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Instructions on measures to combat rabies
(Approved by the Main Directorate of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry Agriculture USSR and the Main Sanitary and Epidemiological Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health on August 15, 1964, instead of the instructions of March 15, 1960)
1. All types of domestic and wild animals and people are susceptible to rabies.
The main source of the spread of rabies among domestic animals are stray dogs and cats, and the reservoir of infection in nature is wolves, foxes, corsacs, jackals and other predatory animals.
RABIES PREVENTION MEASURES
2. In order to prevent the disease of animals with rabies in all cities and villages, resort areas, station villages and marinas, in the locations of holiday homes, pioneer camps, orphanages, on construction sites and other populated areas, all dogs (service, hunting, guard, indoor and others) aged 6 months and older are subject to mandatory annual registration and veterinary examination.
In areas where animals are unfavorable and at risk of rabies, all dogs are also subject to preventive vaccination against rabies.
Note. The following areas are considered threatened:
a) if there has been a case of rabies in the given territory during the last five years;
b) if there is an incidence of rabies in neighboring territories;
V) settlements with large population migration (capital cities, resorts, etc.).
3. Registration and vaccination of dogs, except for dogs belonging to institutions and organizations of the Ministry of Defense, the Committee state security under the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Ministries for the Protection of Public Order of the Union Republics, organize and conduct bodies local authorities through state veterinary institutions. For each registered dog, the owner is issued a special license plate and registration certificate in the established form (see appendix). The license plate must be attached to the dog's collar.
In nurseries of hunter societies, service dog breeding clubs, military units, institutions and other organizations with veterinary specialists, dogs are vaccinated against rabies in the same way as other preventive and therapeutic measures, carried out by veterinary specialists of these institutions and organizations.
4. Dogs, regardless of their breed, affiliation and purpose, that have not been registered in the manner established by these instructions, or have been registered and have a collar with a license plate, but run freely in the streets, markets, railway stations, gardens, squares and others in public places, as well as cats located outside the apartments of their owners (on the streets, staircases, attics, etc.) are considered stray.
5. Dog owners are obliged to:
b) take dogs out of living quarters into the yard and onto the street on a leash or muzzle. When transporting dogs by any means of transport, they must be muzzled;
c) when living in a communal apartment, do not keep dogs in common areas (kitchens, corridors, hallways). Owners have the right to keep dogs in a shared communal apartment only on their own premises, provided that the dog is registered and vaccinated against rabies, as provided for in these instructions;
d) immediately report the disease or death of a dog (cat) to a veterinary institution, and where there are none - to the executive committee of the local Council of Workers' Deputies for subsequent notification to the veterinary supervisory authorities. The owner is also obliged to notify the cynological organization with which the dog is registered about the death of a breeding dog. In the event of the death of a dog, hand over the license plate and certificate to the place where the dog is registered, and the passport to service dog or registration card for hunting dog- to a service dog breeding club or a hunting society;
e) annually deliver dogs to veterinary institutions for re-registration;
e) upon purchase new dog or moving to another locality, register the dog within 5 days from the date of purchase or move to a new place of residence.
6. Citizens who are accosted by a service, hunting or other dog must report this to the house management or commandant, and the latter must report this to the veterinary institution where the dogs are registered, the local hunting society or the service dog breeding club.
7. At children's institutions (orphanages, nurseries, pioneer camps, etc.), as well as at medical institutions and trading enterprises(shops, canteens) are allowed to contain only guard dogs, always on a leash and in conditions that exclude their contact with children and visitors. The staff of these institutions is strictly prohibited from keeping dogs belonging to them on the territory of the institutions. It is prohibited to keep cats in these establishments.
8. The sale, purchase, and transportation of dogs to other regions (republics) by all means of transport is permitted only with a license plate, registration certificate, with a note in it about the vaccination against rabies, as well as a veterinary certificate indicating the health status of the dog, well-being due to rabies of the area or farm from which this dog exported.
Note. Hunters traveling with dogs to another region are allowed to transport dogs back to their place of residence on the same veterinary certificate, which is valid for 30 days.
9. Stray dogs and cats are subject to extermination in the manner specified in paragraph 10 of these instructions. Wolves and jackals are also subject to extermination.
10. Extermination stray dogs and stray cats is carried out by catching or shooting them by permanent brigades or detachments in accordance with the decision of the executive committee of the city, district, settlement, village Council of Workers' Deputies, and the extermination of wolves, jackals, as well as foxes and other wild game animals (if they appear among the latter rabies disease) - local hunting departments.
In cities where there are veterinary and sanitary stations, the catching of stray dogs and stray cats is also the responsibility of these stations. Veterinary and sanitary stations, stations for combating animal diseases, and veterinary hospitals also organize receptions from owners to destroy unwanted dogs and cats.
Collected hunting, working and other breed dogs that have a collar with a license plate must be separated from other dogs and kept separately.
