Penicillin is one of the most famous antibiotics in human history. According to a survey by the London Science Museum, the discovery of penicillin is the second most important in the ranking. greatest discoveries humanity. Its discovery occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, and the active use of penicillin as a medicine began during the Second World War.
Penicillin is a waste product of the Penicillium mold fungus. His therapeutic effect applies to almost all gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria (staphylococci, gonococci, spirochetes, etc.).
The good tolerability of penicillin makes it possible to use it in large quantities diseases:
In pediatrics, treatment with penicillin can be prescribed for:
Penicillin is produced in powder form, which is diluted with a special solution before injection. Injections can be given intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intravenously. Penicillin solution can also be used as inhalation and drops (for ears and eyes).
Due to its effect on bacterial cells (inhibition chemical reactions, necessary for the life and reproduction of bacterial cells), penicillin-based drugs are allocated to a separate classification group. Drugs of the natural penicillin group include:
Natural penicillins have the most gentle effect on the body. Over time, bacteria became resistant to natural penicillins and the pharmaceutical industry began to develop semi-synthetic penicillins:
Side effects of semi-synthetic drugs are more pronounced:
Currently, the fourth generation of drugs containing penicillin has been developed.
Latin name: Penicillum
ATX code: J01CA
Active substance: Penicillin
Manufacturer: Austria "Biochemie"
Russia "Biokhimik"
Conditions for dispensing from a pharmacy: By prescription
The antimicrobial drug belongs to the class of β-lactam antibiotics. Natural source are fungi of the genus Penicillium. The main element is 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Varieties differ molecular structure. There are several classifications.
The largest group of drugs, occupying a leading place in the treatment of infectious diseases of various localizations. The defining properties include: a wide range of dosages, low toxicity, the possibility of parallel use with other medications, during pregnancy.
Infections caused by pathological microorganisms.
They are powder white, which dissolves well in water, with a slight specific odor. Natural penicillins affect exclusively cocci, gram-positive bacteria. They are isolated in laboratory conditions, where moldy fungi are grown. The oldest is benzylpenicillin. Entered into the body via injection. It acts for a short time - only about 4 hours, and is eliminated quickly. Under the influence of beta-lactamases it turns into penicillanic acid and loses its effectiveness. They began to use it in the form of poorly soluble salts - sodium, novocaine, potassium. After which new types of antibiotics emerged.
An improved form of benzylpenicillin is Bicillin-1, 3, 5. The substances are slowly absorbed by the body, the duration of action and the elimination period are increased. The drugs are administered parenterally because they are destroyed by acidic gastric juice. Of the biosynthetic penicillins, only Penicillin V is relatively resistant to the gastrointestinal tract environment.
6-aminopenicillanic acid was obtained from natural penicillins. Semi-synthetic penicillins based on it began to be developed. Substances with different properties appeared:
The classification divides drugs into 4 groups:
Inhibitor-protected penicillins are a combination of an antibiotic with a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Protected penicillins are used to treat infections of complex localization.
Antibiotics interfere with cell synthesis by inhibiting a protein called transpeptidase. The bactericidal effect is associated with a disruption of the mechanism of cell formation at a later stage. If you give injections intramuscularly, the highest concentration in the blood is observed after 30-60 minutes. Quickly reaches muscles, lungs, joints. Often during therapy it is recommended to combine several forms to enhance the effect.
Most of it is excreted in the urine. The half-life is 30-90 minutes. Inhibitor-protected penicillins remain in the body longer than others.
Price from 30rub/piece
Placed in dark glass bottles with sealed rubber caps and metal lids. Dosage from 50,000 to 300,000 units. Dilute with water, novocaine solution, saline solution. For 250 mg of powder use 1.5 ml of water. Prepare immediately before administration. Injections are given up to 4 times a day. Used for the treatment of syphilis, meningitis, pneumonia. The daily dose is no more than 2,000,000 units.
Price from 7 rub.
Available in two types. For oral administration: 250 mg, 500 mg. Take 30 minutes before meals, 2 hours after meals. Take every 8 hours. For sucking - with a dosage of 5000 units of the active substance. Lozenges are taken every 4 hours. Take up to 6 times a day. Used for sore throat, pneumonia, scarlet fever, furunculosis.
Penetrates through the placenta. In laboratory conditions, no mutagenic, teratogenic or embryotoxic properties were found. No studies have been conducted on women. Prescribed during pregnancy under the close supervision of the attending physician.
It is not advisable to use the medicine during breastfeeding. The active substance penetrates into breast milk. The child develops candidiasis, intestinal microflora is disrupted, diarrhea appears, skin rash. At the time of therapy, it is recommended to stop feeding.
There is a list of indications that must be read before starting therapy in order to avoid complications.
In most cases, it becomes necessary to combine several medications.
Natural penicillins have the lowest toxicity of all known antibiotics. Artificial drugs often cause an allergic reaction in the form of a skin rash. The time period ranges from several minutes to 3-4 days. IN in rare cases anaphylactic shock is observed. The frequency of occurrence is associated with individual intolerance and violation of instructions. Sometimes fever appears accompanied by chills. The temperature returns to normal 1-2 days after discontinuation of the drug, and may last for a week.
List of others side effects:
With high doses, dysfunction of the central nervous system is possible. Children often develop intestinal dysbiosis, vaginal and oral candidiasis. Increased risk of developing unwanted effects in elderly patients. The reaction in women during pregnancy is unpredictable.
Vials and blisters are stored in a dry place at a temperature of no more than 25 degrees Celsius. Away from sunlight and children. The storage duration is indicated in the instructions for each antibiotic - from 2 to 5 years.
Solutions are prepared immediately before use. It is allowed to store the finished medicine for no more than 2 days, in dark place, in a glass, well-closed bottle.
The list of this group of medicines is very long.
Manufacturer: Slovakofarma, Slovakia
Active ingredient: Phenoxymethylpenicillin. Available in the form of tablets of 250 mg, 500 mg. Placed in blisters of 10 pieces. In dark glass bottles of 30 pieces. Allowed for use during pregnancy. Take orally, without chewing, 4-6 times a day, adults 500 mg, children 250 mg. Duration of therapy is about 7 days. Dispensed by prescription.
Price about 45 rub. for 30 pieces.
Pros:
Minuses:
Manufacturer: JSC Biokhimik, Russia.
