Nausea and vomiting - a list of possible diseases. How to distinguish toxicosis from poisoning. Complications and consequences of vomiting

Its main cause in diabetes is an excess of glucose, or, conversely, an acute lack of it. In this case, the liver cannot cope with the processing of toxic substances, and acetone accumulates in the blood.

Other reasons why vomiting occurs in diabetes, regardless of type, can be described as follows.

Parents need to know the difference between vomiting and spitting up. Babies spit up all the time, and this is not considered an abnormality, so it is not treated. If a child has a fever, he may vomit, especially if the cause is an infection.

Mechanism of vomiting

Vomiting may accompany:

• pathological processes of the gastrointestinal tract;
• cerebrovascular accidents;
• vascular thrombosis internal organs;
• tumor neoplasms;
• acute kidney diseases;
• toxicosis (gestosis) of the first half of pregnancy;
• infectious (most often intestinal) diseases;
• diseases of the visual organs;
• vestibular disorders;
• acute forms of myocardial infarction;
• drug overdose, drug incompatibility.

Causes of vomiting

The reason why a person experiences constant vomiting may be irritation of the vomiting center, which is located in the medulla oblongata.

Acute alcohol intoxication

In children, the causes of vomiting depend on age. Infants experience frequent regurgitation due to overfeeding. Or as an adaptive reaction to new living conditions of the body. In infants, vomiting for no reason is common.

Factors for the development of vomiting in children:

• Congenital anomalies of the development of internal organs of the digestive system.
• Immature vestibular apparatus – motion sickness in motor vehicles.
• Dyspeptic disorders - food inappropriate for age, inappropriate baby food, improper introduction of complementary foods.
• Vomiting as a reaction to taking pharmacological drugs.
• Allergic reactions to products.
• Foreign body in the throat, esophagus or stomach.

Identifying the causes of vomiting allows you to determine what to do in a particular case, what measures to take to eliminate and prevent the symptom.

Nausea can result in productive or non-productive vomiting, which brings relief.

It takes 2-3 days before symptoms appear and the virus becomes infected. The patient is worried about vomiting, diarrhea, chills, and weakness. After a few hours, the skin turns pale and appetite is lost;

With these diseases, vomiting is often repeated and is accompanied by pain in the area of ​​the right hypochondrium. Patients experience yellowness of the skin and sclera of the eyes, especially after a violation of the diet and intake fatty foods. Diseases with focal changes in the gallbladder and ducts cause bile vomiting.

Acute pancreatitis is manifested by simultaneous vomiting and paroxysmal pain in the upper abdomen. During an attack, vomiting of blood may begin, often of an indomitable nature.

Infectious hepatitis often occurs with vomiting and fever, accompanied by pain in the right hypochondrium, enlarged liver, and the development of yellowness of the skin in patients.

The causes of vomiting may be the following:

acute surgical diseases: peritonitis,

Acute pancreatitis, acute intestinal obstruction, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, acute cholecystitis;

Gastric ulcer and duodenum, enterocolitis, duodenitis, cholelithiasis;

• An unpleasant feeling of heaviness in the chest, stomach, and sometimes in the throat.
• Dizziness causing weakness.
• Profuse sweating (“ cold sweat"), chills.

Patients with infection may also experience symptoms such as chills, weakness, muscle and joint pain, and loss of appetite. Sometimes severe abdominal pain can indicate appendicitis.

Abdominal pain is usually accompanied by fever and vomiting. Appendicitis requires urgent surgical treatment.

The cause of nausea and high fever may be poisoning from substances coming from outside or from food.

How to distinguish toxicosis from poisoning

Before giving a definite answer to the question of whether poisoning or toxicosis makes you feel unwell, let’s try to figure out what toxicosis and poisoning are, what causes and symptoms usually accompany them.

Toxicosis or intoxication is painful condition the body, caused as a result of the action on it of harmful endogenous substances (chemical elements that make up the body), as well as exogenous toxins (that is, those that enter the body from the outside).

The condition of toxicosis can be caused by changes in the body of a pregnant woman, but it is worth understanding that not only pregnancy can be its cause.

There are several types of toxicosis, the symptoms of which we will consider below. We will also find out how they differ from poisoning.

To summarize, I would like to draw your attention to how to generally distinguish between toxicosis and poisoning.

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Minor differences in the composition of excipients. So, for example, in the Amosin suspension the flavoring is vanilla, and in its analogue the suspension has a fruity taste. Dyes, preservatives and other excipients will also be different.

One of the most terrible diseases is cancer. Every time we hear about him, hopelessness falls on us in an instant. We are also afraid to hear the diagnosis of a tumor. Why? Because people associate cancer with tumors, but this is not always the case; a tumor can be malignant or precancerous.