About the catch of such dogs, the organizations involved in the catch must inform the police department within 24 hours, as well as the hunting society, service dog breeding club or other organization where the dogs are registered. In the future, caught dogs will be dealt with as indicated in paragraph 14.
11. In order to more successfully combat stray dogs and cats, dog catchers for each caught (destroyed) stray dog and cat should be paid, in addition to the basic salary, an additional monetary reward from funds allocated from the local budget for the fight against rabies, or from funds Gosstrakh. The amount of monetary reward is determined by the decision of local Soviet bodies.
Cash rewards are also paid to owners for their dogs and cats who voluntarily hand them over to collection points for destruction. The amount of remuneration is also determined by the decision of the executive committee of the local Council of Workers' Deputies.
12. The catching (shooting) of stray dogs and cats on the territory of state and collective farms is carried out using the forces and means of these farms. Responsibility for the timely and systematic implementation of this work rests with farm managers.
13. The registration of caught and destroyed dogs and cats is carried out by local veterinary authorities. Destroyed dogs that have collars with a license plate, the owners of which refused to receive them, are subject to registration in a separate book indicating the gender, breed, color, special features, time of capture and the license plate of the dog.
14. Issuance to owners of caught stray dogs and cats, with the exception of hunting, service and other dogs pedigree dogs wearing a collar with a license plate is prohibited and they are subject to destruction.
Caught hunting, service and pedigree dogs that have a collar with a license plate are allowed to be returned to their owners at their request, except for dogs that have bitten people, upon presentation of a registration certificate. In this case, the dogs must be kept in isolation for five days under the supervision of veterinary specialists. The owner who receives a dog that belongs to him is obliged to pay the full cost of its maintenance in the isolation ward (feeding, care, etc.) according to the invoice presented by the veterinary institution. If the owner of the dog does not show up to receive it within five days, and the local hunting society (or service dog breeding club) does not confirm in writing its consent to take the dog within the same period, then it is destroyed.
Dogs returned to their owners must be vaccinated against rabies. The owner who received the dog is obliged to keep it in an isolated room for 30 days and as directed veterinarian bring in for inspection.
15. Dogs, cats and other animals that have bitten people or animals must be immediately delivered to a veterinary hospital for examination and quarantine for 10 days. In this case, the owner is prohibited from destroying the dog. If for any reason it is impossible to deliver animals to a veterinary institution, this must be immediately reported to the veterinarian. In this case, the animals are examined at the owner’s home or farm.
IN in some cases, with the permission of a veterinary hospital, a dog that has bitten people or animals can be left with the owner, provided that it has been registered and vaccinated against rabies and if the owner undertakes to keep it in an isolated room and bring it to a veterinary hospital within 10 days for veterinary examination within the time limits specified by the veterinarian. The question of where to quarantine other animals is decided by the veterinarian.
A veterinarian (paramedic) must immediately report the appearance of signs suspicious of rabies in animals under observation. medical institution, in which the victim is vaccinated.
At the end of the quarantine period at the veterinary medical institution or at home, depending on the results of observation, the animals are either returned to the owners, after preliminary vaccination against rabies, or destroyed. Dogs that have repeatedly bitten people due to the owner’s failure to comply with the rules of their care are subject to seizure and transfer to a veterinary hospital. After being kept in quarantine, these dogs can be transferred to hunting farms or a service dog breeding club in the manner prescribed in paragraph 14 of these instructions, and if they refuse to take the dogs, the latter are destroyed.
The veterinarian (paramedic) is obliged to report the results of animal observation in writing. local authorities healthcare.
16. The procedure for monitoring the correct maintenance of dogs, in accordance with these instructions, is established by a decision of the executive committee of the city (district) Council of Workers' Deputies. Control is assigned to the police and veterinary authorities.
RABIES ELIMINATION ACTIVITIES
17. The diagnosis of rabies is established on the basis of a complex of clinical, pathological and laboratory studies. Animals that have unreasonably attacked people or animals and bitten them are considered suspected of having rabies. as well as animals that escaped or died after being bitten.
Animals that have been bitten by rabid or suspected rabid animals, as well as animals that have been in direct contact with rabid or suspected rabid animals, or attached unknown dogs and cats are considered suspected of being infected with rabies.
18. If signs of rabies appear in animals, animal owners or farm managers are obliged to immediately report this to the nearest veterinary institution, and if there is none, to the village or village Council of Workers' Deputies, or a medical institution, or a local police officer.
Before the veterinarian arrives, animal owners are obliged to:
a) separate sick animals and keep them in a separate room, cage (dogs on a strong chain). All animals bitten by dogs, cats, predators or other animals should also be isolated, and the corpses of dead animals should be removed to a place inaccessible to animals (especially rodents);
b) all people bitten by dogs or other animals should immediately, without waiting for the results of laboratory tests and veterinary examinations of the animals that caused the bites, be sent to the nearest treatment and preventive medical institution.
