Normal ESR in blood test
07.05.2019

Endoscopic examination in the diagnosis of gastritis. How to treat petechiae on the legs: the cause of the disease

The use of fibroendoscopy has played a certain role in the diagnosis of various forms of chronic gastritis. According to P.F. Kryshen, “only severe atrophic gastritis is reliably diagnosed endoscopically. Other forms of chronic gastritis do not have strictly pathognomonic macroscopic signs.” The possibility of endoscopic diagnosis of chronic atrophic gastritis is also noted by G. Stoffels. At the same time, according to R. Ottenjann and K. Elster, superficial or atrophic gastritis cannot be diagnosed endoscopically with certainty; it can only be identified and assessed using a histological examination of a biopsy of the mucous membrane.

Before talking about the endoscopic picture of the gastric mucosa in adolescents with chronic gastritis, it is advisable to present the endoscopic criteria for normality from which we proceeded.

Normally, the mucous membrane of the body of the stomach is, as a rule, pink, shiny, and well reflects the light incident from the apparatus. The thickness of the folds generally does not exceed 0.5-0.8 cm. When air is insufflated into the stomach cavity, they straighten well. The mucous membrane of the outlet section is paler than the mucous membrane of the body of the stomach. Folds are revealed much less frequently here. Sometimes there is thickening of the folds near the pylorus, which in the absence of any other endoscopic signs, indicating pathology, we regard as a variant of the norm. The gatekeeper has a rounded shape. The duodenal bulb is medium in size, the mucous membrane is pale pink, in some patients with a yellowish tint, with a well-defined villous pattern, which is the only difference from the mucous membrane of the distal parts of the duodenum.

With superficial gastritis, the gastric mucosa is moderately hyperemic throughout or only in the body and antrum of the stomach. Less commonly, hyperemia is focal in nature. In this case, swelling of the mucous membrane and white foamy mucus are noted on the walls of the stomach and in the “mucus lake”. The folds are often thickened, tortuous, and are not completely straightened by air.

Atrophic gastritis is endoscopically characterized by thinning of the gastric mucosa in one or another section. In areas of atrophy, the mucous membrane is pale with thin folds and a well-defined vascular pattern. In cases where the mucous membrane is very thin, the impression of dilated veins of the mucous membrane is created.

The briefly presented macroscopic criteria for the norm of the gastric mucosa and duodenal bulb are, naturally, schematic, since they do not reflect the whole variety of morphological and functional changes in this or that patient.

During endoscopic examination of adolescents with chronic gastritis, a picture of superficial gastritis is more often observed both in the body (48.4%) and in the antrum of the stomach (44.1%). A normal macroscopic picture of the mucous membrane is more often observed in the body of the stomach (42.3%) than in the antrum (26.5%). Of note is follicular hyperplasia, which is often detected in the antrum of adolescents. These areas of focal hyperplasia do not exceed the size of “millet grains” and are located evenly throughout the entire mucous membrane of the antrum. When air is insufflated into the stomach, areas of hyperplasia remain unchanged and are observed in both boys and girls (the latter are somewhat less common).

Against the background of both atrophic and superficial gastritis in adolescents, erosive lesions of the mucous membrane are detected in 9.3% of cases. Erosions localized in the stomach are distinguished by the polymorphism of the endoscopic picture, which largely depends on the nature of the disease and the morphological background against which the erosive process develops. This is probably the reason for the difficulties that researchers encounter when trying to give an acceptable classification of erosive lesions of the stomach.

Since K. Kawai presented the endoscopic classification of erosive lesions of the gastric mucosa, a large number of works have appeared in Russian and foreign literature dedicated to this issue. Modern views on the etiology and pathogenesis of erosions are quite fully covered in the literature. Let us only emphasize that the formation of erosions is based on polyetiological factors, therefore their pathogenesis is complex and requires further study. It is difficult for us to agree with the point of view of V. Kh. Vasilenko that erosions are the same type of reaction to various pathological processes that occur in the gastric mucosa (hemorrhagic necrosis, inflammatory changes, gastric lymphomatosis, etc.). Firstly, erosions can be acute and chronic, and secondly, they can be located in different parts of the digestive organs; they differ in morphological structure, shape and course, which also suggests a difference in their genesis. Take, for example, the classification of V. Kh. Vasilenko and V. D. Vodolagin acute erosions and cancerous.

It seems to us most acceptable endoscopic classification erosions by L.K. Sokolov, who distinguishes:

1. Large round or oval erosions with a diameter of 0.2-0.4 cm, their bottom is clean, bright red. The mucous membrane around the erosions has a rim of hyperemia and is sharply swollen.

2. Small-point erosions of hemorrhagic type with a diameter of no more than 0.1 cm.

3. Erosion in the form of petechiae: flat small defects of the mucous membrane with a diameter of 0.1-0.2 cm. Outwardly they resemble submucosal hemorrhages.

4. Erosions such as epithelial surface defects of the mucous membrane various shapes with a diameter of 0.3-0.4 to 1-1.5 cm. Their bottom is covered with fibrinous plaque, the mucous membrane in the erosion zone is sharply swollen.

5. Erosion such as polypoid formations with a central defect of an oval or round shape, which are usually located at the top of the folds.

Small-point hemorrhagic erosions, according to V.I. Struchkov, are the cause of bleeding from gastrointestinal tract in 30-40% of cases. In adolescents, only isolated hemorrhagic erosions are observed (mainly in the body of the stomach). They are no larger than the head of a pin. Erosion covered with black or brown coating. Hemorrhagic erosions are usually acute and are caused by impaired microcirculation due to stressful effects on the body.

The point of view of a number of authors on hemorrhagic erosions is interesting. Thus, T. Shirahama and R. Sato consider extensive, irregularly shaped hemorrhagic erosions in the antrum of the stomach to be a prestage of an acute antral ulcer. The authors distinguish 3 stages of macroscopic changes in the mucous membrane. The first - hemorrhagic stage - erosions are found on the mucous membrane in the antrum. In this case, the gastric mucosa is hyperemic, swollen, and peristalsis along the outlet section is weakly expressed. The second is the stage of acute ulceration, when multiple irregularly shaped ulcers with an uneven bottom are observed. Most of them are located symmetrically. The third - stage of scarring - convergence of folds to the edges of the ulcer is noted. T. Takagi also noted a close correlation between acute antral symmetrically located ulcers and hemorrhagic erosions. In their opinion, multiple ulcerative lesions and erosions in the antrum of the stomach are the result of muscle spasm. Moreover, the more pronounced the spasm, the greater the magnitude of erosions or ulcers. According to the observations of these authors, hemorrhagic erosions are found mainly in young people. We cannot agree with this point of view, since complex mechanism the formation of erosions to spasm of the stomach wall alone is unlawful. In the development of hemorrhagic erosions, disruption of microcirculation probably plays a much larger role. It must be emphasized that histological examination of biopsy specimens obtained in the area of ​​such erosions shows no inflammatory process in the mucous membrane itself.