Active ingredient: amoxicillin. Available in the form of granules for the preparation of suspension, capsules, tablets. Country of origin: Netherlands, Russia, Serbia. The dose for children and adults is determined by the doctor, based on the individual manifestations of the disease. Allowed for use during pregnancy, children from 1 year.
Price: pack of 10 pcs. tablets from 10 rubles. Bottle with granules from 20 rub.
Pros:
Minuses:
Manufacturer: Arterium (Arterium), Ukraine.
Active ingredient: benzylpenicillin. Available in powder form for preparing a solution. Prescribed during pregnancy. Children from 1 year. Duration of therapy is up to 7 days. The dose depends on the nature of the disease.
Price bottles from 6 rubles.
Pros:
Minuses:
Manufacturer: Spofa Prague Czech Republic, Tatkhimpharmpreparaty Russia, Hinoin Hungary. 
Active ingredient: Oxacillin. Available in the form of powder for the preparation of solution for injection, in the form of tablets. Duration of treatment is 7 days. Dispensed by prescription. Used for children and pregnancy.
Price bottle from 10 rub.
Pros:
Minuses:
Penicillin is a drug from the group of antibiotics, obtained in a special way from penicillium, a mold fungus.
What is the composition and release form of the drug Penicillin?
The drug is produced by the pharmaceutical industry in a homogeneous white powder with a characteristic faint odor. The medicinal product is intended for the preparation of a solution administered parenterally, in particular for subcutaneous administration and for injections into the gluteal muscle.
The active substance of the drug is penicillin G sodium salt 500,000 units, as well as 1,000,000 units. The antibiotic is sold in the prescription department. The bottle with the medicine shows the date of manufacture of the medicine; in addition, the packaging indicates the expiration date of the product, after which you should refrain from further use of the powder.
What is the effect of Penicillin powder?
The drug Penicillin is an antibiotic belonging to the group of biosynthetic penicillins, has a bactericidal effect by inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of some pathogenic microorganisms.
Active against the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus anthracis, in addition, Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Actinomyces spp., as well as Neisseria meningitidis, Spirochaetaceae.
After an intramuscular injection, the antibiotic is quickly absorbed directly from the injection site into the bloodstream, and the drug is widely distributed in tissues human body and in biological fluids, but in cerebrospinal fluid comes in small quantities, penetrates well through the placenta.
The half-life is thirty minutes. Excreted in urine. After an antibiotic is injected into a muscle, its maximum concentration in the bloodstream will be observed after half an hour or sixty minutes. The concentration of the drug, as well as the duration of circulation of the active component in the blood, will depend on the size of the administered dose of the drug.
What are the indications for use of the drug Penicillin?
The instructions for use of the drug Penicillin are prescribed for use in the following situations: lobar and focal pneumonia, pleural empyema, meningitis, sepsis, septicemia, tonsillitis, in addition, septic endocarditis, osteomyelitis, infections urinary tract, purulent skin infections, erysipelas, diphtheria, gonorrhea, scarlet fever, syphilis, as well as anthrax, eye diseases, actinomycosis, purulent-inflammatory pathology of the ENT organs.
What are the contraindications for use of Penicillin?
The antibiotic Penicillin (powder) instructions for use prohibit use in case of hypersensitivity to its components; in addition, endolumbar administration of the medication is not carried out for patients suffering from epilepsy.
What are the uses and dosage of Penicillin?
The drug Penicillin is used individually, the route of administration of the antibiotic is: into the muscle, intravenously, subcutaneously, and also endolumbarally. Usually IM and IV daily dose medications range from 250,000 to 60 million units, which is determined by the stage of the infectious process.
A solution of the antibiotic Penicillin is prepared immediately before administration, and water for injection can be used as a solvent, or 0.9% sodium chloride, as well as a 0.5% solution of procaine, can be used.
It is worth noting that when diluting the antibiotic with procaine, a slight cloudiness of the solution may be observed as a result of the formation of a crystal-like precipitate, which is not an obstacle to the subsequent use of the medicine.
What are the side effects of Penicillin?
The use of the drug Penicillin, which we continue to talk about on this page www.site, can cause a number of adverse reactions, including the following manifestations: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting is possible, candidiasis of the vagina and oral cavity is possible, the development of a neurotoxic reaction is possible, especially with endolumbar injection of an antibiotic into large doses, in this case it can be observed increased excitability, convulsions, and coma.
In addition, the antibiotic Penicillin can cause allergic reactions, characterized by fever, urticaria, a skin rash, a rash on the mucous membranes, pain in the joints may occur, eosinophilia is characteristic, as well as angioedema.
Overdose from Penicillin
In case of an overdose of Penicillin, the patient will experience nausea and vomiting, loose stools are possible, in addition, hyperkalemia, and epileptic seizures are not excluded. IN similar situation the patient is given symptomatic treatment.
special instructions
Penicillin is used with caution in persons with impaired renal function, with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins, with heart failure, in addition, with a predisposition to allergies.
If three days after starting the use of Penicillin the therapeutic effect does not appear, then it is recommended to switch to the use of other antibiotics. Due to the possibility of fungal superinfection, it is recommended to prescribe antifungal agents during treatment with benzylpenicillin.
How to replace Penicillin, what analogues should I use?
The drug Benzylpenicillin, Penicillin G, Benzylpenicillin-KMP, in addition, Novocin, Procaine-benzylpenicillin sterile, as well as Procaine-Benzylpenicillin.
Conclusion
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that are obtained from the cultural fluids of molds of the genus Penicillium. The drug penicillin is the main one in this group; many microorganisms are sensitive to this antibiotic, these include streptococci, pneumococci, gonococci and meningococci. The high effectiveness of the antibiotic is manifested against pathogens such as tetanus, diphtheria and gas gangrene, Protea and several strains pathogenic staphylococci.
There are a number of diseases whose treatment with this medication does not bring the expected results. This includes infections caused by whooping cough, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tuberculosis, Friedlander bacilli or bacteria of the intestinal, dysentery and typhoid groups.
Intramuscular administration is considered the most in an effective way taking the medicine, in this way it quickly penetrates the blood and within an hour reaches its highest concentration, equally distributed in the joint cavity, muscles and lungs. A small concentration of the drug is observed in the cerebrospinal fluid. For this reason, it is recommended to administer the drug for some infectious diseases in a combined way: endolumbar and intramuscular. The medicine is difficult to pass into the abdominal cavity and is noted to have good permeability to the fetus through the placental barrier.
