and boiled fish, since the calorie content of fried foods increases by 1.3 times.
• Coarse bread, moderate amount cereals (rice and wheat cereals are excluded).
• Low-fat fermented milk products.

Sugar is excluded when mild degree diseases, and against the background of insulin therapy for moderate and severe diseases, the consumption of 20-30 g of sugar per day is allowed. Thus, diet therapy by the doctor varies depending on the severity of the disease, weight, intensity of work of the patient and age.

Patients are also recommended to increase physical activity. Physical activity is mandatory because it increases tissue sensitivity to insulin, reducing insulin resistance, and also lowers blood pressure and reduces atherogenicity of the blood. The exercise regimen is selected individually, taking into account concomitant diseases and the severity of complications. The best option for all ages would be to walk for an hour every day or every other day. Proper nutrition and an active lifestyle will help fight heightened feeling hunger.

Diet for type 1 diabetes

This form of diabetes is more common in at a young age and in children, whose feature is a sudden onset with acute metabolic disorders ( acidosis , ketosis , dehydration ). It has been established that the occurrence of this type of diabetes is not associated with a nutritional factor, but is caused by the destruction of b-cells of the pancreas, which leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin, impaired glucose utilization, and a decrease in the synthesis of proteins and fats. All patients require lifelong insulin therapy; if the dose is insufficient, ketoacidosis and diabetic coma develop. Equally important is that the disease leads to disability and high mortality caused by micro- and macroangiopathic complications.

Diet for type 1 diabetes is no different from normal healthy eating and it contains an increased amount of simple carbohydrates. The patient is free to choose a menu, especially with intensive insulin therapy. Now almost all experts believe that you can eat everything, with the exception of sugar and grapes, but you need to know how much and when you can eat. Strictly speaking, the diet comes down to correctly calculating the amount of carbohydrates in foods. There are several important rules: you can consume no more than 7 units of bread at a time and sweet drinks (tea with sugar, lemonade, sweet juices) are strictly excluded.

The difficulties lie in correctly counting bread units and determining the need for insulin. All carbohydrates are measured in bread units and their amount taken with food at one time is summed up. One XE corresponds to 12 g of carbohydrates and is contained in 25 g of bread - hence the name. A special table has been compiled for the grain units contained in different products and it can be used to accurately calculate the amount of carbohydrates consumed.

When creating a menu, you can change foods without exceeding the amount of carbohydrates prescribed by your doctor. To process 1 XE, you may need 2-2.5 units of insulin for breakfast, 1.5-2 units for lunch, and 1-1.5 units for dinner. When creating a diet, it is important not to consume more than 25 XE per day. If you want to eat more, you will need to inject additional insulin. When using short-acting insulin, the amount of XE should be distributed over 3 main and 3 additional meals.

One XE is contained in two spoons of any porridge. Three spoons of pasta are equivalent to four spoons of rice or buckwheat porridge and two pieces of bread, and all contain 2 XE. The more boiled the foods are, the faster they are absorbed and the faster the sugar rises. Peas, lentils and beans can be ignored, since 1 XE is contained in 7 tablespoons of these legumes. Vegetables win in this regard: one XE contains 400 g of cucumbers, 350 g of lettuce, 240 g of cauliflower, 210 g of tomatoes, 330 g fresh mushrooms, 200 g green pepper, 250 g spinach, 260 g sauerkraut, 100 g carrots and 100 g beets.

Before eating sweets, you need to learn how to take an adequate dose of insulin. Those patients who monitor their blood sugar several times a day, know how to count the amount of XE and, accordingly, change the dose of insulin, can indulge in sweets. It is necessary to monitor sugar levels before and after consuming sugary foods and evaluate the adequate dose of insulin.

Number Diets 9B indicated for patients with severe disease receiving large doses insulin, and it is characterized by an increased carbohydrate content (400-450 g) - more bread, cereals, potatoes, vegetables and fruits are allowed. The amount of proteins and fats increases slightly. The diet is close in composition to the general table, 20-30 g of sugar and sweeteners are allowed.

If the patient receives insulin in the morning and afternoon, then 70% of carbohydrates should be in these meals. After an insulin injection, you need to eat twice - after 15 minutes and after 3 hours, when its maximum effect is noted. Therefore, in insulin-dependent diabetes fractional meals is given great importance: second breakfast and afternoon snack should be taken 2.5-3 hours after the main meal and it must necessarily contain carbohydrate foods (porridge, fruits, potatoes, fruit juices, bread, biscuits with bran). When administering insulin in the evening before dinner, you should leave some food overnight to prevent hypoglycemic reactions. The weekly menu for diabetics will be presented below.