In adolescents, erosions such as epithelial surface defects of the mucous membrane of a round shape with a diameter of no more than 0.2-9.4 cm are most often detected. Their bottom is covered with a white or yellowish-white fibrinous coating, with a zone of hyperemia around. They are usually located in the outlet section of the stomach, near the pylorus along the greater curvature. In some cases, such erosions are detected only at the stage reverse development. These erosions are observed mainly in adolescents with superficial gastritis of the body of the stomach, although in the outlet section of the stomach a picture of atrophic gastritis can be observed during endoscopy. This type of erosion is more often detected in male adolescents.

The erosions described are usually called “incomplete.” Detection of “incomplete” erosions during endoscopic examination even in the absence of ulcerative lesion duodenal bulb or gastric outlet, in our opinion, serves as an important diagnostic sign pre-ulcerative stage of gastric ulcer. Naturally, this endoscopic finding acquires great significance in combination with data from the clinical and functional examination of the patient.

Differential diagnosis between “incomplete” and “complete” erosions during endoscopic examination does not present any great difficulties. “Complete” erosions are detected only in the stomach and mainly in its outlet section. Their endoscopic picture is quite characteristic: they represent a crater-shaped defect of the mucous membrane in the center of a small elevation. This elevation around the erosion may be due to either swelling of the mucous membrane or hyperplasia of the pitted epithelium. It is quite logical to assume that at first such erosions appear as flat defects and then transform into “complete” defects. As R. Ottenjann and K. Elster point out, “complete” erosions can rarely be found on the mucous membrane of the entire stomach, especially in the fundic region. This is a special form of gastritis, previously known as smallpox-like, which, according to the authors, may be of an allergic nature.

With severe hyperplasia of the pit epithelium, such “complete” erosions are polypoid formations with a depression in the middle, often covered with a fibrinous white or yellowish-white coating.

“Complete” erosions are very rarely observed in adolescents and children. Sometimes they are discovered as an incidental finding during endoscopic examination. They can exist for several months without any clinical symptoms or disappear very quickly. The duration of the existence of “complete” erosions also depends on the morphological changes underlying their appearance. They can be allowed to disappear quickly in the presence of surrounding edema. As our observations and literature data show, small hyperplastic polyps can disappear without a trace, so it is not surprising that “complete” erosions disappear when they are based on hyperplasia of the pit epithelium. It is reasonable to assume that they can persist for a long time during the development of fibrosis. The quantitative increase in erosion at a certain stage finds its qualitative expression (bleeding, pain, etc.), which allows us to talk about erosive gastritis and bulbitis in relation to the stomach and duodenum.

In 5.7% of adolescents, we observed, predominantly in the upper third of the body of the stomach, multiple areas of pronounced spotty hyperemia, very similar to submucosal hemorrhages. In this case, thickening of the folds of the mucous membrane, gaping of the pylorus and reflux of intestinal contents mixed with bile into the stomach, as well as a significant amount of white foamy mucus on the walls of the stomach were noted. Clinically, these patients had severe pain in the epigastric region, especially immediately after eating, nausea, and sometimes vomiting. The use of antispastic drugs, antacids, and anticholinergics brought only short-term relief.

Thus, the macroscopic picture of the gastric mucosa in adolescents is quite diverse, which is also reflected in the characteristics of clinical symptoms.

Bulbitis, manifested by hyperemia, edema, thickening of the folds of the mucous membrane of the duodenal bulb, was detected by us in 14% of adolescents. Considering the role of duodenogastric reflux in the genesis of chronic gastritis, we did not ignore this fact when conducting endoscopic examination in adolescents.

Our studies showed that duodenogastric reflux occurred in 31.6% of adolescents with chronic gastritis, and more often in boys (36.8%) than in girls (24.4%). Duodenogastric reflux was more often observed with superficial gastritis (38.5%) of the body of the stomach and less often with atrophic gastritis (19.2%). At the same time, the differences in the frequency of duodenogastric reflux in superficial and atrophic gastritis of the antrum were insignificant.

The frequency of duodenogastric reflux was also assessed depending on the nature of the acid-forming function of the stomach.

It turned out that duodenogastric reflux occurred with both increased and decreased acid production of the stomach, but there was a statistically significant increase in its frequency with an increase in the acidity of gastric juice.

Because the x-ray method research to date remains one of the leading in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases, especially in outpatient settings, we compared data from X-ray and endoscopic examinations.

In 19% of patients, an X-ray examination suspected or revealed a gastric or duodenal ulcer, while a thorough endoscopic examination of the mucous membrane of the duodenal bulb and stomach did not reveal not only an ulcerative defect, but also scars and cicatricial-ulcerative deformation of these organs. The X-ray conclusion about the presence of ulcerative lesions of the duodenum was drawn up on the basis of identifying a “persistent barium stain”, a change in the relief of the mucous membrane of the bulb, which was regarded as a cicatricial-ulcerative deformation of it. In addition to the “niche” or barium spot on the contour of the stomach, when diagnosing a gastric ulcer, its inflection and deformation were important. Gastric ulcers were radiologically diagnosed mainly in the subcardial region and the upper third of the body of the stomach. The diagnosis of gastritis and duodenitis was made on the basis of such radiological signs of these diseases as thickening of the folds, hypersecretion on an empty stomach, spasmodic contractions and antiperistalsis.

If the endoscopic and radiological conclusions coincided (19.3%), the X-ray method did not make it possible to differentiate the form of gastritis (especially in one or another part of the stomach), as well as to identify focal changes (erosions, hemorrhages, hyperplasia, etc.).

What are the morphological changes in the mucous membrane of the antrum and body of the stomach, as well as the duodenal bulb in adolescents in cases where endoscopic examination does not reveal pathology or a picture of superficial or atrophic gastritis is noted.

Articles about gastritis.

Petechial hemorrhages are small round spots that form on the skin, serous membrane or mucous membrane. The cause of petechiae formation is considered to be subcutaneous bleeding. As a rule, spots appear on the skin, as well as on the eyelids and mucous membrane oral cavity. Some of the causes of petechial hemorrhages do not require special treatment. However, other factors can be quite serious.

Petechiae in their own way appearance may resemble a normal rash. The reasons that provoke such a pathology can be very different. Therefore, if you encounter this problem, you should consult with a specialist about the formation of these elements.

Appearance

Petechial hemorrhages resemble a rash in appearance, but they are more clearly defined and look quite scary. The spots themselves may resemble very small patterns of purple, red, brown colors, which is associated with subcutaneous bleeding. As a rule, petechiae are flat to the touch, which is a distinguishing feature from a regular rash. They do not lose their color when pressed. This way, you can determine whether it is a rash or another skin abnormality.

Causes

Petechial hemorrhages occur as a result of injury blood vessels small size - capillaries. When the capillaries burst, blood begins to leak under the skin.