19. Upon receipt of a message about an animal having rabies or suspected of this disease, a veterinarian (paramedic) is obliged to urgently arrive on site to establish a diagnosis and take measures in accordance with these instructions.
If there is a dead animal, a veterinarian (paramedic) is obliged to perform an autopsy and, in compliance with established rules, send the head of the animal to the nearest veterinary laboratory for examination. Carcasses of dogs, cats or wild carnivores must be sent to a veterinary laboratory for autopsy.
20. The head of the station for combating animal diseases, the chief veterinarian of the city about all cases of rabies in animals and about measures taken upon its liquidation, he is obliged to immediately notify the veterinary department of the regional (territorial) department of production and procurement of agricultural products or the Ministry of Production and Procurement of Agricultural Products of a republic that does not have a regional division, as well as the corresponding (city, district) sanitary and epidemiological station or sanitary and epidemiological department district hospital. Health authorities are also required to report all cases of people contracting rabies or being bitten by their animals to local veterinary authorities.
21. A populated area or part of it, a collective farm, a state farm, a brigade, a farm, etc., where a case of an animal with rabies has been established, on the proposal of the head of the station for the fight against animal diseases, the chief veterinarian of the city, - by decision of the city (district) executive committee The Council of Workers' Deputies declares them unfavorable for this disease and at the same time takes measures to quickly eliminate the disease.
Measures to eliminate rabies are carried out by veterinary authorities and health authorities with the participation of police officers, sanitary squads, public order groups, hunting societies, service dog breeding clubs, housing and communal services departments and house managements.
22. In accordance with the decision of the executive committee of the Council of Working People's Deputies, the following activities are carried out in areas affected by rabies in animals:
a) prohibit the export of dogs and cats from areas affected by rabies, and also prohibit their trade;
b) conduct a door-to-door survey of a rabies-prone settlement to identify people who need vaccinations against rabies, seize animals suspected of being infected with rabies, and check the correct maintenance of dogs and other animals;
c) in cases of wolves, foxes, jackals and other predatory animals appearing near a populated area through local authorities hunting facilities organize measures for shooting and destroying them regardless of the season of the year;
d) destroy animals that are clearly sick with rabies, as well as dogs and cats suspected of having rabies, with the exception of animals that have bitten people or animals. The latter are kept under veterinary supervision for 10 days to clarify the diagnosis and determine the need for further vaccinations for people bitten by them;
e) corpses of animals (including wild ones) killed or died from rabies, and animals killed on suspicion of rabies, are sent to a waste disposal plant or burned. Skinning corpses is prohibited;
f) all animals suspected of being infected with rabies are vaccinated against rabies. Cats and dogs that are not valuable are destroyed, and the rest are vaccinated against rabies. After vaccinations, veterinary supervision is established for the animals and for three months they are kept separately from other animals in conditions that exclude the possibility of them escaping and biting people or animals. Such animals are not allowed to go to a common watering hole on common pastures. It is prohibited to vaccinate animals showing signs of rabies against rabies.
Places where there were animals with rabies, animal care items, clothing and other things contaminated with saliva and secretions of animals with rabies are disinfected.
23. The slaughter of animals suspected of being infected with rabies for meat is allowed if they do not have clinical signs of rabies, but only with the permission of the veterinary authorities and vaccinated with rabies vaccine - no earlier than two weeks after vaccination.
24. Milk from animals suspected of being infected with rabies, but not showing clinical signs of the disease, is allowed to be used for food only after boiling it for five minutes. Milk from animals vaccinated against rabies, regardless of the period of vaccination, is allowed to be used without restrictions.
25. Restrictions introduced in settlements declared unfavorable for animal rabies disease are lifted by decision of the executive committee of the city (district) Council of Workers' Deputies, on the proposal of veterinary authorities, after three months from the date last case animal disease with rabies and implementation of measures provided for by the decision of the executive committee and these instructions.
26. In accordance with the Veterinary Charter of the USSR, responsibility for organizing and carrying out measures to eliminate rabies provided for by these instructions lies with local authorities, directors of state farms, chairmen of collective farms, heads of other farms, enterprises, procurement organizations, as well as citizens - owners of sick animals rabies.
Responsibility for the completeness and timely implementation of all special veterinary measures to combat rabies, including ensuring daytime observation of animals that have bitten people, lies with veterinarians (paramedics), serving farms, heads of stations for combating animal diseases or chief (senior) city veterinarians, veterinary departments and agricultural departments.
27. Control over the implementation of measures to eliminate rabies provided for by these instructions is assigned to the state veterinary inspector of the district, the chief veterinarian of the city.
28. For violation or evasion of rabies control measures provided for in these instructions, the perpetrators will be held accountable in accordance with the Veterinary Regulations of the USSR.
29. In order to familiarize the population with measures to prevent and control rabies, as well as with the requirements of these instructions, local veterinary and health authorities are obliged to systematically carry out extensive veterinary and sanitary educational work among the population and livestock workers.