Vomiting in children

If the child does not have loose stool, but the high temperature remains stable, vomiting has appeared, this indicates inflammatory processes in the body, the consequences of which are intoxication and severe dehydration.

Important! You should not give your child antibiotics, antispasmodics, or antiemetics until the doctor arrives. Gastric lavage and the use of antiseptics for this are also prohibited. You should not feed your baby if he vomits afterwards.

What should you do if your child vomits at a high temperature?

1. Call a pediatrician or ambulance.
2. Lay the baby on his side with a couple of pillows under his head.
3. Organize drinking regime: uzvar, dried fruit or raisin compote, weak green tea.

The following drugs are used in therapy:

• sorbents;
• drugs to maintain water-salt balance (“Hidrovit” and/or “Regidron”);
• preparations for restoration of flora (Linex, Smecta);
• antipyretics (Nurofen, Panadol);
• antiviral and antibacterial if intestinal infections are diagnosed;
• antiemetics (Motilium, Cerucal, Domperidone).

It is dangerous to prescribe any medications to a child on your own. Consultation with a doctor is required.

Video – Nausea

Vomiting in a child - common symptom, which accompanies many childhood diseases.

As in adults, it happens:

• psychogenic;
• organic (caused by diseases).

Nausea and fever in children may be signs of a disease that develops very quickly. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish between symptoms that are a danger signal and require immediate medical attention.

Most parents contact their pediatrician when their child has a high fever. However, it should be remembered that high fever is not the only symptom of a serious illness.

If, in addition to a rise in body temperature, the child experiences restlessness, lethargy, sleepiness, breathing problems, is weak or very fast pulse, loss of appetite, complaints of sharp pains head or abdomen - seek medical attention immediately.

Although fever is a natural manifestation of the body's defense against disease, it must be kept in mind that high body temperature is dangerous, especially for young children. Prolonged fever adversely affects the functioning of many internal organs of the child, especially the nervous system and circulatory system.

It can cause seizures, convulsions, impaired consciousness and even coma.

If a child has a high body temperature (38.5-40° and above), then it must be lowered. You can slightly cool the child’s body with water at a temperature a couple of degrees lower than his body temperature, and apply cold compresses. But if these methods do not help, be sure to use drugs with antipyretic effects.

A painful feeling that ends with vomiting is called nausea. When nausea occurs, a person experiences weakness and increased salivation. Vomiting is an unconscious defense reaction of the body that uncontrollably removes toxins. Usually vomiting indicates a disease, but it also happens to completely healthy children who are characterized by increased excitability.

3 Women's problems

These symptoms are quite common in absolutely all people, but women still experience them much more often. The cause of such conditions may be menstruation or pregnancy.

During menstruation, many girls and women experience painful sensations in the lower abdomen, nausea and weakness throughout the body, sometimes a low temperature, up to 37.5 ° C, can rise.

Why is this happening? During the menstrual cycle A woman’s body prepares for possible conception by intensively producing the hormone progesterone. If a woman does not become pregnant, that is, conception does not occur, her body begins to produce another female hormone - prostaglandin, which causes menstrual bleeding.

It is the influence of these hormones that explains the feeling of nausea. The temperature may rise due to some stress experienced by the woman's body due to loss of blood and slight dehydration.

Sometimes the presence of fever during menstruation can become a symptom of early menopause. A not very high temperature, in principle, is considered normal and should not be a cause for special concern. During menstruation, a woman also experiences weakness in the muscles, and throughout the body, due to the imbalance of hormones in her body and the resulting psychological stressful situation, which affects nerve endings and muscle cells.

1 Is pregnancy possible?

Changes in body temperature, the urge to vomit, intense loose stools, and loss of strength accompany toxicosis in the early stages of pregnancy. When the production of hormones that maintain pregnancy just begins, the fetus grows and develops, the body may refuse to accept such material changes.

Nausea and vomiting as symptoms of toxicosis early dates Pregnancy is a natural condition characteristic of most women during this period. Toxicosis, along with all its symptoms, as a rule, disappears without a trace by the end of the third month. However, even though vomiting at this time is not a cause for concern, it causes a lot of inconvenience and unpleasant moments.

Signs of vomiting in diseases of the stomach and duodenum

It begins with attacks of nausea, sometimes with accompanying pain.

Gastric vomiting makes itself felt almost immediately after generous intake food, with pathology of the duodenum - after 2-3 hours.

Please note: the hallmark is relief immediately after vomiting and reduction in pain.