Experts identify a huge number of reasons that can provoke the appearance of petechial hemorrhages on the skin of an adult or child. These include the following:

  • traumatic injury to the skin or local injury;
  • sunburn;
  • allergies to certain insect bites;
  • pathology autoimmune type;
  • viral and bacterial infections;
  • radiation, chemotherapy - methods of treating cancer;
  • the level of platelets in the blood is significantly lower than normal;
  • cancer bone marrow, leukemia. These diseases significantly reduce the number of platelets in a person's blood;
  • severe vomiting and dehydration - more common in newborns;
  • strenuous physical activity. For example, lifting weights, labor activity;
  • sepsis;
  • vasculitis;
  • scurvy;
  • fevers of viral origin - Ebola, dengue fever, yellow fever cause the blood to clot poorly and bleeding to occur under the skin.

Petechial rashes can also occur as a result of taking certain medications. Medicines that may cause rash as a side effect include the following:

  • antibiotics;
  • anti-depression and sedatives;
  • hormonal contraceptives;
  • blood thinners;
  • medications that help get things in order heartbeat;
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - NSAIDs;
  • sedative medications.

If, after taking certain medications, you notice the formation of a petechial rash on the face and other parts of the body, then you should immediately consult with your doctor and select other medications.

Varieties

Depending on what exactly triggered the development of petechiae, they may differ from each other. Experts identify several main types of pathology.

  1. Vasculitis and autoimmune pathologies. In this case, petechiae form on the lower and upper limbs. After recovery, such petechiae disappear, and the skin at the site of their formation begins to peel off greatly.
  2. If the disease is provoked by staphylococcus, then petechial hemorrhages are observed on the mucous membrane of the hard palate (there is a photo of the examination in this article) and the skin.
  3. Due to gonorrhea, petechiae affect the lower part of the legs. At the same time, other symptoms of gonorrhea are clearly expressed.
  4. Enterovirus infection. In this case, petechiae indicate a person’s recovery. They form on the back, chest and face. They disappear within a couple of days, and not a trace remains after them.
  5. Meningitis. Petechiae look like a hemorrhagic rash that very quickly covers the entire body. Most of the formations occur on the buttocks, legs and abdomen of the patient.

Signs of pathology

The only sign of the disease is the appearance of a petechial rash on the skin (you can see the photo in this article). Along with the rash, some other symptoms of the pathological condition may occur:

  • hematomas;
  • gums begin to bleed;
  • opens nose bleed;
  • critical days are very difficult;
  • hemorrhage occurs in the joint cavity.

Petechiae in children

In most cases, petechiae appear in children as a result of various injuries. Children prefer active games, so bruises and abrasions are their constant companions and are considered quite normal.

They can also develop in the child’s mouth. They are located on the mucous membrane and palate. The cause is food that is too hard for the child, which has severely damaged the oral mucosa. In addition, provoke the formation large quantity petechial-spotted rashes can be caused by insufficient nutrition, lack of children's body vitamin K or childhood scurvy.

Another common cause is septicemia. In most cases, this cause manifests itself in very young children who have a weak, incompletely formed immune system. She can't completely kill everything pathogenic microflora. Septicemia can occur along with other diseases. This concept refers to blood infection by the most different bacteria. The skin rash will form very quickly and then spread to the entire body, which may cause the child to faint or become delirious.

Important! If you suspect septicemia in a child, you should immediately consult a doctor, because petechial infection may result fatal. But still, in most cases, petechiae begin to appear in children due to various injuries received during play.

When should you contact a specialist?

In any case, immediately after the appearance of the rash, you need to consult a specialist, because this rash can signal the development of quite serious diseases. The doctor will examine the mucous membranes and skin, after which he will be able to tell you what causes the problem and whether they can be classified as serious.

Along with the formation of petechiae, some other symptoms may appear that will indicate a serious condition of the person or child. These include the following:

  • loss of consciousness or confusion;
  • very high body temperature rises;
  • bleeding begins;
  • I constantly have a severe headache.

If any of these symptoms are present along with the rash, then you should consult a doctor immediately, because this may be a signal of the development of a very serious pathology.

Treatment of the disease

The treatment method will be completely influenced by the cause that provoked the development of the rash. If the rash appeared due to taking medications, then after stopping the medications, the problem will disappear after some time.

If the development of the disease was caused by a virus or bacteria, then the petechiae will disappear after the infection is cured. To choose the right therapy, it is first necessary to establish the cause of the rash.

Treatment with medications

After determining the cause of the problem, the specialist can prescribe the following drugs:

  • antibiotics are prescribed to treat bacterial infections;
  • to reduce the inflammatory process, it is necessary to take corticosteroids;
  • if an autoimmune pathology is present, then medications such as Methotrexate, Azathioprine or Cyclophosphamide may be prescribed;
  • Biological therapy or chemotherapy is used to treat cancer.

If petechiae began to develop not due to the appearance of some disease, then rest, drinking plenty of warm liquid and special means to eliminate painful sensations will be an excellent therapy. Your doctor may prescribe pain relievers such as Tylenol, Ibuprofen, or Acetaminophen.

If subcutaneous hemorrhage occurs due to injury, there is no need to worry, because this does not pose any threat to human life. In this case, the rash must be treated with ointments against bruises. If the problem occurs in the oral mucosa, then you should exclude solid foods from your diet, and after some time the rash will disappear on its own.

Can complications arise?

The formation of subcutaneous hemorrhages of the petechial type does not provoke the appearance of any complications. As a rule, such manifestations disappear without any trace and do not even leave scars.

But if a petechial rash occurs as a result of an underlying pathology, then certain complications may arise, for example:

  • damage internal organs;
  • diseases of the cardiovascular system;
  • infections begin to develop in other parts of the body.

Preventive measures

The main method of prevention can be called avoiding the causes that can trigger the development of underlying diseases. To minimize the risk, you should do the following: simple tips:

  • play sports;
  • avoid infection;
  • observe the rules of hygiene;
  • practice only protected sex;
  • Avoid taking medications that can cause petechiae.

Of course, you cannot avoid all the factors that can trigger the problem, but these simple tips will help reduce the risk of developing many diseases.

Petechiae are tiny (1-2 mm), flat, rounded formations that resemble insect bites in appearance. However, the absence of a characteristic point trace, purple color, and group localization are distinctive features such spots that can “decorate” the skin of both an adult and a child.

Reasons for appearance

Petechiae: what is it? The main reason for the appearance of subcutaneous hemorrhagic elements is a pinpoint rupture of capillaries, around which a microscopic hematoma forms. Most often this occurs under the influence of a blow or bruise, in children - during outdoor games or during a fall.

Petechiae on the face, in the cervical and thoracic areas can also form when severe cough, emotional crying, vomiting as a result of excessive facial tension, which leads to rupture of small capillaries.

On a note. Petechiae that appear suddenly and are not accompanied by other clinical symptoms often disappear on their own, without the use of special therapy.

Petechiae on the body can occur as a result of wearing tight, uncomfortable clothing. The formation of elements occurs in areas of contact between the body and the tissue.

Are petechiae a sign of disease?

What are petechiae on the skin? How dangerous? How to get rid of them quickly and effectively? P Etechiae, the causes of which are not only physiological factors, can be a side effect of taking medications: Aspirin, Naproxen, Quinine, Indomethacin.