For the treatment of a huge number of diseases as the most effective medicine choose penicillin, the instructions for use recommend treatment with this antibiotic for sepsis of various origins, a number of local and extensive pathologies. For preventive purposes, a course of treatment with penicillin for severe burn wounds, complications of the postoperative period, purulent meningitis, brain abscesses, gonorrhea, syphilis, sycosis, furunculosis, eye and ear inflammation.
Penicillin is the world's first antibiotic, which became a real salvation for millions of people. With its help, doctors were able to declare war on diseases that were considered fatal at that time: pneumonia, tuberculosis, sepsis. However, treatment of pathologies with antibiotics should be carried out only after an accurate diagnosis has been established and strictly as prescribed by the doctor.
The discovery of the antibacterial properties of penicillin occurred in 1928. The famous scientist Alexander Fleming, as a result of conducting a routine experiment with colonies of staphylococci, discovered stains of ordinary mold in some culture dishes.
As it turned out upon further study, there were no harmful bacteria in the cups with mold stains. Subsequently, it was from ordinary green mold that a molecule was derived that was capable of killing bacteria. This is how the first one appeared modern antibiotic- Penicillin.
Nowadays, penicillins are a whole group of antibiotics produced by certain types of mold (genus Penicillium).
They can be active against entire groups of gram-positive microorganisms, as well as some gram-negative ones: gonococci, streptococci, staphylococci, spirochetes, meningococci.
Penicillins belong to a large group of beta-lactam antibiotics, which contain a special beta-lactam ring molecule.
This is the largest family of antibacterial drugs, occupying a central place in the treatment of most infectious diseases. The antibacterial effect of beta-lactams lies in their ability to disrupt the synthesis of bacterial cell walls.
Antibiotics of the penicillin group are used in the treatment of a huge number of infectious diseases. They are prescribed when pathogenic microorganisms are sensitive to the drug for the treatment of the following pathologies:
Also this variety Antibiotics are used to treat wounds infected with bacteria. As a prevention of purulent complications, the drug is prescribed in postoperative period.
The drug can be used in childhood for umbilical sepsis, pneumonia, otitis in newborns and infants, as well as young children. Penicillin is also effective for purulent pleurisy and meningitis.
Use of penicillin in medicine:
Application penicillin series for the treatment of infections is not always possible. Taking the drug is strictly prohibited for people who have high sensitivity to the medicine.
The use of this antibiotic is also contraindicated in patients suffering from asthma of various origins, hay fever, and a history of
hives
or others
allergic reactions
on active substance.
Modern pharmacological companies produce penicillin preparations for injections or in tablet form. Products for intramuscular administration are produced in bottles (made of glass), sealed with rubber stoppers and metal caps on top. Before administration, the substrate is diluted with sodium chloride or water for injection.
Tablets are produced in cell packaging in dosages from 50 to 100 thousand units. It is also possible to produce ecmoline lozenges. The dosage in this case does not exceed 5 thousand units.
The mechanism of action of penicillin is the inhibition of enzymes involved in the formation of the cell membrane of microorganisms. The cell membrane protects bacteria from exposure environment, disruption of its synthesis leads to the death of pathogenic agents.
This is the bactericidal effect of the drug. It acts on some types of gram-positive bacteria (streptococci and staphylococci), as well as several types of gram-negative ones.
It is worth noting that penicillins can only act on multiplying bacteria. In inactive cells, membranes are not built, so they do not die due to enzyme inhibition.
The antibacterial effect of penicillin is achieved by intramuscular administration, oral administration, and also by local action. More often it is used for treatment injection form. When administered intramuscularly, the drug is quickly absorbed into the blood.
However, after 3-4 hours it completely disappears from the blood. Therefore, regular administration of the drugs at equal intervals from 4 times a day is recommended.
The drug can be administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or into the spinal canal. For the treatment of complex pneumonia, meningitis or syphilis, a special regimen is prescribed, which can only be prescribed by a doctor.
When taking penicillin in tablet form, the dosage must also be determined by your doctor. As a rule, when bacterial infections 250-500 mg is prescribed every 6-8 hours. If necessary, a single dose can be increased to 750 mg. The tablets should be taken half an hour before meals or 2 hours after. The duration of the course will be determined by the doctor.
Since penicillins are a natural drug, they have minimal toxicity among other groups of artificially bred antibiotics. However, allergic reactions are still possible.
They manifest themselves in the form of redness, rashes on the skin, and sometimes anaphylactic shock can occur. The occurrence of such pathologies is possible due to individual sensitivity to the drug or if the instructions are violated.
Other side effects may occur with the use of penicillins:
Why an allergy to an antibiotic may occur, says Dr. Komarovsky:
When taking doses of penicillin that significantly exceed those prescribed by your doctor, an overdose may occur. First signs: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Such conditions are not dangerous for the patient’s life. Hyperkalemia may develop in patients with insufficient renal function.
Large doses of the drug administered intravenously or intraventricularly can provoke epileptic seizures. Such symptoms can only occur when a single dose of more than 50 million units is administered. To alleviate the patient's condition, benzodiazepines and barbiturates are prescribed.
Before using penicillin, tests are required to determine sensitivity to the antibacterial drug. This drug should be prescribed with caution to patients with impaired renal function, as well as to patients diagnosed with heart failure.
The tablet form of penicillin should be taken with plenty of liquid. During treatment with penicillin antibiotics, it is important not to skip the recommended doses, since the effect of the drug may be weakened. If this happens, the missed dose should be taken as quickly as possible.
It happens that after 3-5 days after regular use or administration of the drug, improvement does not occur, then you should consult a doctor to adjust the course of treatment or dose of the drug. It is not recommended to interrupt the course of treatment without consulting a doctor.
Rules for the use of antibiotics:
When prescribing penicillin, attention should be paid to its interaction with other drugs used. This antibiotic should not be combined with the following medications:
Combining medications on your own is dangerous to health, so a course of antibiotics, taking into account all the details, should be prescribed by a doctor. If any drugs conflict with each other, an analogue may be prescribed.
Penicillin is considered one of the most inexpensive antibacterial drugs. The price of 50 bottles of powder to create a solution varies from 280 to 300 rubles. The cost of 250 mg tablets numbered 30 is just over 50 rubles.
As a replacement for regular penicillin, doctors may recommend the following drugs from the list: Cefazolin, Bicillin-1, 3 or 5, as well as Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Amoxiclav.
All these drugs have a broad bactericidal effect and are quite effective. However, to exclude allergic reactions, skin tests should be performed before use.