Application
REMINDER
for dog owner
(Extracts from the instructions on measures to combat rabies, approved by the Main Directorate of Veterinary Medicine of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture and the Main Sanitary and Epidemiological Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health on August 15, 1964)
2. In order to prevent the disease of animals with rabies in all cities and villages, resort areas, station villages and marinas, in the locations of holiday homes, pioneer camps, orphanages, on construction sites and other populated areas, all dogs (service, hunting, guard, indoor and others) aged 6 months and older are subject to mandatory annual registration and veterinary examination.
3. Registration and vaccination of dogs is organized and carried out by local authorities through state veterinary institutions. For each registered dog, the owner is issued a special license plate and registration certificate. The license plate must be attached to the dog's collar.
4. Dogs, regardless of their breed, affiliation and purpose, that have not been registered in accordance with the procedure, established by the instructions, or those that have been registered and have a collar with a license plate, but run freely in the streets, markets, railway stations, gardens, squares and other public places, as well as cats located outside the apartments of their owners (on the streets, staircases, attics, etc.) .p.), are considered stray.
Rules for disinfecting premises after sick animals How to fight infection and viruses in an apartment? Disinfection is a set of measures to destroy pathogens of infectious diseases of humans and animals during external environment physical, chemical and biological methods. Treatment of premises where a sick animal was kept is necessary to prevent the spread of infection. There are 3 methods of disinfection: mechanical, physical, chemical. Mechanical method Disinfection involves wet cleaning of premises, washing, laundering, shaking out and beating out. The mechanical method does not lead to complete freedom from microbes, so it is usually combined with physical and chemical methods. The physical method of disinfection is boiling, steam and hot air treatment, as well as ultraviolet irradiation. The chemical method of disinfection consists of using chemicals, have a detrimental effect on pathogens of infectious diseases. At home, you can use commonly available chlorine-containing products, phenols, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and alcohols. Chloramine is used in the form aqueous solutions 0.1-10% concentration. It is widely used for disinfecting premises, dishes, linen, and hands. Linen is disinfected by soaking it in a 0.2-0.5% chloramine solution and then washing it. Lysol is a mixture of cresols and potassium green soap. In addition to bactericidal, it also has insecticidal properties, and therefore is recommended for use in plague outbreaks. It is used in the form of 3-5% solutions for disinfection of furnishings, toys, linen, toilets. In case of rabies, care items, dishes, and linen are treated with a 2% chloramine solution. Feline panleukopenia virus is highly resistant to elevated temperature(at 60° it dies within 1 hour), as well as to conventional disinfectants: phenol, ether, chloroform, acids. Can be stored at low temperatures more than a year. Disinfection is carried out with NaOH solutions, Lysol emulsion, etc. Also for disinfection, a hypochlorite solution (homemade bleach diluted 1:32) is used; to improve the cleaning properties, it can be used in conjunction with detergents. The feline rhinotracheitis virus is weakly resistant and persists in the external environment for several days. Solutions of NaOH, chloramine, formalin and phenol (1-2%) inactivate the pathogen within 10 minutes. At T=90° the virus is inactivated in 5-10 minutes. Calcivirosis. In a dry environment, the virus persists for 2-3 days, in a humid environment up to 10 days. For feline calcevirosis, the same disinfectants are used as for panleukopenia. Plague of carnivores. Dogs that have recovered from canine distemper shed the virus for up to 3 months. In the external environment at 25°C the virus loses pathogenicity after 2 days, at 5°C after 14 days. At sub-zero temperatures, the virus remains stable for several months. For disinfection use: 1% Lysol solution, 2% NaOH solution, UV rays, sunlight. The premises are treated 2 times with an interval of 3 hours. Virus infectious hepatitis at room temperature remains active for 13 weeks. The virus is not resistant to formalin, phenol, Lysol, freshly slaked lime, and 2% NaOH solutions. To disinfect clothes and bedding, you can use washing in hot water(60-70°). To inactivate the virus parvovirus enteritis on environmental objects, 2-3% solutions of formalin and sodium hydroxide are used. For disinfection, you can use commonly available cleaning products such as comet, luxus, domestos, bleach, demos, bianol. The use of bactericidal lamps is effective. Disinfection must be carried out regularly both during an animal’s infectious disease and after its recovery. Special attention need to be given to the animal’s habitat, bedding, and care items. Routine disinfection must be carried out at least once a day. Final disinfection is carried out after full recovery animal. Since many infectious diseases have a latent (hidden) form of flow, it is recommended to regularly carry out preventive disinfection.
Zooanthroponotic, especially dangerous viral disease various types animals, including dogs and cats, as well as humans; characterized mainly by an acute course, severe lesions of the central nervous system. The disease usually ends in the death of the animal.