A narrowed opening of the outlet (pyloric) section of the stomach (with cancer, scar changes) causes frequent, voluminous vomiting with undigested food that has been in the stomach for several days, with putrid smell.

If vomiting is repeated frequently and contains remnants of recently eaten food, then a spasm of the lower part of the stomach should be suspected. Occurs in case of poisoning with toxins, acute ulcerative process in the stomach, diseases and dyskinesia of the bile ducts, neuroses.

In cases of acute gastritis, patients often complain of vomiting - repeated, with pain in the epigastric region, which brings relief. Chronic gastritis is very rarely accompanied by vomiting.

2 How to recognize poisoning?

There are different types of poisoning; it is mainly associated with the consumption of unedible food contaminated with harmful bacteria and chemicals.

The main distinguishing features are the manifestation of symptoms after eating food, its intensity increases over time. If poisoning is caused by highly toxic substances, for example, botulinum toxin, disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system may be detected - hallucinations, unclear coordination, blurred vision, double vision.

Symptoms that require medical attention

Inflammatory disease of the gastric mucosa - gastritis, manifests itself severe symptoms pain and disruption of the functioning of almost all organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Pathology appears against the background of poor nutrition, fasting, addiction to spicy foods, and alcohol abuse.

Inflammation can also be provoked by a strong stress factor, a psychotraumatic situation (stressful gastritis), then pain and other manifestations are psychosomatic. In addition to pain, gastritis causes long-term symptoms, a person feels unwell, insomnia, loss of appetite, and apathy appear.

Treatment of vomiting

The volume and nature of assistance must be taken into account depending on the reasons that caused vomiting.

Most cases require immediate gastric lavage by inducing artificial vomiting. It is strictly contraindicated to administer antiemetic drugs to the patient.

If there is blood in the vomit, then lavage of the stomach is prohibited. The patient can be given small pieces of ice for oral administration, epigastric region It's better to put an ice bubble. Required urgent hospitalization in a supine position.

Subcutaneous atropine or metaclopramide can be used to stop vomiting. For indomitable vomiting, antipsychotics (etaperazine, meterazine, haloperidol) are prescribed.

Treatment of repeated vomiting with severe dehydration is supplemented with intravenous drip isotonic solution, glucose, other drugs.

Such patients are subject to hospitalization.

Lotin Alexander, radiologist

Nausea and vomiting are eliminated only after the cause of their occurrence is determined. Under no circumstances should you take medications that relieve listed symptoms with food and chemical poisoning. Otherwise, toxins are absorbed into the bloodstream and lead to a deterioration in overall health and dangerous consequences for good health.

Treatment of vomiting consists of gastric lavage if the symptom is caused by poisoning. It is important to call an ambulance, as intoxication can be life-threatening. If the cause is motion sickness, then therapy consists of taking centrally acting drugs. The most commonly prescribed medications are Dramamine, Aviamarin, etc.

For gastritis and peptic ulcer a whole range of measures are used. First of all, this is a diet that is aimed at eliminating foods that irritate the gastric mucosa. Additionally, inhibitors are used proton pump, antibiotics, antacids and gastroprotectors.

For cholecystitis, it is prescribed to relieve nausea. choleretic drugs. If the cause is inflammation of the pancreas, then taking enzymes is indicated, which will improve digestion and relieve symptoms.

For diseases of the brain, medications are used to improve blood circulation. If the symptoms are a result of high blood pressure, then antihypertensive medications, alpha-blockers and diuretics are prescribed. If you have hypothyroidism, your doctor will prescribe hormones thyroid gland.

for mild vomiting: antipsychotics

(etaperazine, haloperidol),

tranquilizers

(phenozepam, diazepam);

for vomiting caused by diseases inner ear, apply antihistamines

(dimenhydrinate, promethazine hydrochloride).

In symptomatic treatment, dopamine antagonists (cerucal, metoclopramide) have the greatest effect. Cisapride, similar to drugs in this group (a stimulant motor function gastrointestinal tract) has a greater peripheral effect, in addition, it does not have some of the side effects of metoclopramide.

For vomiting caused by chemotherapy for cancer, serotonin receptor antagonist drugs (granisetron, ondansetron, tropisetron) are used.

To avoid dehydration and impairment electrolyte balance for frequent vomiting, saline solutions are used: for internal use– rehydron, for intravenous administration- Ringer's solution.

calming effect: lemon balm, valerian, mint,

calming and antispasmodic effect on the gastric mucosa: dill, chamomile.

Until the cause of vomiting is determined, you should refrain from eating. If a child starts vomiting, do not self-medicate, seek help from a doctor.