Two major studies have convincingly proven the benefits of controlling carbohydrate metabolism in preventing the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications. If the sugar level exceeds the norm for a long time, various complications develop: fatty degeneration liver, but the most formidable thing is diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

Authorized Products

• The basis of the diet is fresh vegetables: cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes, eggplants, bell pepper, onions, greens, mushrooms, lemons, cranberries, sauerkraut, garlic, green beans. Vegetables are used raw or stewed. Rarely do you need to choose boiled or baked potatoes with their skins as a side dish. French fries and croquettes are not acceptable because they are cooked with fat.
• Potatoes are allowed with restrictions and most often up to 200 g in all dishes. You need to remember the high carbohydrate content in carrots and beets and limit their inclusion in your diet. Sometimes you can introduce rice, legumes, pasta.
• Preference is given to products with a high fiber content (plant fibers reduce the ability of starch to increase sugar): bakery products made from wholemeal flour, grain bread and bran bread. Intended use rye bread and with bran up to 200 g per day. However, there is no difference between white and black bread. The same can be said about buckwheat, which is not much different from other cereals.
• The absorption of starch facilitates grinding, kneading and long-term processing, so its sugar-raising effect can be reduced if the products are not crushed or boiled. To do this, cook potatoes whole in their skins, and for porridges choose large grain cereals, do not overcook them.
• First courses can be cooked in meat or vegetable broth. Preference should be given vegetable soups, okroshka, mushroom soup. Potatoes may be present in limited quantities in first courses.
• Lean meats and chicken are allowed. All meat dishes need to be cooked boiled or baked, which reduces the calorie content of the dishes. You need to choose from fish dietary varieties: pike perch, pollock, pike, cod, hake, navaga. Give preference to fish and seafood over meat.
• The amount of cereal is limited to the norm - usually 8-10 tablespoons. It can be buckwheat, pearl barley, barley, whole oatmeal. If you eat pasta (occasionally), then you need to reduce the amount of bread. Legumes (lentils) are allowed.
• Low-fat fermented milk drinks, milk and low-fat cottage cheese should be included in the diet daily. Cheeses with a fat content of no more than 30% can be consumed in small quantities; low-fat sour cream is added only to dishes. It should be noted that milk is also a carbohydrate-containing product (it contains milk sugar), but it does not cause such a pronounced increase in sugar, since the absorption of lactose is inhibited by the proteins and fats of milk.
• You can eat one egg per day (3-4 per week) - soft-boiled or as an omelet.
• Various vegetable oils in the amount of 1 tbsp. l. (for the whole day) should be added to prepared dishes.
• Fruits and berries contain simple carbohydrates, but at the same time contain fiber, which inhibits their absorption. They should be consumed raw, and not juices, which are absorbed very quickly. The recommended fruit is grapefruit. Apples, oranges, and tangerines are consumed to a limited extent. If you want to make compote, it is prepared without sugar; you can sweeten it with sorbitol. Sweet fruits should be avoided: grapes, pears, plums, and dried fruits.
• Drinks used are unsweetened or with sugar substitutes: coffee with milk, tea, vegetable juices. Useful herbal teas, for which it is recommended to use blueberry shoots, bean pods, strawberry leaves, nettle, rose hips, hazel leaves, dandelion roots and leaves, or ready-made antidiabetic medicinal preparations.
• You can eat sweets, waffles, and cookies for diabetics. But even in this case, the norm should be 1-2 candies once or twice a week.

Table of permitted products

Fully or partially limited products

• Baked goods, sweet desserts, honey, confectionery, preserves and jams are excluded (preparations for xylitol ), sugar, ice cream, curd mass, sweet cheese, sweet juices, sweet drinks, beer.
• Products made from flour (dumplings, dumplings, pancakes, pies).
• Sweet fruits and dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, bananas, dates, figs, grapes, pineapple, persimmon, apricot, melon.
• Semolina and pasta.
• You should not eat fatty broths and fatty meats, fatty sauces, smoked meats, lard, ham, sausages and cream. Liver, egg yolks, and honey are allowed in limited quantities.
• It is better to avoid fried foods, eating spicy and too salty foods, and hot sauces.

Limit:

• Potatoes, wheat cereal, white rice.
• Beets and carrots.
• The consumption of fats, even vegetable ones, is reduced as much as possible.

Table of prohibited products

* data is per 100 g of product

Menu (Power Mode)

The diet should include up to 60% carbohydrates, 25% fats and 25% proteins. The nutritional menu for diabetics should have an even distribution of carbohydrates, which is determined by the doctor for each patient individually. The daily menu needs to be adjusted taking into account the allowed amount of carbohydrates and calories that need to be counted daily.

The diet includes 5-6 small meals. This is explained by the fact that glucose-lowering drugs act for 24 hours, and to avoid hypoglycemia , you need to eat often and preferably at the same hours.

An approximate diet for each day may include: bread - 150 g, cereals - 50 g, potatoes - 70 g, other vegetables 550 g, meat - 110-130 g, eggs - 1-2 pcs., milk and fermented milk drinks 400-500 g, apples - 200 g, butter - 10 g, cottage cheese - 150 g, vegetable oil - 2 g, sour cream - 10 g, xylitol - 30 g. One serving of soup - 0.25 l.