Pathogen. An RNA virus of the rhabdovirus family. Natural (“wild”), the most pathogenic for mammals, and fixed (“laboratory”) rabies viruses, obtained by passage on rabbits, have been established. Rabies in mammals is usually caused by a virus serotype. The pathogen is resistant to low temperatures who only preserve it; in rotting material the virus dies after 15 days. At 70°C the virus is instantly inactivated (V.N. Syurin et al., 1998). The rabies virus is resistant to chemical disinfectants.
Epizootological data. The disease is registered in many countries around the world. IN natural conditions All domestic and wild warm-blooded animals, as well as humans, are susceptible to the rabies virus. Carnivores, including dogs, foxes, jackals, wolves, cats and others, are easily susceptible to rabies. Unvaccinated young animals are most often infected with rabies.
The source of the infectious agent is infected animals (sick, virus carriers), in which the virus appears in the saliva 1-2 weeks before clinical signs of the disease appear. Therefore, such dogs and cats that are in the incubation period of the disease are dangerous to people and other animals.
The reservoir of the rabies virus in nature is, as a rule, carnivores, in some cases - small predators (weasels, ferrets, etc.), rodents, the bats. The natural focality of rabies is due to prolonged virus carriage in infected animals.
Taking into account the nature of the virus reservoir, rabies epizootics of natural and urban types are distinguished (V.A. Vedernikov, 1985-1997). In particular, in recent years the number of stray and stray dogs and cats, which determine the scale of spread and intensity of the epizootic. Rabies is characterized by a certain seasonality and periodicity of the epizootic. Diseases occur mainly in the autumn-winter and winter-spring periods.
Infection. For rabies, the most typical method of infection is contact; it occurs through the infected saliva of sick animals, which gets into wounds or onto mucous membranes and damaged skin (erosions, abrasions, etc.) through bites. However, not all bitten animals (or humans) become infected with rabies, since the virus may not be present in the saliva of sick animals during the latent period of the disease. Incubation period with rabies it is 14-60 days, but sometimes reaches 6-12 months.
Pathogenesis. From the site of introduction (bite) the virus along centripetal nerve fibers penetrates the spinal cord and then the brain, where it multiplies, causing diffuse encephalomyelitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord).
From the brain by centrifugal nerve pathways the virus is spreading in various organs and tissues, including getting into salivary glands, infecting saliva. Virus causes degeneration nerve cells brain and spinal cord, which causes various neurological disorders and death of animals from asphyxia (paralysis of the respiratory muscles).
Symptoms. Clinical signs of rabies most often appear 3-8 weeks after infection. In dogs and cats, two forms of the disease are clinically distinguished: violent (aggressive) and silent (paralytic). However, rabies can often occur in atypical forms.
The violent form manifests itself in three successive stages: the first is prodromal (initial, melancholic), the second is excitement (manic), and the third is paralytic (depressive). At the onset of the disease, changes in the behavior of dogs and cats are noted: the animal is unusually affectionate or, on the contrary, capricious, wary, and does not follow commands. The dog is unusually excited and often chews the bite site. Appetite is reduced or perverted, the animal eats inedible objects, observed profuse drooling and vomiting. This condition lasts 1-4 days.
Atypical behavior is also observed in wild animals (foxes, wolves, etc.) with rabies: they lose their sense of caution and fear, come to populated areas and can attack animals and people. Such animals are very dangerous.
In the second stage of the disease, the dog is sharply excited, aggressive, chews the ground and various objects, and tries to escape. Often sick dogs unexpectedly attack other animals or people. Subsequently, convulsive seizures appear, which gradually become more frequent and their duration increases. At the same time, it is noted heat(up to 4G), vomiting, paralysis of individual muscle groups (pharynx, larynx, limbs), strabismus develops; lower jaw hangs down, saliva flows from the mouth; the barking becomes hoarse and muffled. The duration of this stage is 2-3 days. Last stage(paralytic) is characterized by severe exhaustion of the animal, progressive paralysis hind limbs, then the torso, forelimbs; the animal dies. The duration of the third stage is 2-4 days. The total duration of clinical signs in the violent form of the disease is 6-11 days.
The silent form of rabies in dogs and cats is clinically characterized by general depression, without an agitation stage. Paralysis of the muscles of the limbs and torso quickly occurs. The disease lasts only 2-4 days, and the animal dies.
The atypical form (“atypical rabies”) is manifested by various signs atypical for rabies. In the last 10 years, atypical forms of rabies have begun to be reported relatively frequently. The disease is characterized by a subacute or chronic (up to 2-3 months) course. At the same time, lethargy and indifference of animals, disorders of the nervous, digestive and other body systems are observed.