Penicillin analogues
Cheap analogues of penicillin include Ampicillin and Bicillin. Their cost in tablet form also does not exceed 50 rubles.
Synonyms for the drug are Procaine-benzylpenicillin, Benzylpenicillin sodium, potassium, novocaine salt.
Natural medicinal penicillins include:
Before purchasing the antibiotic Penicillin, you must carefully read the instructions for use, methods of use and dosage, as well as other useful information for the drug Penicillin. On the website “Encyclopedia of Diseases” you will find all the necessary information: instructions for correct use, recommended dosage, contraindications, as well as reviews from patients who have already used this drug.
Penicillin is a waste product various types mold fungus Penicillium notatum, Penicilium chrysogenum, etc.
Several types of penicillin compounds, which are obtained in crystalline form, pass into the cultural liquid of these fungi.
Penicillin is an antibiotic whose chemical structure is based on a dipeptide formed from dimethylcysteine and acetylserine.
The mechanism of action of penicillin is associated with the suppression of amino acid and vitamin metabolism of microorganisms and disruption of the development of their cell wall.
Penicillin is excreted by the kidneys (about 50%); its significant concentrations are created in the urine, exceeding the concentrations in the blood by 5–10 times. Some penicillin is also excreted in the bile.
Penicillin is one of the main representatives of the group of antibiotics; the drug has a wide range of bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects (of the penicillin preparations, benzylpenicillin is the most active).
Streptococci, pneumococci, gonococci, meningococci, causative agents of tetanus, gas gangrene, anthrax, diphtheria, certain strains of pathogenic staphylococci and Proteus are especially sensitive to penicillin.
Penicillin is ineffective against bacteria of the enteric-typhoid-dysenteric group, tuberculosis, whooping cough, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Friedlander's bacilli, pathogens of brucellosis, tularemia, cholera, plague, as well as rickettsia, viruses, fungi and protozoa.
The most effective is intramuscular administration of penicillin preparations. With the intramuscular method of administration, penicillin is quickly absorbed into the blood (its maximum concentration in the blood is created after 30–60 minutes) and quickly passes into the muscles, lungs, wound exudate, and joint cavities.
The penetration of penicillin from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid is insignificant, therefore it is recommended for meningitis and encephalitis. combined use penicillin - intramuscularly and endolumbarally.
Intramuscularly administered penicillin penetrates little into the abdominal and pleural cavities, which requires direct local exposure to penicillin.
Penicillin penetrates well through the placenta to the fetus.
The use of penicillin is indicated:
For sepsis (especially streptococcal);
In all sulfonamide-resistant cases of corresponding infections (pneumococcal, gonococcal, meningococcal infections, etc.);
For extensive and deeply localized infectious processes(osteomyelitis, severe phlegmon, gas gangrene);
After injuries involving and infection of large musculoskeletal masses;
In the postoperative period to prevent purulent complications;
For infected third and fourth degree burns;
For soft tissue injuries, chest injuries;
Purulent meningitis, brain abscesses, erysipelas, gonorrhea and its sulfonamide-resistant forms, syphilis, severe furunculosis, sycosis, and various inflammations of the eye and ear.
In the clinic of internal medicine, Penicillin is used to treat lobar pneumonia (together with sulfonamide drugs), focal pneumonia, acute sepsis, cholecystitis and cholangitis, prolonged septic endocarditis, as well as for the prevention and treatment of rheumatism.
Penicillin is used in children: for umbilical sepsis, septicopyemia and septic-toxic diseases of newborns, pneumonia in newborns and infants and young children, otitis in infants and young children, septic form of scarlet fever, septic-toxic form of diphtheria (necessarily in combination with special serum), pleuropulmonary processes , not amenable to action sulfa drugs, purulent pleurisy and purulent meningitis, with gonorrhea.
The antimicrobial effect of Penicillin is achieved both through resorptive and local action.
Penicillin preparations can be administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously and intravenously, inside cavities, into the spinal canal, by inhalation, sublingually (under the tongue), orally; locally - in the form of eye and nasal drops, rinses, rinses.
When administered intramuscularly, penicillin is quickly absorbed into the blood, but after 3-4 hours penicillin almost completely disappears from it. For therapy to be effective, 1 ml of blood must contain 0.1–0.3 units of penicillin, therefore, to maintain a therapeutic concentration of the drug in the blood, it should be administered every 3–4 hours.
The use of Penicillin for the treatment of gonorrhea, syphilis, pneumonia, and cerebrospinal meningitis is carried out according to special instructions.
Treatment with benzylpenicillins, bicillins and other penicillin-containing drugs may be accompanied by side effects, most often of an allergic nature.
The occurrence of allergic reactions to penicillin drugs is usually associated with sensitization of the body to them as a result of previous use of these drugs, as well as as a result of prolonged exposure to them: professional sensitization of nurses and people working in the production of antibiotics.
Allergic reactions are less common upon first contact with penicillin. They occur mainly in people suffering from allergic diseases (urticaria, bronchial asthma).
Allergic reactions to penicillin on the skin are expressed in erythema, limited or widespread rashes, urticaria and urticarial rashes, macular, vesicular, pustular rashes, and sometimes life-threatening exfoliative dermatitis.
Numerous cases of contact dermatitis have been reported ( medical staff medical institutions). Contact dermatitis and reactions from the skin and mucous membranes are observed both with general exposure and with local application Penicillin in the form of ointments, lotions, drops for the nose and eyes.
On the part of the respiratory system, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngopharyngitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma.
From the gastrointestinal tract, allergic reactions are expressed in stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
In some cases, distinguishing between toxic and allergic genesis of side effects is difficult. The allergic origin of these phenomena is indicated by their combination with skin rashes; under the influence of penicillin, the development of agranulocytosis is also possible.
If allergic reactions occur from the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, treatment with penicillin should be stopped or its dose reduced, and the patient should be prescribed Diphenhydramine, Pipolfen, Suprastin, calcium chloride, vitamin B1.
It should be remembered about the possibility of sensitization of the body even in the prenatal period when treating pregnant women with penicillin preparations.
The occurrence of anaphylactic shock when using Penicillin is a very serious complication that can develop regardless of the dose and route of administration of penicillin and in severe cases within a short time (5–30–60 minutes) result in death, therefore, before injecting penicillin and its preparations, anamnestic data on the use of penicillin preparations in the past and reactions to it should be collected.
If anaphylactic shock occurs, 0.2–0.3 ml of 0.1% Adrenaline should be immediately (!) administered intravenously (mixed with the patient’s blood). Injections are repeated until the patient recovers from a serious condition.