Advice. In order to prevent the appearance of petechiae, older people should avoid any injuries or falls. To maintain balance, it is better to use a stick.

Also, small subcutaneous hemorrhages may indicate the presence of autoimmune and hematological diseases, in which the processes of platelet formation and their functioning are disrupted in the body.

We are talking about lupus erythematosus syndrome, scleroderma, thrombocytopenic purpura, spondyloarthritis.

reading information

Petechiae on the body: localization Depending on the cause that caused them, petechiae can appear in different parts of the body: when infectious diseases - on the tonsils, internal surfaces cheeks upper sky

; on the stomach - as a sign of liver cirrhosis, scarlet fever, measles. Petechiae on the legs may be associated with vascular diseases and connective tissue pathology.

Subcutaneous hemorrhagic rash may be accompanied by sepsis - blood poisoning that occurs against the background of long-term illnesses

With thrombocytopenia, characterized by poor blood clotting, any, even the most minor injury to the skin becomes the cause of heavy bleeding and the appearance of subcutaneous hemorrhages. Petechiae on the skin also appear when rheumatoid arthritis

, periarteritis nodosa, infective endocarditis, Wegener's granulomatosis, scurvy, systemic lupus, etc. On a note. Immediate medical consultation is required if multiple manifestations of petechiae arise against the background high temperature

and accompanying signs of inflammation. At enterovirus infection manifested by fever, herpetic sore throat

, muscle pain and gastrointestinal upset, petechiae on the face form within one day. Subcutaneous elements disappear on the second day, while the patient’s condition improves significantly.

Petechiae in a child In infancy, petechiae in a child can be caused by poor hygiene; most often they are localized on the butt, abdomen and limbs.

If the rashes are characterized by periodicity and are not the result of mechanical injuries, you need to seek medical attention. medical care see a pediatrician who will prescribe the appropriate tests.

Sometimes parents notice petechiae on the child’s earlobe. The cause may be a previous viral infection, especially influenza, which weakens the strength of the walls of small vessels. To strengthen them, the baby can be given ascorbic acid in its pure form or products rich in this substance: sauerkraut, oranges, black currants.

Diagnostics

Petechiae on the skin, the causes of which have different origins, are most often associated with injuries. Diagnosed by external examination a dermatologist and finding out the possible causes of the rash, including:

  • mechanical injury to soft tissues,
  • past diseases of infectious and viral origin,
  • predisposition to allergic manifestations.

How to recognize: petechiae on the body can be distinguished from other types of rash if you press on the skin elements with your finger and then release. When pressed, the affected area will not change at all: the elements of the rash will not disappear or become discolored.

Along the way, the doctor takes into account the time of appearance of the rash, its size, and the dynamics of development. The patient is recommended to take a blood test for microorganisms and antibodies.

Treatment

Treatment for petechiae depends on the cause of its appearance.. So, in case of injury, a cold compress of ice wrapped in a towel and applied to the problem area for a quarter of an hour will reduce inflammation and stop the formation of a rash.

If the diseases are infectious in nature, patients may be prescribed antibiotics, desensitizing drugs, immunostimulants, and drugs to eliminate associated symptoms.

Petechiae on the arm and other parts of the body, which are a manifestation of allergies, are eliminated by taking antihistamines (Zodak, Zyrtec, Suprastin, etc.).

Systemic autoimmune diseases accompanied by a petechial rash are treated for 4-8 weeks with desensitizing, vascular-strengthening drugs, as well as corticosteroids.

For weakened patients with reduced immunity, against the background of which frequent formation of petechiae on the body is possible, restorative therapy is recommended with the use of S.K.R. vitamins, the administration of globulins, and blood transfusions.

  • The presence of petechiae and purpura during infectious processes indicates the severity of the disease.

    Petechiae appear on the skin as a result of capillary hemorrhages. And, if blood is found under the tissue in large areas, the process is called purpura.

    Purpura is pathological formation, which has a purplish-red color and does not change when pressed. Rashes less than 1-2 cm in diameter are petechiae.

    General views

    Petechiae are a special case of purpura and have a round shape. Spots of a red or purple hue are formed as red blood cells exit the vascular bed into the space located between the tissues. They do not rise above the skin and cannot be identified by palpation.

    Petechiae on the skin, photos of which are presented, can be one of the informative signs of processes such as blood diseases, systemic autoimmune and infectious diseases. This type of rash can also appear after physical trauma or excessive pressure (squeezing) of the skin. Rare causes of petechiae are coughing and vomiting (especially in young children). Capillary hemorrhages appear around the eyes.

    Locations: arms, legs, torso, face, mucous membrane of the eyes or oral cavity. Occurs in all age groups.

    The appearance of purpura is a response to changes occurring in the body. Very often the cause is an insufficient number of platelets and a violation of blood clotting processes.

    The purpuric rash is most often localized in the lower extremities.

    The occurrence of petechiae and purpura may be associated with the appearance of a bacterial, fungal or viral infection: the presence of cytomegalovirus, meningococcus, manifestations of infectious mononucleosis, scarlet fever, septic processes.

    Types of purpura

    IN medical practice There are several types of this disease:

    Thrombocytopenic purpura

    Formed when there is a decrease total number platelets. There is both an independent disease and a symptom of another process. It is detected mainly in girls under 14 years of age.

    The mechanism of development is associated with changes in the properties of platelets during infectious processes or the use of a number of medications. The platelets travel to the spleen and are destroyed there. The result is thrombocytopenia.

    Bruises and petechiae appear on the skin from the slightest blow. An accompanying symptom may be: bleeding from the nose, on the gums, from the uterus.

    The rash can change its color depending on the stage of the pathological process and the period of limitation: from red to purple, green or yellow (within 10 days after the first spot).

    Thrombocytopenic purpura in children can become chronic (recurrent bleeding). The main type of therapy is resection of the spleen.

    Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

    Caused by blood clots from certain medications, vaccinations, cancer, or meningococcal infection.

    • formation of petechiae and bruises;
    • pain in the abdomen and head;
    • vomiting and nausea;
    • vision functions are impaired;
    • mental and nervous system disorders.

    With this disease, the vessels of the brain, kidneys, and liver are affected. The consequence of these processes is death.

    Henoch-Schönlein purpura

    An infectious process caused by viruses or bacteria, the use of certain medications can cause inflammatory processes in vessels. The first symptoms will be:

    • finely spotted rashes;
    • the temperature rises to low-grade levels;
    • painful sensations in the joints, abdominal area;
    • diarrhea.

    Toxic purpura

    It develops when taking medications that have a pathological effect on the blood: they greatly dilute it or, on the contrary, thicken it.

    Allergic purpura

    Occurs when allergies to food, medications, or chemicals occur.