Below is a menu according to generally accepted recommendations dietary nutrition. When creating a weekly menu for yourself, try to diversify it more and include your favorite vegetables and fruits, meat and fish dishes, allowed amount of sweeteners in jelly, drinks and casseroles. A menu for type 1 diabetes may look like this:

Recipes

Dietary meals should be low in calories and foods such as mushrooms, leafy greens, cabbage, cucumbers, radishes, lemons, grapefruits, bell peppers, eggplants, onions and garlic have almost no effect on sugar levels. Therefore, they can be included in food recipes for diabetes mellitus 2 type. Vegetables can be used to make puddings, cutlets, casseroles, cabbage rolls, cucumbers, tomatoes and zucchini can be stuffed with meat, eggs, spinach.

Considering that many have accompanying illnesses Gastrointestinal tract, most the best way Preparing dishes for patients will include steaming, boiling or baking. Since dishes should be lower in calories, frying and baking with oil is completely excluded. The taste of unsalted food can be improved with various seasonings: dill, cumin, marjoram, thyme, basil, onion, garlic, lemon juice.

First meal

Borsch with prunes and mushrooms

Mushroom broth, tomato paste, mushrooms, beets, cabbage, carrots, roots, onions, potatoes, herbs, prunes, salt.

Wash the dried mushrooms and leave for 3 hours to swell, then cook until tender. The broth is filtered and used to prepare borscht. Potatoes and white roots are dipped into the broth. Beets, carrots, and onions are sautéed with the addition of tomato paste and add to potatoes. 5 minutes before readiness, add shredded cabbage and chopped mushrooms and salt. Separately, boiled prunes, sour cream and herbs are added to the plate.

Mixed vegetable soup

Broth, onions, carrots, vegetable oil, different types of cabbage, potatoes, bell peppers, green beans, greens.

First, put the potatoes into the boiling broth, after 10 minutes add carrots, cabbage and green beans. In a frying pan with oil, sauté the onion and add it to the vegetables, bring to readiness. Sprinkle the finished soup with herbs.

Stewed cabbage with apples

Vegetable oil, onion, peeled apples, cabbage, 1 tbsp. lemon juice, salt, pepper.

Heat vegetable oil in a saucepan. Add onions, shredded cabbage and apples. Simmer until done, add salt and pepper and lemon juice at the end.

Hake baked in sour cream

Hake, vegetable oil, onion, sour cream, salt, herbs.

Cut the fish into portions and place on a baking sheet. Place onion rings on top, salt and pepper, sprinkle with oil and grease with a small amount of sour cream. Bake for 20 minutes. Serve with salad and tomatoes.

Dessert

Cottage cheese and pumpkin casserole

Pumpkin, cottage cheese, egg, sour cream, semolina, xylitol, butter.

Prepare the pumpkin by cutting it into cubes. Mix cottage cheese, butter, sour cream, egg, xylitol and semolina. After this add pumpkin. Place the curd and pumpkin mixture in a mold and bake in the oven.

During pregnancy and lactation

Stands out separately gestational diabetes , found during pregnancy. It does not develop in all pregnant women, but only in those who have a genetic predisposition. Its cause is reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin (so-called insulin resistance) and is associated with a high content of hormones. Some ( , lactogen , ) have a blocking effect on insulin - this “counter-insulin” effect appears at the 20-24th week of pregnancy.

After delivery, carbohydrate metabolism most often normalizes. However, there is a risk of developing diabetes. Hyperglycemia is dangerous for mother and child: the possibility of miscarriage, complications during childbirth, pyelonephritis a woman has complications from the fundus of the eye, so the woman will have to strictly monitor her diet.

• Simple carbohydrates are excluded and complex carbohydrates are limited. It is necessary to exclude sugary drinks, sweets, pastries, cakes, white bread, bananas, grapes, dried fruits, and sweet juices. Eat foods containing large amounts of fiber (vegetables, unsweetened fruits, bran), which slows down the flow of glucose into the blood.
• Pasta and potatoes should be present in small quantities in a woman’s diet.
• Fatty and fried foods are excluded; it is recommended to avoid semi-finished products, sausages, and smoked meats.
• You need to eat every two hours (3 main meals and 2 additional ones). After dinner, if you feel hungry, you can drink 150 g of kefir or eat a small apple.
• You can steam, stew or bake food.
• Drink up to 1.5 liters of liquid.
• During the day, measure your sugar level after meals.

Compliance with these recommendations is necessary after childbirth for 2-3 months. After this, you should examine your blood sugar and consult an endocrinologist. If after childbirth, fasting sugar is still high, then diabetes mellitus is diagnosed, which was hidden and appeared for the first time during pregnancy.