At the same time, 0.2–0.3 ml of a 0.1% adrenaline solution is injected into the penicillin injection site. Effective drip administration of norepinephrine (1.0 ml of 0.1% solution in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution) for 3 hours.
Prednisolone - 0.02 g intramuscularly or intravenously, atropine sulfate 0.1% solution - 0.5–0.8 ml subcutaneously, lobeline hydrochloride 1% solution - 0.5–1.0 ml intravenously or subcutaneously.
Instead of adrenaline, you can administer 1 ml of 5% Ephedrine, as well as Eufillin - 5-10 ml of a 2.4% solution with 20-40 ml of a 40% glucose solution intravenously, Diphenhydramine - 5% solution intramuscularly, 1 ml (or Pipolfen), chloride calcium - 10% solution, 10 ml intravenously.
Oxygen is under pressure.
Hydrocortisone - during shock and mainly for prevention late complications in a single dose of 0.05–0.07 g.
Also applies intramuscular injection neurolytic mixture: 2 ml of 2.5% solution of Aminazin, 2 ml of 2% solutions of Promedol and Diphenhydramine and 5% solution of vitamin B1 (using antishock solution and vasopressor substances).
When recovering from a state of shock, patients require hospitalization and clinical observation, as late complications are possible.
When treated with Penicillin, as with other antibiotics, the occurrence of pathological conditions may be associated with the development of dysbiosis.
The basis of dysbiosis is that penicillin, like other antibiotics, has an antimicrobial effect in the body not only on pathogenic microorganisms, but also on opportunistic and non-pathogenic microbes, as a result of which the natural antagonism of microbial associations for the body is disrupted, non-pathogenic microorganisms can acquire a pathogenic character - so-called superinfections occur.
The body is affected by penicillin-resistant microbes (Proteus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, penicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci).
There are complications associated with the activation and proliferation of yeast-like (especially in weakened patients) saprophytic fungi present in the microbial flora of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and genitals, trachea, and intestines.
Penicillin, by inhibiting fungal antagonist bacteria, can create favorable conditions for the development of yeast-like flora. Clinically, candidiasis can occur in acute and chronic forms with pathological manifestations of the skin and mucous membranes (thrush of the mouth, genitals, etc.); from the internal organs (visceral candidiasis) in the form of damage to the lungs and upper respiratory tract; in the form of septic syndrome.
The appearance of candidiasis can be prevented by a rational choice of antibiotic, its correct dosage, regimen of use, the use of appropriate vaccines and serums, and establishing the sensitivity of the patient’s body to the antibiotic (by conducting special tests).
For the treatment of candidiasis in similar cases Prescribe iodine preparations (1-3-5% solutions of potassium iodide) in combination with intravenous administration of a 40% solution of hexamethylenetetramine, gentian violet 0.05-0.10 g 2-3 times a day, nicotinamide and other preparations of B vitamins.
For the prevention and treatment of candidiasis, special antifungal antibiotics are used, taken orally - Nystatin in tablets of 500,000 units, 6-10 tablets per day and Levorin 500,000 units 2-3 times a day in tablets or capsules, as well as ointments with nystatin sodium and levorin.
The use of penicillin is contraindicated in the presence of hypersensitivity to penicillin, bronchial asthma, urticaria, hay fever and other allergic diseases, or in patients with hypersensitivity to antibiotics, sulfonamides and other drugs.
It is possible for the body to become sensitized to penicillin during fetal development when pregnant women are treated with penicillin antibiotics.
Drinking alcohol during treatment with penicillin is strictly contraindicated.
Before using penicillin and its preparations, it is necessary to conduct sensitivity tests to them.
V-Penicillin Slovakpharma
Amoxisar
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin capsules 0.25 g
Amoxicillin DS
Amoxicillin sodium sterile
Amoxicillin Sandoz
Amoxicillin-ratiopharm
Amoxicillin-ratiopharm 250 TC)
Amoxicillin trihydrate
Amoxicillin trihydrate (Purimox)
Ampicillin
Ampicillin AMP-KID
Ampicillin AMP-Forte
Ampicillin Innotec
Ampicillin sodium
Ampicillin sodium sterile
Ampicillin-AKOS
Ampicillin-Ferein
Ampicillin sodium salt
Ampicillin sodium salt, sterile
Ampicillin sodium salt-Vial
Ampicillin trihydrate
Ampicillin trihydrate capsules 0.25 g
Ampicillin trihydrate tablets 0.25 g
Benzathine benzylpenicillin sterile
Benzathinebenzylpenicillin sterile
Benzylpenicillin
Benzylpenicillin sodium salt
Benzylpenicillin sodium salt crystalline
Benzylpenicillin sodium salt, sterile
Benzylpenicillin sodium salt-Vial
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt
Bicillin
Vepicombin
Gonoform
Grunamox
Danemox
Carbenicillin disodium salt 1 g
Cloxacillin
Cloxacillin sodium
Megacillin yelled
Oxacillin
Oxacillin sodium salt
Oxacillin sodium salt, sterile
Oxacillin sodium salt tablets
Ospamox
Penicillin G sodium salt
Penicillin G sodium salt, sterile
Pentrexil
Pipracil
Picillin
Procaine penicillin G 3 mega
Procaine-Benzylpenicillin
Procainebenzylpenicillin sterile
Prostaflin
Puricillin
Retarpen 1.2
Retarpen 2.4
Standacillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (for suspension)
Phenoxymethylpenicillin tablets
Flemoxin Solutab
Flucloxacillin
Hiconcil
Extensillin
I. Penicillin preparations obtained by biological synthesis (biosynthetic penicillins):
I.1. For parenteral administration (destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach):
Short acting:
benzylpenicillin (sodium salt),
benzylpenicillin (potassium salt);
Long-lasting:
benzylpenicillin (novocaine salt),
Bicillin-1,
Bicillin-5.
I.2. For enteral administration (acid-resistant):
phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V).
II. Semi-synthetic penicillins
II.1. For parenteral and enteral administration (acid-resistant):
Penicillinase-resistant:
oxacillin (sodium salt),
nafcillin;
Broad spectrum of action:
ampicillin,
amoxicillin.
II.2. For parenteral administration (destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach)
Broad spectrum of action, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
carbenicillin (disodium salt),
ticarcillin,
azlocillin.
II.3. For enteral administration (acid-resistant):
carbenicillin (indanyl sodium),
carfecillin.