Diagnosis. A preliminary diagnosis is made on the basis of epizootic, clinical, laboratory and pathological data. When diagnosing rabies, it is necessary to take into account the epizootic situation in the area. The most typical clinical signs rabies in dogs and cats are aggressiveness, profuse drooling and muscle paralysis developing in a certain sequence. The diagnosis based on clinical and epidemiological indicators must be confirmed laboratory research, including the need to conduct microscopic studies natural material for the presence of inclusions in the brain (Babes-Negri bodies). However, in recent years, the fastest and most reliable method laboratory diagnostics rabies is an immunofluorescent method that can detect viral antigen in 90-98% of cases.
At differential diagnosis must be excluded nervous form canine distemper, meningitis and encephalomyelitis.
Forecast. With violent and quiet forms - lethal (deadly), with atypical forms - doubtful (uncertain).
Treatment. There is no treatment for rabies. Sick and suspected animals are destroyed, since their maintenance and treatment is associated with a fatal risk of infection to people and other animals.
Pathoanatomical changes. When autopsying the corpses of animals that died from rabies, the presence of inedible items in the oral cavity or stomach: rags, wood chips, hair, etc. The stomach is often empty. Histological examination reveals the main changes in the ammon's horns and medulla oblongata: hyperemia, perivascular hemorrhages. The most important diagnostic value have specific inclusions - Babesh-Negri bodies, which are found only in rabies.
The indicated inclusions are present in many dead animals, but if the animal was killed in initial stage diseases, these bodies may not be detected.
Prevention and control measures. Rabies belongs to a group of particularly dangerous diseases of animals and humans. Therefore, all cases of rabies must be reported to the district (city) veterinary station. Animals that have bitten people are immediately isolated and kept under strict veterinary supervision for 10 days. If during this period they do not show signs of rabies, they are considered healthy, and the affected person is considered not infected.
For specific immunoprophylaxis of animals, various domestic and foreign vaccines against rabies are used in accordance with the instructions for their use, including monovaccines - inactivated cultural rabies vaccine Rabikan, dry inactivated vaccine from the strain "Shchelkovo-51" (Russia); Defensor, Nobivac Rabies (Netherlands); Rabizin (France), etc.; associated vaccines - Bio-rabic, Dipentavak (Russia), Hexadog, Leptorabizin, Pentadog (France); and etc.
Primary vaccination of animals against rabies is carried out, as a rule, no earlier than 3 months of age, and revaccination is carried out annually.
Rabies always ends in the death of humans and animals. Effective techniques there is no treatment for the disease. Timely rabies vaccination is the most effective prevention diseases. In Russia, a reliable rabies vaccine is used for vaccinations.
Rabies is an acute infectious viral disease of animals and humans. Rabies viruses enter the human body through the bites of sick animals, contact with infected saliva on mucous membranes, and salivation of damaged areas of the skin. The pathogens have an affinity for nervous tissue.
In the Volga region, western and central regions, the source of the disease in 35 - 72% are red foxes. Viruses are also transmitted by wolves, badgers and raccoon dogs. In the Arctic, viruses circulate among Arctic foxes. In cities (“urban outbreaks”), viruses circulate among dogs, from which they are transmitted through bites to cats and farm animals. Dogs are responsible for rabies in 60% of cases, foxes in 24%, cats in 10%, wolves in 3%, and in the remaining cases jackals, skunks, badgers, bats, coyotes, lynxes and raccoon dogs.
Prevention of human infection and carrying out as soon as possible Rabies vaccinations are the basis for disease prevention.
Anti-rabies assistance includes:
Rice. 1. Dogs and red foxes with rabies are the main sources of the disease in the Volga region, western and central regions of Russia.
In case of animal bites or salivation of damaged areas of the skin (cuts, scratches, cracks, etc.), it is necessary to properly treat the damaged area, for which the wound is washed with warm soapy water first and then with clean running water for at least 15 minutes. After washing, the wound is treated with a solution of hydrogen peroxide. Its edges are wiped 70% ethyl alcohol or 5% alcohol solution of iodine.
It is forbidden to cauterize the wound itself and, if possible, try to avoid suturing. Before suturing, rabies immunoglobulin is administered. A pressure bandage with an antiseptic is applied to the wound.
Rice. 2. In case of animal bites or salivation of damaged areas, first the wound is washed with warm soapy water and then with clean running water.
Rice. 3. After treatment, a pressure bandage with an antiseptic is applied to the wound.
The rabies vaccine is used to vaccinate persons who have been bitten by a rabid animal or animals with symptoms suspicious for this disease. Persons who have had animal saliva on their mucous membranes or have salivated damaged areas of the skin (cuts, scratches, cracks) are also subject to vaccination.
Vaccine doses are 1 - 3 ml. In case of salivation, a course of vaccination is prescribed, including 15 vaccinations; in case of bites by sick animals - 20 or more vaccinations. The vaccine is injected under the skin in the abdomen daily.
Rice. 4. The photo shows the rabies vaccine and the COCAV vaccine.
The rabies vaccine has proven its effectiveness over many years of use in many countries around the world. Don't refuse rabies vaccinations!
Rice. 5. The rabies vaccine is injected into the upper third of the shoulder.