Treatment for patients who have fever and abdominal pain depends on the cause of the disease. In case of gastrointestinal infection or intoxication, the treatment procedure consists of the patient taking a special liquid orally to prevent dehydration.

Rehydration fluid is especially desirable for patients who have become dehydrated due to diarrhea or vomiting. Oral rehydration fluids are more effective than plain water or traditional juices because these products have low osmolarity and provide better absorption of water and glucose.

For optimal effect of these liquids in restoring the body's water balance, they should be served slightly chilled.

It is worth remembering that during high temperatures, many children and adults experience a decrease in appetite. In such a situation, the patient should not be forced to eat, as this may lead to severe vomiting or diarrhea.

Depends on the underlying disease that caused the nausea and vomiting.

How to get rid of vomiting and nausea

Any trip becomes a difficult ordeal if you begin to feel nauseous and motion sick in transport.

In order not to deprive yourself of new impressions, and not to shock other passengers with your pale appearance, it is better not to eat heavily before the trip, but to put special pills in your pocket.

Recommendation! A positive attitude will help you avoid motion sickness in transport. If dizziness and nausea are accompanied by swelling of the legs, it is better to move them more often during the trip, get up and walk, and stretch your calves with your hands.

Mints and mints can help reduce nausea. light diet, which involves giving up products, causing fermentation in the stomach and flatulence (sweets, bread and buns, confectionery, grapes, peas and beans, cabbage, soda). You should stop drinking alcohol. It is not advisable to wear perfume or smoke before traveling. You need to drink more on the plane to avoid dehydration.

In order to completely get rid of unpleasant phenomena, you should accurately determine their cause and only then take action.

Are the drugs different?

If the cause of your poor health is gastritis or peptic ulcer, you need to switch to therapeutic fasting. It should last 1-2 days. Gradually introduce into your diet liquid, pureed soups, dishes of the same consistency - half-cooked porridge, mashed potatoes.

Important! You cannot stop vomiting or diarrhea if it is caused by an infection. This may lead to sharp deterioration condition. Similar drugs can only be used as prescribed by a doctor.

Amosin, like Amoxicillin, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic based on amoxicillin trihydrate. Therefore, both drugs have an antibacterial main function. The drug is an antibiotic penicillin series With wide range actions.

Prescribed for the treatment of infectious diseases: respiratory, urinary, reproductive system, skin, gastrointestinal tract and others. Actively fights gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Available in tablet form, capsules and powder for suspension.

Our body has special substances - enzymes that break down, help absorb and remove food. If the digestive system malfunctions, a lack of these substances may occur, and then problems and unpleasant phenomena with the gastrointestinal tract begin.

The most effective means for the production of enzymes is pancreatin, the main component of Festal and Mezim. This is an absolutely safe component containing lipase, amylase and propase. Without these enzymes, the functioning of the digestive system is impossible.

Nausea and vomiting are two very unpleasant symptoms that can appear in patients of different ages and genders who adhere to completely different rhythms of life. Most often they are preceded by poisoning.

But this is far from the only possible cause of the problem. With pills for nausea and vomiting, it will be much easier to recover and quickly return the body to normal.

And since these unpleasant conditions can overtake anyone, everyone should put medications in the first aid kit just in case.

From the article you will learn what may be causes of nausea and vomiting, possible means relief. These two sensations are, in fact, closely related and can depend on both pathological and non-pathological reasons.

What is nausea: mechanisms and sources

Nausea is the subjective feeling of impending vomiting. It is felt mainly in the epigastric region, that is, in the abdomen.

It may manifest itself as a slight sensation, that is, it warns you of possible vomiting, but this does not happen, or it may be a symptom followed by vomiting, in which case it is accompanied by muscle spasms in the respiratory area.

When does nausea occur?

You cannot determine the exact time at which nausea and vomiting will occur However, there are conditions and even causes that predispose to the appearance of these disorders.

The main ones:

• In the morning: morning sickness often occurs during pregnancy, or may appear if you get out of bed quickly and do not give your body time to adjust arterial pressure.
• Before eating: The feeling of nausea may be associated with hunger. If we fast for too long, we may experience nausea along with stomach cramps caused by hunger.
• After meal: This is classic nausea that occurs when we eat too much or suffer from gastrointestinal disorders.
• At night: Night sickness can be caused by pregnancy or body position during sleep, in the second case it can be a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux.

Pathological causes of nausea

Nausea is one of the most common nonspecific symptoms. For many diseases can cause nausea and even vomiting.