According to the classification of penicillins given by I.B. Mikhailov (2001), penicillins can be divided into 6 groups:
1. Natural penicillins (benzylpenicillins, bicillins, phenoxymethylpenicillin).
2. Isoxazolepenicillins (oxacillin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin).
3. Amidinopenicillins (amdinocillin, pivamdinocillin, bacamdinocillin, acidocillin).
4. Aminopenicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin, talampicillin, bacampicillin, pivampicillin).
5. Carboxypenicillins (carbenicillin, carfecillin, carindacillin, ticarcillin).
6. Ureidopenicillins (azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin).
The source of production, spectrum of action, as well as combination with beta-lactamases were taken into account when creating the classification given in the Federal Guide (formulary system), issue VIII.
1. Natural:
benzylpenicillin (penicillin G),
phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V),
benzathine benzylpenicillin,
benzylpenicillin procaine,
benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin.
2. Antistaphylococcal:
oxacillin.
3. Extended spectrum (aminopenicillins):
ampicillin,
amoxicillin.
4. Active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
Carboxypenicillins:
ticarcillin.
Ureidopenicillins:
azlocillin,
piperacillin.
5. Combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors (inhibitor-protected):
amoxicillin/clavulanate,
ampicillin/sulbactam,
ticarcillin/clavulanate.
Natural (natural) penicillins are narrow-spectrum antibiotics that affect gram-positive bacteria and cocci. Biosynthetic penicillins are obtained from the culture medium on which certain strains of molds (Penicillium) are grown. There are several varieties of natural penicillins, one of the most active and persistent of them is benzylpenicillin. IN medical practice Benzylpenicillin is used in the form of various salts - sodium, potassium and novocaine.
All natural penicillins have similar antimicrobial activity. Natural penicillins are destroyed by beta-lactamases and are therefore ineffective for therapy staphylococcal infections, because in most cases, staphylococci produce beta-lactamases. They are effective primarily against gram-positive microorganisms (including Streptococcus spp., including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp.), Bacillus spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, gram-negative cocci (Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae), some anaerobes (Peptostreptococcus spp., Fusobacterium spp.), spirochetes (Treponema spp., Borrelia spp., Leptospira spp.). Gram-negative organisms are usually resistant, with the exception of Haemophilus ducreyi and Pasteurella multocida. Penicillins are ineffective against viruses (causative agents of influenza, polio, smallpox, etc.), mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of amebiasis, rickettsia, and fungi.
Benzylpenicillin is active mainly against gram-positive cocci. Spectra antibacterial action benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin are almost identical. However, benzylpenicillin is 5–10 times more active than phenoxymethylpenicillin against susceptible Neisseria spp. and some anaerobes. Phenoxymethylpenicillin is prescribed for infections medium degree gravity. The activity of penicillin preparations is determined biologically by their antibacterial effect on a specific strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The activity of 0.5988 mcg of chemically pure crystalline sodium salt of benzylpenicillin is taken as a unit of action (1 unit).
Significant disadvantages of benzylpenicillin are its instability to beta-lactamases (with enzymatic cleavage of the beta-lactam ring by beta-lactamases (penicillinases) to form penicillanic acid, the antibiotic loses its antimicrobial activity), insignificant absorption in the stomach (requiring injection routes of administration) and relatively low activity against most gram-negative microorganisms.
IN normal conditions benzylpenicillin preparations penetrate poorly into the cerebrospinal fluid, but in case of inflammation meninges permeability through the BBB increases.
Benzylpenicillin, used in the form of highly soluble sodium and potassium salts, acts for a short time - 3–4 hours, because is quickly eliminated from the body and requires frequent injections. In this regard, poorly soluble salts of benzylpenicillin (including novocaine salt) and benzathine benzylpenicillin were proposed for use in medical practice.
Prolonged forms of benzylpenicillin, or depot penicillins: Bicillin-1 (benzathine benzylpenicillin), as well as combined drugs based on them - Bicillin-3 (benzathine benzylpenicillin + benzylpenicillin sodium + benzylpenicillin novocaine salt), Bicillin-5 (benzathine benzylpenicillin + benzylpenicillin novocaine salt ), are suspensions that can only be administered intramuscularly. They are slowly absorbed from the injection site, creating a depot in muscle tissue. This allows you to maintain the concentration of the antibiotic in the blood for a significant time and thus reduce the frequency of drug administration.
All benzylpenicillin salts are used parenterally, because they are destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach. Of the natural penicillins, only phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) has acid-stable properties, although to a weak extent. Phenoxymethylpenicillin chemical structure differs from benzylpenicillin in the presence of a phenoxymethyl group in the molecule instead of a benzyl group.
Benzylpenicillin is used for infections caused by streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae (community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis), Streptococcus pyogenes ( streptococcal tonsillitis, impetigo, erysipelas, scarlet fever, endocarditis), with meningococcal infections. Benzylpenicillin is the antibiotic of choice in the treatment of diphtheria, gas gangrene, leptospirosis, and Lyme disease.
Bicillins are indicated, first of all, when it is necessary to maintain effective concentrations in the body for a long time. They are used for syphilis and other diseases caused by Treponema pallidum (yaws), streptococcal infections(excluding infections caused by group B streptococci) - acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, wound infections, erysipelas, rheumatism, leishmaniasis.
In 1957, 6-aminopenicillanic acid was isolated from natural penicillins and the development of semisynthetic drugs began on its basis.
6-Aminopenicillanic acid is the basis of the molecule of all penicillins (“penicillin core”) - a complex heterocyclic compound consisting of two rings: thiazolidine and beta-lactam. A side radical is associated with the beta-lactam ring, which determines the essential pharmacological properties of the resulting drug molecule. In natural penicillins, the structure of the radical depends on the composition of the medium in which Penicillium spp grow.
Semi-synthetic penicillins are obtained by chemical modification by adding various radicals to the 6-aminopenicillanic acid molecule. In this way, penicillins were obtained with certain properties:
Penicillinase (beta-lactamase) resistant;
Acid-resistant, effective when administered orally;
Having a wide spectrum of action.
Isoxazolepenicillins (isoxazolyl penicillins, penicillinase-stable, antistaphylococcal penicillins). Most staphylococci produce a specific enzyme beta-lactamase (penicillinase) and are resistant to benzylpenicillin (80–90% of strains are penicillinase-forming Staphylococcus aureus).