Skipping rabies vaccinations results in an ineffective vaccination course.
Preventive immunization of persons with increased risk rabies infection is carried out in vaccination rooms of healthcare institutions. The vaccine is administered on days 0, 7 and 30. Revaccination is carried out every other year. Subsequently, vaccination is carried out once every 3 years, one injection.
Employees of veterinary institutions, laboratory employees, gamekeepers, foresters, commercial hunters and dog catchers are subject to vaccination.
During therapeutic and prophylactic immunization, the vaccinated person is issued a “Certificate of preventive vaccinations”, where the name of the vaccination, series, dose, frequency and date of receipt of the vaccine are noted.
Rice. 6. Dog catchers and gamekeepers are subject to preventive immunization against rabies.
Any animal bite should be considered as a likely source of infection with rabies viruses. The victim should immediately seek medical help.
Prevention of rabies among domestic animals includes a whole range of measures:
1) Catching stray animals - dogs and cats and destroying stray dogs with symptoms of rabies.
2) Carrying out quarantine measures and laboratory diagnostics of each case of rabies.
3) Pet owners must register their dog, use a muzzle when walking, and keep the dog on a leash.
Rice. 7. When walking dogs, the owner of the animal must use a muzzle.
4) Dog owners should provide their pets with annual preventive immunization. The first rabies vaccination is carried out from the age of 3 one month old. Subsequently, vaccination is carried out annually. Unvaccinated animals are prohibited from being transported on trains and planes, exhibited at exhibitions, or used for official purposes, for hunting or breeding.
Rice. 8. Carrying out annual preventive immunization against rabies is the responsibility of every dog owner.
Every animal brought into the house from the street can be a carrier of fungi, worms or viruses. Every volunteer is a priori prepared for this risk, but one should not forget about the safety of one’s own animals and family members. “The old fashioned way”, we are used to treating everything with bleach, but this is not a panacea for all cases.
Almost all types skin diseases, one way or another, are associated with fungi. The universally recognizable lichen of all types and styles is fungal infection skin. By the way, scabies is not a lichen, but a mite, and it can be eliminated in the same way as fleas.
There is one thing common name"dermatophytosis", which implies that the animal has ringworm, trichophytosis, microsporia, favus or scab. Everything is contagious, everything is transmitted to humans, everything is difficult and takes a long time to treat. I would call these sores a jackpot only because I just cured them, just relaxed and a relapse occurs in one of the family members (two-legged or four-legged). You can become infected with this goodness anywhere, most volunteers grew up next to animals, so they are resistant to fungi, but animals and other people living with you may not have “armor.”
Anyone can “bring” fungi into the house and infect a healthy animal. The most common place for fungi and worms to live is in non-closing children's sandboxes.
After curing the fungi, preferably during the treatment process, it is advisable to quartz the premises in which the host lives. Quartz lamps cost differently, and their price directly depends on the power, coverage area and life of the lamp. If you regularly bring animals into your home, purchasing such a device is more than advisable. Simple example:
Will you wash everything by hand, keeping the timing in mind? Unless with a steam cleaner, yes, fungal spores are killed by high temperature, and literally everything can be treated with steam. Without quartz lamp and a steam cleaner, you will have to do it manually and hope that it helps:
Before you panic, keep in mind that if everyone living in the house has normal immunity and has already had shingles, the chances of catching it again are low. Treatment measures should be resorted to if the disease recurs immediately after treatment or if you have so many animals at home that it is impossible to keep track of them all.
Viruses are the apogee of all fears and nightmares. It is not always clear that you are bringing a virus carrier into your home; perhaps it is just a snotty kitten. Not always, healthy people become infected from virus carriers - it all depends on immunity to certain strains, the presence of vaccination, age and general condition healthy individuals.
The difficulty is that a sick animal does not always receive correct diagnosis, as a result, the ward dies, and it is scary to take further steps. From a logical point of view, after each virus carrier, the room must be thoroughly processed and quarantined; from a practical point of view, this is not always realistic. In the context of our topic, you need to know how stable viruses are in the external environment and whether they are vulnerable to disinfectants. For convenience, we will divide viruses into groups:
Let's immediately decide that virus and infection are two different things, the first is highly contagious, the second is contagious through close contact. Infections that are often diagnosed are chlamydia and mycoplasmosis. The infection does not live in the external environment; it needs to be warm, humid and a lot of food, and this combination can only be found “in a cat.” No special treatment of the premises is required after the animal has recovered.