In general, we can highlight following states, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting:

• Stomach problems: Nausea can be one of the symptoms of stomach diseases such as ulcers, gastritis and herb. In this case, the feeling of vomiting most often appears on an empty stomach or when you are in a lying position.
• Intestinal disorders: problems in the intestines can also cause nausea, among them are irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis, which, in addition to nausea and vomiting, are manifested by diarrhea or constipation, unpleasant smell from the mouth and flatulence.
• Gallbladder problems: Inflammation of the gallbladder and cholelithiasis can cause a feeling of nausea, which is accompanied by pain in the epigastric region, mainly after eating or after eating a high-fat meal.
• Heart diseases: Cardiac decompensation or myocardial infarction may have subsequent symptoms of nausea, accompanied by tachycardia, palpitations, sweating and dizziness.
• Labyrinthitis: Inflammation at the level of the labyrinth of the ear alters the subject's perception of balance, which may result in disturbances such as nausea, vomiting and dizziness, which are very severe.
• Liver diseases: serious illnesses liver diseases such as cirrhosis or tumors can lead to nausea associated with jaundice, persistent fatigue and lack of appetite.
• Thyroid problems: Conditions that affect the thyroid gland, such as hyperthyroidism, may also present with nausea and vomiting associated with diarrhea, anxiety and weakness.
• Violations in cervical spine : Those who suffer from diseases at the level of the cervical vertebrae, arthrosis or pinched vertebrae of the neck may experience a feeling of nausea associated with severe dizziness.

Non-pathological causes of nausea and vomiting

Non-medical causes of nausea are more numerous and may be related to certain conditions or activities that occur during the day.

Among non-pathological causes we have:

• Pregnancy: Nausea after childbirth is a common condition in women. As a rule, it appears at the beginning of pregnancy and lasts throughout the first trimester, although it often persists throughout the entire pregnancy. Nausea during pregnancy is associated with changes in hormone levels that occur in a woman, and, first of all, the appearance of human chorionic gonadotropin, the pregnancy hormone, which leads to nausea.
• Menstrual cycle: Nausea can also occur at different times during a woman's menstrual cycle. Those who suffer from premenstrual syndrome may experience this feeling a few days before their period. In these cases, nausea is closely related to hormonal changes.
• Vision: visual fatigue, e.g. long work using the computer or getting used to new glasses can lead to a painful feeling of nausea.
• Low pressure: After intense physical activity such as running, or when it is very hot, your blood pressure may drop sharply. One of the symptoms of low blood pressure is a feeling of nausea, accompanied by dizziness, cold sweat and a feeling of fainting.
• Anxiety and stress: serious condition anxiety can lead to abdominal pain, which is accompanied by sweating, dizziness and nausea. Nausea in this case is of psychosomatic origin.
• Movement sickness: better known as " seasickness”, that is, the feeling of nausea and malaise that occurs when you are in motion, such as in a car or on a ship. This disorder is associated with changes in the balance organs located in the inner ear. The classic symptoms are nausea, vomiting, pallor and sweating. This is one of the main causes of nausea in children.
• Alcohol abuse: You may feel nauseous when excessive consumption alcohol. The effect of alcohol on the gastric mucosa can cause nausea.
• Smoking: Cigarettes can cause nausea. In this case, the sensation is a reaction to the nicotine contained in tobacco and inhaled smoke.
• Medicines: Chemotherapy drugs are most often responsible for causing nausea and vomiting. This is due to the composition of chemotherapy drugs: very aggressive, capable of stimulating both the vomiting center and the gastrointestinal tract, causing nausea. Another drug that can cause nausea is birth control pills. Other drugs that can cause nausea include antibiotics.
• Caffeine: A substance found in coffee may be responsible for causing nausea in two ways. Firstly, excessive coffee consumption can lead to stomach problems, irritation of the mucous membranes of the stomach and nausea. Secondly, caffeine abstinence may present with symptoms such as headache and nausea.
• Nutrition: When you exceed your normal food intake, nausea may occur as a defense mechanism for the stomach.

Natural Remedies for Nausea

Natural remedies are suitable for combating nausea of ​​any kind caused by illness, after childbirth, or from taking medications.

The most commonly used natural remedies are:

Lemon juice is one of the most famous and ancient remedies for nausea. Just add lemon juice into hot water and then drink everything.

Anti-nausea products: Especially recommended to combat nausea during pregnancy. These products help prevent nausea and fight it if it already occurs. Among such products, it should be noted crackers, cookies, and bread, preferably made from whole grains, as well as mint and mint-based products. Other foods you can use are potatoes, pasta, white rice and bananas. But should be avoided fatty foods, fried foods and strong spices, which can increase the feeling of nausea.