The main antistaphylococcal drug is oxacillin. The group of penicillinase-resistant drugs also includes cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin and dicloxacillin, which due to high toxicity and/or low effectiveness have not found clinical use.
The spectrum of antibacterial action of oxacillin is similar to that of benzylpenicillin, but due to the resistance of oxacillin to penicillinase, it is active against penicillinase-forming staphylococci that are resistant to benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin, as well as resistant to other antibiotics.
In terms of activity against gram-positive cocci (including staphylococci that do not produce beta-lactamase), isoxazolepenicillins, incl. oxacillin are significantly inferior to natural penicillins, therefore, for diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to benzylpenicillin, they are less effective compared to the latter. Oxacillin does not show activity against gram-negative bacteria (except Neisseria spp.) and anaerobes. In this regard, drugs of this group are indicated only in cases where it is known that the infection is caused by penicillinase-forming strains of staphylococci.
The main pharmacokinetic differences between isoxazolepenicillins and benzylpenicillin:
Rapid, but not complete (30–50%) absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. These antibiotics can be used both parenterally (i.m., i.v.) and orally, but 1–1.5 hours before meals, because they have low resistance to hydrochloric acid;
High degree of binding to plasma albumin (90–95%) and the inability to remove isoxazolepenicillins from the body during hemodialysis;
Not only renal, but also hepatic excretion, no need to adjust the dosage regimen for mild renal failure.
Basics clinical significance oxacillin - treatment of staphylococcal infections caused by penicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (except for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA). It should be taken into account that strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to oxacillin and methicillin are common in hospitals (methicillin, the first penicillinase-resistant penicillin, has been discontinued). Nosocomial and community-acquired strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to oxacillin/methicillin are usually multidrug-resistant - they are resistant to all other beta-lactams, and often also to macrolides, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. The drugs of choice for MRSA infections are vancomycin or linezolid.
Nafcillin is slightly more active than oxacillin and other penicillinase-resistant penicillins (but less active than benzylpenicillin). Nafcillin penetrates the BBB (its concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid is sufficient for the treatment of staphylococcal meningitis), is excreted primarily in bile (the maximum concentration in bile is much higher than the serum concentration), and to a lesser extent by the kidneys. Can be used orally and parenterally.
Amidinopenicillins are penicillins with a narrow spectrum of action, but with predominant activity against gram-negative enterobacteria. Amidinopenicillin preparations (amdinocillin, pivamdinocillin, bacamdinocillin, acidocillin) are not registered in Russia.
In accordance with the classification presented by D.A. Kharkevich, semi-synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics are divided into the following groups:
I. Drugs that do not affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
Aminopenicillins: ampicillin, amoxicillin.
II. Drugs active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
Carboxypenicillins: carbenicillin, ticarcillin, carfecillin;
Ureidopenicillins: piperacillin, azlocillin, mezlocillin.
Aminopenicillins are broad-spectrum antibiotics. All of them are destroyed by beta-lactamases of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Amoxicillin and ampicillin are widely used in medical practice. Ampicillin is the founder of the aminopenicillin group. In relation to gram-positive bacteria, ampicillin, like all semisynthetic penicillins, is inferior in activity to benzylpenicillin, but superior to oxacillin.
Ampicillin and amoxicillin have similar action spectra. Compared with natural penicillins, the antimicrobial spectrum of ampicillin and amoxicillin extends to sensitive strains of enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Haemophilus influenzae; They act better than natural penicillins on Listeria monocytogenes and sensitive enterococci.
Of all oral beta-lactams, amoxicillin has the greatest activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is resistant to natural penicillins.
Ampicillin is not effective against penicillinase-forming strains of Staphylococcus spp., all strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, most strains of Enterobacter spp., Proteus vulgaris (indole-positive).
Combination drugs are available, for example Ampiox (ampicillin + oxacillin). The combination of ampicillin or benzylpenicillin with oxacillin is rational, because the spectrum of action with this combination becomes wider.
The difference between amoxicillin (which is one of the leading oral antibiotics) and ampicillin is its pharmacokinetic profile: when taken orally, amoxicillin is absorbed more quickly and well in the intestine (75–90%) than ampicillin (35–50%), bioavailability does not depend on food intake . Amoxicillin penetrates better into some tissues, incl. into the bronchopulmonary system, where its concentrations are 2 times higher than those in the blood.
The most significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of aminopenicillins from benzylpenicillin:
Possibility of administration internally;
Insignificant binding to plasma proteins - 80% of aminopenicillins remain in the blood in free form - and good penetration into tissues and body fluids (with meningitis, concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid can be 70–95% of concentrations in the blood);
The frequency of administration of combined drugs is 2–3 times a day.
The main indications for prescribing aminopenicillins are infections of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs, kidney and urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, eradication of Helicobacter pylori (amoxicillin), meningitis.
A feature of the undesirable effect of aminopenicillins is the development of an “ampicillin” rash, which is a maculopapular rash of a non-allergic nature, which quickly disappears when the drug is discontinued.
One of the contraindications to the administration of aminopenicillins is infectious mononucleosis.
Store in a cool, dry place, protected from light. The expiration date is individual and is indicated in the instructions for each drug of the penicillin group.
We want to convert Special attention that the description of the antibiotic Penicillin is presented for informational purposes only! For more accurate and detailed information about medicine For penicillin, please refer exclusively to the manufacturer's instructions! Do not self-medicate under any circumstances! You should definitely consult a doctor before starting to use the drug!
Penicillin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic obtained from the mold fungus penicillium. This type of fungus, throughout the entire period of its life, is capable of synthesizing various varieties of penicillin that differ from each other chemical composition, as well as the effect they have on the human body.
Benzylpenicillin is often used in medicine to treat diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract.
In addition, this drug is of great historical significance, since the first medical studies done after its discovery proved that with the help of this medicine it is possible to completely cure people suffering from syphilis, staphylococcal and streptococcal infections.
Penicillin: active substance, release form and effect of treatment with the drug
The antibiotic penicillin is a drug whose chemical structure is based on a dipeptide formed from substances such as dimethylcysteine and acetylserine.
The mechanism of action of penicillins is to block the vitamin and amino acid metabolism of pathogenic microorganisms, as a result of which their reproduction completely stops and the cell wall is destroyed, which leads to their death.
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Penicillin is excreted from the human body by the kidneys, as well as along with bile. Its content in urine is much higher than the concentration in the blood (almost 10 times).