    Diseases and petechiae

    Characterized by the penetration of blood clots into nearby tissues. Surgery is required to treat them

    There is a relationship between the main symptoms, visual inspection rashes and illnesses. They are discussed in the table:

    The rash appears in the first 24 hours. It has the appearance of an irregular star and a pale tint. As the disease develops, it tends to merge and necrosis. Main localization: thighs, lower legs, buttocks, feet

    Gram-positive cocci are found in purulent petechiae. During the septic process, the vessel wall becomes permeable under the influence of pathogenic toxins. Petechiae of a pinpoint nature appear on the skin, oral mucosa, and sclera.

    On initial stage a rash appears on the upper and lower extremities. After 2-4 days, petechiae appear in all areas of the body and are accompanied by intoxication. After a couple of days, the rash goes away, areas of pigmentation remain, and the skin begins to peel off.

    and accompanying signs of inflammation. hemorrhagic vasculitis petechiae, joint and abdominal pain appear

    Symptoms: fever, muscle pain, sore throat caused by the herpes virus, elevated temperature bodies. They subside at the first appearance of characteristic rashes. The rash appears in the first 24 hours of the disease, after two days it disappears without a trace

    Men are most often affected. Petechiae are located symmetrically on the thighs and legs. At the beginning of the disease, the rash has a brown or brownish tint, but later becomes lighter. The disease is benign

    Petechiae are located on the extremities furthest from the center of the body, above the large joints. Accompanied by characteristic symptoms: urinary and reproductive system, anorectal region, pharynx

    Symptoms

    When petechiae and purpura form on the skin, the following symptoms may be observed:

    • the formation of bubbles with escaping liquid, the formation of crusts;
    • pain;
    • formation of pustules;
    • rashes can appear quickly and disappear just as quickly;
    • peeling of the skin;
    • edema formation.

    TO general symptoms include:

    • loss of appetite;
    • symptoms of respiratory disease;
    • increased excitability and irritability (more often in childhood);
    • painful sensations in the joints;
    • redness of the mucous membrane of the eyes;
    • runny nose and sneezing.

    Rashes that are accompanied the following symptoms require immediate medical attention:

    • loss of consciousness;
    • increase in body temperature to 38.5˚C and above;
    • any type of bleeding;
    • tachycardia;
    • respiratory failure;
    • symptoms of meningitis;
    • an allergic reaction that may be accompanied by soft tissue swelling.

    It should be remembered that neglecting your health can cost your life!

    Diagnostics

    If petechiae or purpura appear on the skin, you should consult a hematologist. He will conduct an external examination, collect an anamnesis of the disease and prescribe additional laboratory diagnostic methods. This will help establish the correct diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment.

    During an external examination, it is important to pay attention to the location of the rash. Based on its location, a preliminary diagnosis can be made.

    The main diagnostic methods include a general blood test (thrombocytopenia, ESR/CRP, and leukocyte levels are most likely increased).

    TO additional methods include:

    • a set of tests to assess liver function;
    • blood test for urea levels, creatinine, electrolytes;
    • study of coagulation indicators using a coagulogram;
    • electrophoresis of blood plasma proteins to identify paraproteins.

    Auxiliary diagnostic methods:

    • autoimmune tests;
    • additional diagnostics during hospitalization (skin and bone marrow biopsy).

    Rashes that arose spontaneously and went away on their own are not accompanied by any clinical symptoms and do not require special therapy. But, it is still necessary to undergo a diagnostic examination to identify hidden foci of internal bleeding.

    Treatment of purpura

    Treatment must be started as early as possible, since in 30% of cases the disease can be fatal.

    The main methods of treatment depending on the cause of the disease:

    Antibiotics, antiviral and immunostimulating drugs, detoxification of the whole body

    Elimination of allergen, desensitization of the body, antihistamines

    Desensitizing and corticosteroid drugs, drugs that affect the compaction of the vascular wall

    • vitamin preparations of groups K, P, C;
    • blood transfusion, red blood cell transfusion;
    • liver extract;
    • globulin injections.

    The main methods of treating purpura include:

    • resection of the spleen for thrombocytopenia;
    • blocking the effect of antibodies on platelets;
    • restoration of blood clotting processes;
    • hypoallergenic diet.

    Strict adherence to all medical instructions will certainly lead to relief. general condition and a speedy recovery

    Disease prevention

    It is better to prevent any disease than to waste energy, nerves and money on the recovery process.

    To prevent the appearance of pathological rashes, it is necessary to take care of your skin from childhood: avoid injury, hypothermia or overheating. It is necessary to use medications (especially those affecting the blood) only under strict medical supervision. If possible, avoid contact with possible allergens.

    Prevent the disease from becoming chronic or severe form currents. At the slightest symptoms illness - seek medical help.

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    All materials on our website are presented for informational purposes only.

    Do not use the information received for self-medication. Contact your doctor.

    Petechial rash

    Petechial rash (petechiae) - small hemorrhages that can appear locally or diffusely, but do not protrude above the surface healthy skin, and do not have characteristic symptoms dermatological diseases. This symptom is not independent, in most cases it indicates the development of pathological processes hematopoietic system, autoimmune diseases, some infectious diseases. The rash may be red, violet or purple in color. If such rashes occur, you should immediately seek medical help.

    Etiology

    The appearance of petechial rashes can be caused by both physiological and pathological etiological factors. The pathological group includes:

    • autoimmune diseases;
    • infectious processes in the body - typhus, scarlet fever, sepsis, etc.;
    • capillary toxicosis;
    • hypervitaminosis;
    • hematological disorders;
    • long-term use of anticoagulants;
    • oncological processes and consequences after treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy;
    • reception narcotic drugs.

    Physiological factors for the appearance of this symptom include:

    • strong physical impact on the skin, which leads to rupture of blood vessels;
    • excessive tension (with a strong cough, irrational physical activity), which also leads to rupture of blood vessels;
    • isolated manifestations of a rash can be a consequence of stress, severe nervous strain;
    • wearing tight and uncomfortable clothes for a long time;
    • age-related changes.

    In such cases, the rash goes away within a few days and is not life-threatening. However, if present additional symptoms, the cause of such a symptom may be a serious illness, therefore, you should seek advice from a qualified doctor.

    A baby may experience a rash on the face immediately after birth, which may be due to strong pressure while passing through the birth canal.

    Symptoms

    If the cause of the formation of such a rash on the legs or throughout the body is not a pathological process, then, as a rule, there are no additional symptoms.

    If the cause is an infectious disease, the nature of the rash may manifest itself as follows:

    • with meningococcal infection, the rashes are multiple, star-shaped spots, often grouped together, which leads to the formation of necrosis;
    • with gonorrhea, the spots in appearance may resemble pustules with hemorrhagic contents;
    • at staphylococcal infection hemorrhagic rashes can be present not only on the skin, but also on the mucous membranes.

    Regarding the general clinical picture, then with this origin of pinpoint hemorrhages, the following symptoms may occur:

    and accompanying signs of inflammation. autoimmune diseases The nature of the rash may be as follows:

    • the rash on the legs and arms turns into multiple petechiae after 3–4 days;
    • over time, the rashes transform into pigmented spots with peeling;
    • It is possible for spots to transform into eczema.