Conjunctivitis is a highly contagious virus through direct contact and failure to comply with basic hygiene rules. Inflammation of the eyelids copious discharge from the eyes, gluing of the eyelids. The virus does not survive in the external environment.
| Viral disease | Survival in the external environment | Transmission routes | Processing means |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calicivirus | 7 days or more | Contact Fecal-oral Airborne | |
| Herpesvirus | up to 24 hours | Contact | Chlorine-containing and sanitary disinfectants. |
| Rabies | stable only in saliva | Bites Saliva Blood | Wet cleaning, steam treatment. Chloramine for treating animal accessories. |
Panleukopenia or feline distemper- a sore similar to canine enteritis. Characteristic signs: low number of blood leukocytes, destruction of the intestinal mucosa. A cat that has recovered from the disease can remain a virus carrier for a year or more.
Cats can carry the cowpox virus, which is dangerous to humans. The disease is very (!) rare and has not been recorded for a long time, is expressed by extensive skin lesions (scabs), and is transmitted by everyone using existing methods, the virus is released from all open scabs.
FIP ( viral peritonitis) - a complex, little-studied disease that is rarely correctly diagnosed. Before ascites appears, the cat is simply suffering from “something viral”, but in the event of ascites, the prognosis is clear and disappointing. Sometimes, the leak is accompanied by the appearance of a specific dry film on the eyes or something similar to uveitis (inflammation of the iris). In shelters, cats with FIP are not kept in quarantine until their health allows group living.
FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus, FIV)– develops secretly up to 6 weeks, after which high temperature, anemia, inflammation are observed skin, enlarged lymph nodes. Acute condition leads to death or “recovery”, after which the disease develops like HIV - the number of blood leukocytes gradually decreases. The virus is not dangerous for humans.
Feline viral leukemia– distinguish between acute and latent forms. In both cases, the cat dies within 2–4 years after infection. In the second case, the cat can remain a carrier for up to 3 years. Acute stage can be divided into three stages:
Coronavirus– another sore that is impossible to diagnose “by eye”. In addition, there are several strains of viruses and the “behavior” of each of them is a mystery. In outline:
Feline viral sarcoma– A rare disease manifested by multiple formations of tumors or ulcerative, non-healing skin lesions. The virus is transmitted from mother to kitten by contact of blood or saliva and blood (via a bite).
There is also viral bronchopneumonia, which is very rarely diagnosed and is considered a kennel disease. The symptoms are very similar to those in humans bacterial pneumonia: everything is fine, pneumonia develops sharply, the lungs fill with fluid, the animal dies. How exactly the virus is transmitted is unknown, but most likely through airborne droplets.
Personally, in my opinion, after keeping a virus-carrying dog, there are more “tasks”, especially if you have the desire/need to take a puppy into your home. But with puppies there is a universal solution - vaccinations. Of course, vaccination is not a guarantee, but it is safer than nothing. Again, in subjective opinion, no matter how much you vaccinate a cat, contact with a virus carrier is still dangerous; in the case of a dog, there is more than a 50% guarantee that it will “carry it through.”
You take almost no risk if you adopt a vaccinated animal after quarantine, but with quarantine everything is not so simple. Not a single reference book (even the USSR one) contains information about maximum period quarantine, there is a minimum, after which the situation is monitored and if no one is infected, the quarantine is lifted. The data listed below is also the minimum that must be expected, even if you plan to adopt a vaccinated animal.
Rabies – scary virus, which is rarely officially registered. It is terrible because it cannot be treated, poses a threat to surrounding animals and people, and always leads to death. In terms of quarantine, rabies is the most harmless virus, since it does not survive in the external environment (not in saliva).
Canine distemper (canine distemper, Carré disease)– a virus that infects dogs, wolves, foxes and animals from the mustelidae order. A sick animal has a fever and damage to the mucous membranes. gastrointestinal tract(vomiting, diarrhea), skin lesions, pneumonia, neurological disorders. A recovered dog remains a virus carrier for up to 3 months.
Parvovirus enteritis– a virus that kills a lot of puppies. Timely and meticulous treatment is most often effective. In recent years, vaccination has not been particularly encouraging.
Leptospirosis (infectious jaundice, Weill's disease)- a virus that is rarely diagnosed correctly; the main damage occurs in the liver. Sick dogs experience high fever, vomiting, diarrhea (sometimes with blood), yellowness of the mucous membranes, necrosis on the skin, and stoppage of peristalsis (intestinal atony).
Considering that leptospirosis can be transmitted to humans, among “dishonest veterinarians”, this diagnosis is very popular and it is made “by eye”. There is a test for leptospirosis, and only this can reveal the likelihood of an animal becoming infected.
Infectious hepatitis (adenovirus 1, Rubart's disease) is a virus that is rarely diagnosed, especially if treatment is carried out by eye, without examinations, medical history and observations. There are a few things you need to know about this problem:
Infectious tracheobronchitis (laryngotracheobronchitis)– diagnosis wide range, which is divided into types depending on the course of the disease, the severity of the cough, the presence of sputum, the rate of development and the presence of pneumonia. The cause of the pain may be:
After recovery, in theory, immunity is developed, but it is known for sure that it is not lifelong and the dog can get sick again. A dog that has suffered the disease remains a carrier for 2–3 months.
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