In pharmacies, this drug is sold in powder form for the preparation of suspensions for injection. There are also penicillin tablets used to treat gonorrhea and other venereal diseases.
The classification of penicillins involves their division into natural and semi-synthetic. The second group is widely used in medicine and has a bactericidal as well as bacteriostatic effect, destroying the cell walls of pathogenic bacteria, preventing them from regenerating.
Antibiotics of the penicillin group do not have any effect on bacteria of the enteric-typhoid-dysenteric group, therefore it is not used for the treatment of diseases caused by these microorganisms. Also, Benzylpericillin, which is the most common drug belonging to the penicillin group, is ineffective in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, whooping cough, plague, and cholera.
To achieve maximum effect from the drug, it is administered intramuscularly. This is explained by the fact that, in this way, the active substances of the drug are absorbed into the blood faster. Their highest concentration is observed within half an hour, maximum - 1 hour after the administration of penicillin to the patient.
It is worth noting that Penicillin tablets are used extremely rarely, which is explained by its poor absorption into the blood. Under the influence of gastric juice, the structure of the active components of the drug is destroyed, and this, in turn, leads to the fact that the results from such therapy have to wait a very long time.
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The use of Penicillin must be justified. Otherwise, it may lead to adverse consequences.
Like any other antibiotic, this drug can cause severe allergic reactions, so using it for therapeutic purposes without being sure of its safety for the patient is strictly prohibited.
First of all, you need to undergo special allergy tests. They are performed in two ways.
The first method of performing allergy tests involves the direct participation of the patient. Several shallow scratches are made on the back of the hand using a special stylus (as when taking a blood test). The laboratory assistant drops a small amount of the drug into the resulting wounds.
The result of such a test can be seen in about half an hour, although sometimes you have to wait a little longer. If redness or swelling appears on the treated surface, the patient feels a burning sensation and severe itching, then this is evidence of an allergy to penicillin. In this case, the doctor will have to look for a replacement drug with which it will be possible to cure this or that disease without risk or danger to the patient’s health.
Penicillin-based drugs are indicated for patients with various pathologies respiratory organs. They are often used:
Treatment with penicillin for the above diseases is highly effective, however, it is worth noting that you should not expect immediate results. As a rule, the course of therapy is 5-7 days, although if we are talking about sexually transmitted diseases, this process may take longer.
Along with antibiotics, doctors always prescribe medications against dysbiosis. Be sure to follow all instructions and follow the instructions of your doctor, otherwise this may lead to the development of serious complications.
Features of the use of penicillin for the treatment of children and pregnant women
Penicillin group drugs are used with caution for the treatment of various diseases in women during pregnancy, as well as for the treatment of young children.
It is allowed to use such a medicine only if the child has reached one year of age.
At an earlier age, this medication can have an otogenic effect, which can lead to hearing problems in the baby.
It is important to know that the use of penicillin in the form of injections in small patients is permitted only in a hospital setting. A parent's decision to self-medicate can have serious consequences for a sick child, so the entire therapy process should be closely monitored by a qualified physician. At home, only oral use of the drug is allowed.
As for the use of Benzylpenicillin or Bicillin for women during pregnancy, its administration should be either intramuscular or intravenous. It is also allowed to use the medicine in the form of an ointment for external use. Taking pills for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory or genital tract is absolutely prohibited in order to avoid pathologies of intrauterine development of the fetus or adverse reactions in an infant.
Contraindications to the use of the drug
Penicillin is a very serious drug that has its own contraindications for use for therapeutic purposes. If precautions are neglected, this may lead to the development of serious side effects.
The use of this medicine is absolutely excluded:
Despite the fact that during pregnancy and breastfeeding The use of this drug is not advisable, but it can still be used. However, this only happens if the benefit to the woman significantly outweighs the risk to the fetus.
Side effects of taking penicillin
When taking penicillin-based drugs, the patient must be aware of what this substance is and how the body may react to it.
In the first days of therapy, allergic reactions may occur, especially in women during pregnancy.
This is due to increased sensitivity of the body, which often develops as a result of more early use this drug or its analogues. Side effects from improper use of the drug can be as follows.
From the digestive system:
From the side of the central nervous system:
Allergic reactions to the drug:
In addition to the above side effects, candidiasis of the oral cavity or vagina in women is often observed. In extremely rare cases, patients treated with Penicillin developed anaphylactic shock with fatal. If signs of such a condition appear in a patient, he must be given adrenaline intravenously.
Often, when treated with this drug, patients experience the development of dysbiosis. This anomaly is due to the fact that active ingredients medications affect not only pathogenic microorganisms, but also beneficial intestinal bacteria.
For this reason, when using penicillin-based therapy, it is important to take drops or capsules to promote recovery and maintenance. normal microflora intestines.
In addition to dysbiosis, patients may develop fungal infection, caused by Candida fungi. To prevent this from happening, the choice of antibiotic must be approached especially carefully. The patient is obliged to follow absolutely all the doctor’s recommendations without changing the dosage or number of uses of the drug.
Overdose of penicillin and its interaction with other drugs
Throughout the course of treatment, it is important to remember the dosage of this medication. It, as well as the entire treatment regimen, can only be prescribed by the attending physician, based on the patient’s complaints and the results of his tests.
If you take the drug in too high a concentration, it can lead to an overdose, manifested by nausea, vomiting, severe diarrhea. However, do not panic: this condition is not life-threatening for the patient.
At intravenous administration penicillin in patients suffering from renal failure, hyperkalemia may develop.
In addition, if the permissible dosage is exceeded when using the drug intramuscularly or intravenously, the patient may experience epileptic seizures. However, it is worth noting that such anomalies occur only when more than 50 million units of the drug are administered in one approach. In this case, the patient is prescribed barbiturates or benzodiazepines.
This drug is not recommended for use together with Probenecid, since their incompatibility leads to a retention of the active substances of penicillin in the human body, which is why its elimination takes much longer than expected.
In addition, treatment with penicillin is contraindicated in the case of the use of such medications, How:
Based on the above, the patient must make an unambiguous conclusion that it is impossible to independently prescribe a course of treatment during which various medications are combined: such actions can cause severe harm to health.
If a particular penicillin-based medicine is contraindicated for use, the doctor can prescribe its analogue, which will be absolutely safe for the patient’s health. Doctors often recommend the use of such medications, How:
Before using any of the above drugs, allergy tests must be performed. This will help avoid the development of serious complications and allergic reactions from using the antibiotic for therapeutic purposes.
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