    The clinical picture may be supplemented by the following symptoms:

    If the cause of such rashes is drug use, the clinical picture may appear as follows:

    • auditory and visual hallucinations;
    • loss of consciousness;
    • dizziness, headaches;
    • gastrointestinal disorder;
    • uncontrolled urination and defecation;
    • the rash may look like hives.

    If you have the symptoms described above, you should immediately seek medical help, as some pathological processes are life-threatening.

    Diagnostics

    Initially, an objective examination of the patient is carried out to clarify complaints, medical history and life history. To establish the etiology of this symptom, the following laboratory and instrumental examination methods may be prescribed:

    • blood sampling for general and biochemical studies;
    • expanded biochemical analysis blood;
    • coagulogram;
    • ultrasound examination of internal organs;
    • X-ray with contrast agent.

    It should also be noted that the diagnostic program will be adjusted depending on the current clinical picture and the suspected etiological factor.

    Treatment

    Basic therapy will depend on the diagnosis. Drug therapy may include the following drugs:

    • antibiotics;
    • antiviral;
    • anti-inflammatory;
    • antiallergic;
    • corticosteroids;
    • vitamin and mineral complexes.

    The issue of hospitalization is decided on an individual basis.

    As for prevention, there are no specific methods, since this is not a separate disease, but a symptom of a nonspecific nature. In general, you should follow the rules healthy image life, consult a doctor if feeling unwell. We should also not forget about the importance of a systematic examination by specialized doctors.

    “Petechial rash” is observed in diseases:

    Viral hemorrhagic fevers (HF) are a poorly differentiated group of acute viral infections in which the most striking symptom is hemorrhagic syndrome. In medicine, 15 subtypes of such ailments are known. They are all similar in their course and are united by hemorrhagic syndrome (hence the name of the group).

    Hepatomegaly of the liver is the main sign that there has been a failure in normal functioning of this body. As this condition progresses, the size of the liver increases. Most common cause hepatomegaly is poisoning of the body with various poisons and toxins.

    With help physical exercise and abstinence, most people can do without medicine.

    Symptoms and treatment of human diseases

    Reproduction of materials is possible only with the permission of the administration and indicating an active link to the source.

    All information provided is subject to mandatory consultation with your attending physician!

    Questions and suggestions:

    What is a petechial rash and what are the causes of its appearance?

    Petechiae are small subcutaneous rashes, the elements of which resemble marks from insect bites. The cause of petechiae is the rupture of small blood vessels for one reason or another. Pathology can be caused by: physiological reasons, and diseases, including very serious ones.

    Petechiae are tiny (1-2 mm), flat, rounded formations that resemble insect bites in appearance. However, the absence of a characteristic dotted mark, purple color, and group localization are the distinctive features of such spots that can “decorate” the skin of both an adult and a child.

    Reasons for appearance

    Petechiae: what is it? The main reason for the appearance of subcutaneous hemorrhagic elements is a pinpoint rupture of capillaries, around which a microscopic hematoma forms. Most often this occurs under the influence of a blow or bruise, in children - during outdoor games or during a fall.

    Petechiae on the body at the time of occurrence are characterized by a reddish color; after some period of time they turn burgundy

    Petechiae on the face, in the cervical and chest areas can also form with severe coughing, emotional crying, vomiting as a result of excessive facial tension, which leads to rupture of small capillaries.

    On a note. Petechiae that appear suddenly and are not accompanied by other clinical symptoms often disappear on their own, without the use of special therapy.

    Petechiae on the body can occur as a result of wearing tight, uncomfortable clothing. The formation of elements occurs in areas of contact between the body and the tissue.

    Are petechiae a sign of disease?

    What are petechiae on the skin? How dangerous? How to get rid of them quickly and effectively? Petechiae, the causes of which are not only physiological factors, can be a side effect of taking medications: Aspirin, Naproxen, Quinine, Indomethacin.

    Advice. In order to prevent the appearance of petechiae, older people should avoid any injuries or falls. To maintain balance, it is better to use a stick.

    Subcutaneous hemorrhages sometimes occur during sports, particularly weightlifting.

    Also, small subcutaneous hemorrhages may indicate the presence of autoimmune and hematological diseases, in which the processes of platelet formation and their functioning are disrupted in the body. We are talking about lupus erythematosus syndrome, scleroderma, thrombocytopenic purpura, spondyloarthritis.

    reading information

    Depending on the cause that caused them, petechiae can appear in various parts of the body: in infectious diseases - on the tonsils, inner surfaces of the cheeks, upper palate; on the stomach - as a sign of liver cirrhosis, scarlet fever, measles. Petechiae on the legs may be associated with vascular diseases and connective tissue pathology.

    A subcutaneous hemorrhagic rash may be accompanied by sepsis - blood poisoning that occurs against the background of long-term illnesses

    Subcutaneous hemorrhagic rash may be accompanied by sepsis - blood poisoning that occurs against the background of long-term illnesses

    Petechiae on the skin also appear in rheumatoid arthritis, periarteritis nodosa, infective endocarditis, Wegener's granulomatosis, scurvy, systemic lupus, etc.

    On a note. Immediate medical consultation is required if multiple manifestations of petechiae occur against the background of high fever and accompanying signs of inflammation.

    With an enterovirus infection, manifested by fever, herpetic sore throat, muscle pain and gastrointestinal upset, petechiae form on the face within one day. Subcutaneous elements disappear on the second day, while the patient’s condition improves significantly.

    , muscle pain and gastrointestinal upset, petechiae on the face form within one day. Subcutaneous elements disappear on the second day, while the patient’s condition improves significantly.

    Often parents notice petechiae in their child. The reasons for the appearance of such rashes are of different nature. In infancy, petechiae in a child can be caused by poor hygiene; most often they are localized on the butt, abdomen and limbs.

    Petechiae on a child’s skin can form as a result of bruises and minor injuries and in a single manifestation do not pose any threat to health

    If the rashes are periodic and are not the result of mechanical injuries, you need to seek medical help from a pediatrician who will prescribe the appropriate tests.

    Sometimes parents notice petechiae on the child’s earlobe. The cause may be a previous viral infection, especially influenza, which weakens the strength of the walls of small vessels. To strengthen them, your baby can be given ascorbic acid in its pure form or foods rich in this substance: sauerkraut, oranges, black currants.

    Diagnostics

    Petechiae on the skin, the causes of which have different origins, are most often associated with injuries. Diagnosed by external examination by a dermatologist and identifying possible causes of the rash, including:

    • mechanical injury to soft tissues,
    • past diseases of infectious and viral origin,
    • predisposition to allergic manifestations.

    How to recognize: petechiae on the body can be distinguished from other types of rash if you press on the skin elements with your finger and then release. When pressed, the affected area will not change at all: the elements of the rash will not disappear or become discolored.

    Petechiae do not create a sensation of itching; in some cases there may be a feeling of skin irritation

    Along the way, the doctor takes into account the time of appearance of the rash, its size, and the dynamics of development. The patient is recommended to take a blood test for microorganisms and antibodies.