Licorice: excellent remedy anti-nausea – licorice root, which, when eaten, reduces the feeling of nausea. However, it has a side effect - increased blood pressure.

Wheat germ: contain vitamin B6 and are especially useful against nausea. Add a couple of teaspoons to warm milk and drink several times a day, as needed.

Fermented milk: If nausea is caused by antibiotics or intestinal problems associated with diarrhea or abdominal pain, you can take lactic acid enzymes, which restores intestinal flora.

Apple vinegar: to reduce nausea Apple vinegar diluted in natural water, to which a teaspoon of honey is added. Should be taken in the evening.

Rice water: Water after cooking rice contains starch, which helps reduce the feeling of nausea. You can drink several times a day.

• Melissa: Useful against nausea caused by anxiety or stress. Contains active ingredients such as essential oils, phenolic acids and triterpene acids. Take as an infusion, approximately 40 drops per glass of water.
• Dill: his active ingredients– anethole and flavonoids – act on the entire gastrointestinal tract. Take the form of tea from a teaspoon of dill seeds brewed in boiling water. Avoid during pregnancy.
• Ginger: Ginger root contains two acids - ethanol and acetone, which suppress the feeling of nausea. You can take it in capsule form, in which case it is enough to take two capsules per day containing about 250 g of dry extract, or in the form of an infusion, putting a teaspoon of ginger root per 250 ml hot water. During pregnancy, you should consult your gynecologist.

Drug therapy

Anti-nausea medications should be taken under strict medical supervision, especially during pregnancy, and only when there is real need their adoption, that is, when nausea and vomiting interfere with daily activities. The dosage and administration schedule will be determined by your doctor.

The most common anti-nausea medications are:

• Metoclopramide: suppresses the gag reflex and, as a result, nausea. Can be taken during pregnancy, but not recommended during the first quarter.
• Prochlorperazine: acts on the vomiting center, suppressing the feeling of nausea. Should be used with caution as it may mask the side effects of other drugs.
• Dexamethasone: This is a drug that is a corticosteroid and is used to relieve nausea during chemotherapy or after surgery.

Nausea and vomiting represent two similar, often accompanying protective phenomena, which are provided by nature as reflexes that are not amenable to conscious control. Nausea and vomiting are designed to cleanse the digestive tract of substances that are harmful, according to the body, despite the fact that these substances may not enter the bloodstream from the intestines. So, for example, there is medical practice examples of how a person feels sick and vomits from certain specific smells, tastes and even colors. Nausea and vomiting can be symptoms of a variety of diseases.

Externally, vomiting is an uncontrolled eruption of stomach contents through the mouth, and in some cases through the nose. Absolutely all reflexes, which also include vomiting, are pathways that carry the command-impulse to the organs that execute it, such as the muscles of the diaphragm, stomach, rib cage. Vomiting can be caused by irritation of any part of the reflex pathway. All components of the reflex pathway do not have to be involved. Understanding this fact is necessary to find out why the vomiting occurred.

The frequency of vomiting depends on many factors, such as age, gender, individual characteristics person. For example, women suffer from vomiting more often than men, and children (especially in adolescence) more often than adults. Also, more often than in others, vomiting occurs in people with a tendency to “sickness,” as well as with increased nervous excitability.

Causes of vomiting

Vomiting and nausea occur in many diseases. As a rule, nausea precedes vomiting, and vomiting gives the patient a feeling of relief. But this does not always occur, so the presence or absence of nausea is one of the main criteria for diagnosis.

Vomiting in children

Vomiting in infectious diseases

In the group of acute general infections, almost every acute infectious disease includes signs of intoxication, often - especially when it comes to children younger age– accompanied by vomiting (in most cases one-time) and diarrhea.

Concerning infectious diseases brain and its membranes, it should be noted that when the membranes of the brain are damaged, severe vomiting, severe headache are added to the signs of general intoxication, and subsequently confusion and convulsions may be observed. Distinctive feature Such vomiting can be called the fact that it is not preceded by nausea, and after it the patient does not feel relief.

Vomiting blood

Vomiting blood may indicate bleeding from a stomach or duodenal ulcer; in patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, bleeding from dilated veins of the esophagus. If there is foam in the vomit with blood, this is in most cases a sign of pulmonary hemorrhage.

With erosive gastritis, vomiting with a slight admixture of blood is also possible.

Vomiting with bile

Time of vomiting

Smell of vomit

Examination of a patient with vomiting

Treatment of vomiting

In symptomatic treatment, dopamine antagonists have the greatest effect (cerucal, metoclopramide). Similar to drugs in this group cisapride(stimulant of motor function of the gastrointestinal tract) has a great peripheral effect, in addition, it does not have some side effects metoclopramide.