    Treatment

    Treatment for petechiae depends on the cause that caused its appearance. So, in case of injury, a cold compress of ice wrapped in a towel and applied to the problem area for a quarter of an hour will reduce inflammation and stop the formation of a rash.

    It is extremely important to consult a doctor if the petechiae cover a fairly large area of ​​the body

    If the diseases are infectious in nature, patients may be prescribed antibiotics, desensitizing drugs, immunostimulants, and drugs to eliminate associated symptoms.

    Petechiae on the arm and other parts of the body, which are a manifestation of allergies, are eliminated by taking antihistamines (Zodak, Zyrtec, Suprastin, etc.).

    Systemic autoimmune diseases accompanied by a petechial rash are treated for 4-8 weeks with desensitizing, vascular-strengthening drugs, as well as corticosteroids.

    For weakened patients with reduced immunity, against which the frequent formation of petechiae on the body is possible, restorative therapy is recommended with the use of S.K.R. vitamins, the administration of globulins, and blood transfusions.

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    Of course, it is possible to “calm down” psoriasis, and there are many remedies for this, including hormonal ones and those that are safe during pregnancy.

    Rosacea cannot be cured in one go, it is... chronic illness, which requires both systematic treatment and ongoing care for the skin.

    Petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes: photos, causes, treatment

    Petechiae are tiny, round spots that appear on the skin, mucous membrane, or serous membrane. They occur as a result of bleeding under the skin.

    Typically, petechiae appear on the surface of the skin, eyelids, or oral mucosa.

    Some causes of petechiae do not require special treatment, while others may be more serious.

    Petechiae usually look like a rash. The appearance of petechiae can be caused by many various reasons. It is advisable to make an appointment with a doctor if petechiae appear.

    What are petechiae? How do they look?

    Petechiae look like a rash, only more pronounced and scary. The spots themselves are tiny patterns that can be purple, red or brown, which is associated with bleeding under the skin.

    They are usually flat to the touch and, unlike a rash, will not discolor when pressed - this is a useful way to tell whether any skin abnormality is a rash or not.

    Petechiae - photo

    Causes of petechiae

    Petechiae occur when tiny blood vessels (capillaries) burst. When this happens, blood leaks under the skin.

    Some of the reasons that can lead to petechiae include:

    • local trauma or trauma in which the skin is damaged;
    • sunburn;
    • allergic reactions to insect bites;
    • various autoimmune diseases;
    • viral and bacterial infections;
    • decreased level of platelets in the blood;
    • medical treatments for cancer, such as radiation or chemotherapy;
    • leukemia or bone marrow cancer, which leads to a reduction in platelets;
    • after severe vomiting or cough - especially in newborns;
    • strenuous activity, such as heavy lifting or childbirth;
    • sepsis;
    • scurvy;
    • vasculitis;
    • viral fevers such as dengue, ebola and yellow fever can interfere with blood clotting, causing bleeding under the skin.

    The use of certain medications can also cause petechiae. Drugs that can cause petechiae as a side effect:

    • antibiotics;
    • antidepressants;
    • contraceptives;
    • blood thinners;
    • drugs to normalize heart rhythm;
    • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs);
    • sedatives.

    If petechiae appear after taking any medications, you should consult a doctor.

    Types of petechiae

    Petechiae may vary depending on the cause that caused them. Let's look at some options:

    • Autoimmune diseases and vasculitis. Petechiae appear on the arms and legs. The petechiae may then disappear, leaving flaky skin.
    • Staphylococcal infection. With such an infection, pinpoint petechiae appear on the oral mucosa and skin.
    • Gonorrhea. Petechiae on the arms and legs (lower parts) may occur in this case. The standard symptoms of gonorrhea should naturally also be present.
    • Enterovirus infection. In this case, petechiae are a good sign. usually the patient’s condition improves after their appearance. petechiae on the chest, back and face disappear without a trace after two days.
    • Meningitis. It appears as a hemorrhagic rash that usually quickly covers the body. Petechiae on the abdomen, legs and buttocks often accompany this species.

    Symptoms

    The appearance of spots is the only sign of petechiae. However, since they are often a sign of an underlying condition, the patient may experience other symptoms along with the petechial rash:

    • hematomas;
    • bleeding or bruising;
    • bleeding gums;
    • hemorrhage into the joint cavity (hemarthrosis);
    • unusually heavy menstrual periods (menorrhagia);
    • nose bleed.

    , muscle pain and gastrointestinal upset, petechiae on the face form within one day. Subcutaneous elements disappear on the second day, while the patient’s condition improves significantly.

    Petechiae in children mainly occur due to trauma. Children often play actively and bruises, abrasions and bruises are normal phenomenon. Petechiae on the skin in children is usually caused by trauma.

    Petechiae in a child can also occur in the mouth. Petechiae on the mucous membrane of the mouth and palate may appear in a child due to solid food that has damaged the mucous membrane. However, petechiae on the oral mucosa can also occur as a result malnutrition, lack of vitamin K, childhood scurvy.

    Septicemia can also cause petechiae in a child. More often, septicemia occurs in young children, since their immune system is not yet fully formed and is not fully capable of fighting pathogens. Septicemia can accompany any disease; it is an infection of the blood by bacteria. This condition is accompanied by the rapid spread of a rash on the child’s skin; the child’s petechiae spots do not change color when pressed on them. Septicemia progresses rapidly, fainting is typical, and the child may become delirious.

    If you suspect septicemia, you should immediately consult a doctor as soon as possible, the child’s life depends on it!

    However, in most cases, petechiae in children are the result of trauma.

    When should you see a doctor?

    It is highly advisable to have your doctor examine petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes because they may be a sign of a more serious condition. Your doctor will evaluate your symptoms and possible reasons to determine whether the cause of petechiae is mild or severe.

    If the number of petechiae continues to increase, bleeding may be the cause.

    There are also other symptoms that may occur along with petechiae, which are indicators of a severe or life-threatening condition.

    These include:

    • loss of consciousness;
    • confusion;
    • heat;
    • heavy bleeding;
    • Strong headache.

    If any of these symptoms occur along with the appearance of petechiae, a person should seek immediate medical attention. Petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes plus the above symptoms are an alarming signal.

    Treatment

    Treatment for petechiae will depend on the underlying cause. If the petechiae are caused by a reaction to a specific drug, they will disappear as soon as you stop taking the drug.

    If the cause is a viral or bacterial infection, they should go away once the infection is cleared.

    The doctor will diagnose the cause of the petechiae and recommend appropriate treatment.

    Drug treatment of petechiae

    The doctor may prescribe:

    • antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection;
    • corticosteroids to reduce inflammation;
    • Azathioprine, Methotrexate or Cyclophosphamide may be prescribed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases;
    • for the treatment of cancer - chemotherapy, biological therapy.

    If the appearance of petechiae is not a consequence of an underlying condition, then rest, drinking plenty of fluids and painkillers may help:

    Petechiae on the skin due to injury do not pose any danger. They can be treated with a forehead remedy that treats bruises. Petechiae on the oral mucosa that occur due to eating solid food will go away on their own over time.

    Are there any complications?

    The appearance of petechiae does not have any complications. In most cases, petechiae on the skin disappear without a trace, when the petechial rash disappears - it does not leave scars.

    However, if petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes are the result of an underlying disease, some complications may occur.

    • damage to the kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, lungs or other organs;
    • various heart problems;
    • infections that may occur in other parts of the body.

    Prevention

    Since petechiae are usually the result or symptom of another medical condition, the only way to prevent their occurrence is to try to avoid the conditions that cause them.

    Stay fit, avoid infections, practice good hygiene and safe sex and avoid taking medications that cause petechiae - good ways reduce the chances of their development.

    However, it is not possible to prevent all conditions that cause petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes.

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    Petechiae: causes of hemorrhages and rashes, symptoms, how to treat

    Petechiae are pinpoint hemorrhages that have a round shape and occur when small blood vessels under the skin rupture.

    Red, purple and violet spots appear as a result of the release of red blood cells from the bloodstream into the interstitial space. Petechiae are like tiny bruises, reaching 1 or 2 mm in diameter. They are not palpable and do not stand out above the surface of the skin. Petechial hemorrhages can be single or multiple. Several flat spots appear at once, which do not change their color and do not disappear when pressed with a finger or stretched the skin.

    Petechiae is a symptom of a number of pathologies, among which blood diseases, systemic autoimmune diseases, and some infections predominate. U healthy people

    Etiology

    rashes may appear due to excessive stress. Over time, the spots turn pale and disappear, leaving behind a slight pigmentation. The localization of petechiae is different: the skin of the arms, legs, torso, face, oral mucosa, conjunctiva of the eyes.

    Before you begin treatment for petechiae, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the causes of their appearance!

    • Physiological reasons
    • The most common cause of the formation of a petechial rash in healthy people is trauma - a strong physical impact on the skin. The capillaries rupture and blood flows under the skin. In adults, petechiae are most often formed after a blow, and in children - during games or a fall. Hemorrhages appear on the oral mucosa when eating solid foods.
    • Petechiae can often be seen after childbirth in a woman and newborn. Severe overexertion and stress have a negative impact on the skin of mother and child.
    • Single petechiae appear during certain sports - weightlifting.
    • Tight and uncomfortable clothing is the cause of petechiae.
    • Petechiae may appear when the tourniquet is pulled or as a result high blood pressure on soft fabrics. Pinpoint hemorrhages in such cases do not pose a particular health hazard and disappear without a trace after a few days.
    • Skin aging.

    Pathological causes

    As a result of most hematological and autoimmune diseases, the formation and functioning of platelets is disrupted, which is clinically manifested by the appearance of petechiae on the skin. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is also a cause of hemorrhagic rash of bacterial origin.


    Pathogenesis

    As a result traumatic injury capillaries, platelets gather together to help the blood clot. Groups of platelets react with factors of the blood coagulation system, blood stagnates in the affected area, and a blood clot forms. In people with existing disorders in the body, the blood coagulation system works less efficiently, and small bruises - petechiae - appear on the skin.

    • Primary petechiae are small dots, which initially have a purple or bluish-black color, and subsequently change color to brown or yellow-brown. This is explained by formation in tissues. Gradually, the outlines of the petechiae become blurred and their color fades.
    • The mechanism of formation of secondary petechiae is the leakage of blood cells into adjacent tissues. Such hemorrhages do not go away on their own. Patients require surgical intervention.

    Some infectious diseases are manifested by the appearance of petechiae on the skin. This is especially true for children with a weak immune system. In a child, the infectious syndrome is manifested by fever, tachycardia, and shortness of breath. Pathogenic microorganisms produce toxins that damage the walls of blood vessels. Subcutaneous hemorrhages or hemorrhagic rash are a characteristic sign of sepsis. In severe cases, the rash quickly spreads throughout the body, causing fainting, convulsions and delirium.

    and accompanying signs of inflammation. systemic diseases the body's own vessels are perceived as foreign. The immune system produces antibodies, immune complexes are formed, which circulate in the blood, settle on the walls of blood vessels and infect them. Patients develop general and specific symptoms: shortness of breath, hyperhidrosis, cardialgia, muscle and joint pain.

    If petechiae are accompanied by malaise and fever, spread throughout the body, become large, and look like bruises, you should immediately consult a doctor.

    The main types of petechiae in various diseases

    Meningitis

    Meningitis manifests itself as a hemorrhagic rash, the elements of which are star-shaped and pale color. This early symptom a disease that appears in the first hours and days and spreads very quickly throughout the body. Petechiae are localized on the thighs, legs, buttocks, feet, and lower abdomen. They have a vesicle in the center and often merge with each other, forming extensive ecchymoses, which subsequently often undergo necrosis.

    Gonorrhea

    With gonorrhea, the rashes are localized on the distal parts of the extremities, above the large joints. They resemble pustules with hemorrhagic contents and are combined with characteristic clinical symptoms - signs of damage to the genitourinary system, anorectal area and pharynx.

    Staphylococcal infection

    Staphylococcal infection is manifested by purulent petechiae, upon examination of which accumulations of gram-positive cocci are detected. With staphylococcal sepsis, the permeability of vascular walls increases under the influence of microbial toxins. Hemorrhages appear in the form of pinpoint petechiae on the skin, oral mucosa and sclera.

    Autoimmune diseases, vasculitis

    In autoimmune diseases, petechial exanthema occurs on the arms and legs, and after 2-4 days multiple petechiae appear on it. Their appearance is accompanied by signs of intoxication syndrome: fever, malgia, arthralgia, malaise. Petechiae disappear after a few days, and in their place pigmented areas and areas of peeling remain.

    hemorrhages with various vasculitis

    Petechial rash with hemorrhagic vasculitis is accompanied by joint damage and abdominal pain. Most often, the large joints of the legs become inflamed - the ankle or knee. Epigastric pain is moderate in nature without obvious signs of dyspepsia. In severe cases, sudden, paroxysmal, reminiscent intestinal colic Abdominal pain is accompanied by diarrhea, vomiting, and fever.

    Schamberg's disease

    Schamberg's disease is hemosiderosis of the skin, resulting from autoimmune inflammation of the skin capillaries. Small dots appear on the skin of patients, as if pricked by a needle. At first they have a brown or brown color, and then lighten and disappear for a while. The rashes are located symmetrically on the body, but they are morphologically diverse. This is due to the simultaneous appearance of fresh and old elements on the skin. This disease has a benign course, since only the skin capillaries are affected. Susceptible to pathology to a greater extent men. Petechiae are located on the thighs and legs, have different sizes and uneven contours.

    Enterovirus infection

    Enterovirus infection is manifested by fever, muscle pain, inflammation of the soft meninges, herpetic sore throat, gastrointestinal dysfunction. After the appearance of a petechial rash on the skin, the condition of the patients noticeably improves, and the body temperature returns to normal. The rash appears within one day. It is located on the face and torso and disappears without a trace by the end of the second day.



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