For vomiting caused by chemotherapy for cancer, serotonin receptor antagonist drugs are used (granisetron, ondansetron, tropisetron).

To avoid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance with frequent vomiting, saline solutions are used: for internal use - rehydron, for intravenous administration – Ringer's solution.

Folk remedies for treating vomiting

Until the cause of vomiting is determined, you should refrain from eating. If a child starts vomiting, do not self-medicate, seek help from a doctor.

Vomiting is a response to the process of excitation of a specific center of the medulla oblongata. This irritation of a part of the brain occurs due to the penetration of poisons, or reflexively from the organs. Nausea is usually a precursor to vomiting.

Vomiting may accompany:

• pathological processes of the gastrointestinal tract;
• cerebrovascular accidents;
• thrombosis of blood vessels of internal organs;
• tumor neoplasms;
• acute kidney diseases;
• toxicosis (gestosis) of the first half of pregnancy;
• infectious (most often intestinal) diseases;
• diseases of the visual organs;
• vestibular disorders;
• acute forms of myocardial infarction;
• drug overdose, drug incompatibility.

The patient initially experiences nausea, excessive salivation, and increased breathing. Then the diaphragm lowers and the section of the stomach, which passes into the duodenum, begins to contract in the opposite direction (antiperistalsis), the upper “floor”, on the contrary, relaxes. Spasms of the diaphragm begin, pressure in the stomach cavity increases, and the glottis closes. After this, an eruption of gastric contents occurs through the esophagus into the oral cavity.

The patient turns pale, has a cold, sticky sweat, and often becomes dizzy and severe weakness, blood pressure may drop. - this is a sensation arising from irritation of the vagus and splanchnic nerves. Excitation from them is transmitted to the vomiting center and from it the impulse goes to the organs that are involved in vomiting.

In fact, vomiting is a specific symptom, but depending on the causes of its occurrence and a number of other factors, it has many varieties and characteristics of its course.

Features of vomiting:

• vomiting not accompanied by nausea is characteristic of problems with the brain;
• vomiting with severe headache is a sign of migraine;
• Vomiting in the morning is typical for poisoning.

Signs of vomiting in pathological changes in the digestive tract

It begins with attacks of nausea, sometimes with accompanying pain.

Esophageal vomiting

Begins without nausea, in a lying position or when bending forward. Occurs due to retention and accumulation of food in the esophagus.

Food vomiting is typical for the following diseases:

• narrowing of the esophagus (tumor, post-burn, ulcerative);
• achalasia cardia (spasmodic tension of the lower esophagus);
• diverticula of the esophagus (bag-like protrusions of the walls);
• insufficiency of the sphincter (the muscle that compresses the passage from the esophagus to the stomach).

According to the timing of occurrence, the following are distinguished:

• early vomiting that occurs while eating, with pain in the chest. It is provoked by eating solid foods due to problems in the esophagus;
• late vomiting, which manifests itself 3-4 hours after eating (a sign of severe expansion of the lower parts of the esophagus);
• mixed. Occurs with ulcerative esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus with ulcers).

Sometimes there is night vomiting. Complicated by getting into the respiratory tract.

Signs of vomiting in diseases of the stomach and duodenum

Gastric vomiting makes itself felt almost immediately after a heavy meal, in case of pathology of the duodenum - after 2-3 hours.

Note:A distinctive feature is relief immediately after vomiting and a decrease in pain.

A narrowed opening of the outlet (pyloric) section of the stomach (with cicatricial changes) causes frequent, voluminous vomiting with undigested food that has been in the stomach for several days, with a putrid odor.

If vomiting is repeated frequently and contains remnants of recently eaten food, then a spasm of the lower part of the stomach should be suspected. Occurs in case of poisoning with toxins, acute ulcerative process in the stomach, diseases and dyskinesia of the bile ducts, neuroses.

In cases of acute gastritis, patients often complain of vomiting - repeated, with pain in the epigastric region, which brings relief. Chronic gastritis is very rarely accompanied by vomiting.

Signs of vomiting when

Vomiting begins with the occurrence of severe, spasmodic and paroxysmal pain in the abdominal area of ​​a diffuse nature. Intestinal obstruction in the upper sections - the cause of vomiting bile. Obstruction localized in parts of the large intestine is manifested by fecal vomiting. The patient has a similar complaint when there is a passage (fistula) between the adjacent stomach and a loop of the large intestine.

Acute can also cause vomiting, especially if there is severe pain and elevated temperature.

The peritoneal arteries are accompanied by vomiting of blood.

With peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), repeated vomiting and fever are observed, bringing relief each time.

Vomiting, which can be caused by diseases of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and ducts

With these diseases, vomiting is often repeated and is accompanied by pain in the area of ​​the right hypochondrium. Patients experience yellowness of the skin and sclera of the eyes, especially after breaking the diet and eating fatty foods. Diseases with focal changes in the gallbladder and ducts cause bile vomiting.

Acute pancreatitis is manifested by simultaneous vomiting and paroxysmal pain in the upper abdomen. During an attack, vomiting of blood may begin, often of an indomitable nature.

The infection often occurs with vomiting and fever, accompanied by pain in the right hypochondrium, enlarged liver, and the development of yellowness of the skin in patients.

Vomiting in endocrine diseases

At severe forms Diabetic comas may occur. These are serious complications of this disease that require immediate help. Vomiting is a frequent accompaniment of this pathology.

Chronic adrenal insufficiency and hyperparathyroidism are also characterized by the presence of vomiting.

Poisoning

Intoxications arising from various reasons in humans (infectious diseases, poisoning by industrial, household poisons) may cause vomiting and diarrhea without fever or with various kinds fevers.

Important:In any case of intoxication, vomit is subject to mandatory laboratory testing.

Phenomena indicating cerebral vomiting

Occurs as a result of injuries and diseases of the brain, blood vessels and surrounding tissues. An increase in pressure in the diploic veins of the skull (intracranial pressure) gives characteristic vomiting with intense headaches that occur in the morning, when trying to get up or simply turning the head while lying down. These signs may be accompanied by disturbances in the functioning of the heart and breathing. Possible loss of consciousness (Bruns syndrome).

Vomiting and fever are characteristic of inflammatory diseases of the brain and membranes - and. In these cases, intense pain in the head and specific neurological symptoms, which are determined by a neurologist, also occur. The development of paresis and paralysis is possible.

Meniere's disease is accompanied by damage to the vestibular apparatus with attacks of dizziness, hearing loss and periodic vomiting.

Many people suffering periodically experience a sharp increase in blood pressure and a deterioration in their condition, accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

How to artificially induce vomiting

For some diseases and conditions, it is necessary to be able to induce vomiting yourself. In case of overeating, poisoning, or consumption of poor quality food or water, it may be necessary to empty the contents of the stomach by inducing forced vomiting.

The most commonly used traditional method is pressure on the root of the tongue with two fingers or a spoon. To make the procedure easier, it is better to drink a solution of manganese. It is prepared from large quantity crystals of potassium permanganate and a liter of warm, boiled water. The solution must be stirred until a pink, uniform color is obtained. Then drink it and stimulate vomiting. The solution helps to rinse the stomach well and cleanse it. It also relieves discomfort during vomiting.

For the same purpose, you can use a solution of salt and soda in water (1 teaspoon per liter). Drink in one gulp and empty your stomach. In most cases there is relief.

Vomiting in children

Vomiting in a child is a common symptom that accompanies many childhood diseases.

As in adults, it happens:

• psychogenic;
• organic (caused by diseases).

In newborns in the first months of life, vomiting may occur due to excess food intake. It is often accompanied by swallowing air.

Note:sometimes “chewing gum” occurs - regurgitation with repeated swallowing (rumination). Regurgitation differs from vomiting in the absence of muscle tension.

Vomiting in children is accompanied by:

• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• infectious diseases;
• poisoning;
• heart and vascular diseases;
• pathology of the nervous system.

A child may have cases of vomiting and diarrhea without fever of unknown etiology or as the first (single) symptoms of an incipient disease.

Important:requires a mandatory determination of the cause - vomiting of bile. In children it is a sign of serious illness.

What to do about vomiting in children? The answer is in the video review:

Emergency measures and treatment methods for vomiting

The volume and nature of assistance must be taken into account depending on the reasons that caused vomiting.

Most cases require immediate gastric lavage by inducing artificial vomiting. It is strictly contraindicated to administer antiemetic drugs to the patient.

If there is blood in the vomit, then lavage of the stomach is prohibited. The patient can be given small pieces of ice for oral administration; it is better to place an ice bubble on the epigastric region. Urgent hospitalization in a supine position is required.

Subcutaneous atropine or metaclopramide can be used to stop vomiting. For indomitable vomiting, antipsychotics (etaperazine, meterazine, haloperidol) are prescribed.

Treatment of repeated vomiting with severe dehydration is supplemented by intravenous drip administration of isotonic solution, glucose, and other drugs.

Such patients are subject to hospitalization.

Lotin Alexander, radiologist