Treatment of atony of the forestomach in a cow. Hypotony of the proventriculus in cattle

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RF ALTAI STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

DEPARTMENT OF THERAPY AND PHARMACOLOGY

COURSE WORK

ON INTERNAL NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

CHRONIC HYPOTENSION AND ATONIA OF THE TREATSTOMACH

Is done by a student

correspondence course

Lazarev Eduard Gennadievich

Barnaul 2005

ANIMAL REGISTRATION

Type of animal: cattle Nickname: Zorka Gender: cow

Color: black and white

Age: 5 years, 7 months

Owner of the animal: Rozhkov Vladimir Ivanovich Address: Aleysk, st. Altaiskaya 55, t.22-1-62 Date of illness: January 16, 2005

ANAMNESIS OF LIFE

1. The animal was purchased in the same locality. 2. Kept in a wooden log barn, which is dark and damp. Ventilation is insufficient and there is no bedding on the plank floor. The animal is kept in a tethered state and there is no exercise for a long time.

Individual feeding, the diet consisted of low quality hay, straw, and frozen pulp.

Watering is individual, from the water supply ad libitum, the water is clean, but cold and with impurities of salts.

In this farmstead, a cow is kept to obtain milk from it. The annual milk yield from this cow is 2850 kg of milk.

At the time of examination and treatment, the cow was pregnant (third pregnancy), the last birth was on March 27, 2004. The last fruitful insemination, according to the owner, was July 27, 2004. The duration of the dry period in previous calvings was 54-65 days. Pathologies during childbirth and postpartum period did not have.

The epizootic state of this farmstead is good in terms of infectious diseases, just like the locality in which it is located.

This cow was regularly subjected to veterinary treatments and diagnostic tests 2 times a year for 5 years of life. The last ones were carried out in September 2004.

HISTORY OF THE DISEASE

This animal became ill after eating a large amount of cold, frozen pulp. Despite the fact that the cow had been fed low-nutrient roughage feed and the same pulp for a long time almost from the time it was put into winter housing, and clinical signs of the symptoms of the disease appeared only several months after the start of feeding the cow with the above-mentioned low-quality feed.

At the onset of the disease, the following clinical signs were noted: refusal to feed, general depression, lethargy. The cow lay a lot, milk yield sharply decreased. Body temperature was within physiological norm; pulse and breathing are increased. On the day of illness, chewing gum and belching are irregular, rare, with a shortened ruminant period. Gases released during belching have an unpleasant odor. The scar was very full and swollen. The consistency of the scar is compacted. Palpation of the scar area and the book caused pain and anxiety. At the time of illness, bowel movements were rare.

The cow previously suffered from mastitis, injuries to the pelvic limbs and left horn, hypodermatosis, and scabies.

In the observed farmstead (of cattle), there is only one cow, so there are no other animals with similar clinical signs. According to the cow's owner, she had similar symptoms before, but they went away on their own within 1-2 days.

The animal was previously treated against the diseases specified in paragraph 3 by veterinarians of the Aleisk Animal Disease Control Station, where all the necessary veterinary preventive and diagnostic measures were taken.

The last time the cow was subjected to diagnostic and preventive treatments was in September 2004: a blood serum test for RID leukemia - September 9, 2004 - the result was negative. Blood serum test for brucellosis - September 12, 2004 - negative result. Allergy test for tuberculosis - September 3, 2004 - negative result. Vaccination against anthrax and emkar - September 3, 2004. Treatment against the subcutaneous gadfly with the drug “Hypodectin” - October 17, 2004.

GENERAL RESEARCH

On the day the animal fell ill, the owner of the cow called a veterinarian to the house to find out the causes of the disease, make a diagnosis and further treatment. Clinical examination revealed the following:

disorders and signs: The body position was forced to lie down, with signs of scar swelling. Nutrition is unsatisfactory, on the verge of exhaustion. There was general depression, pulse and breathing were increased. The animal refused food and acted scared or anxious. The Constitution is loose.

Temperament - calm. Temperament - kind.

SKIN EXAMINATION

The skin color in non-pigmented areas is pale pink, anemic, in distant areas it is sometimes bluish. Skin elasticity is reduced.

Temperature. When examining symmetrical areas of the lateral surfaces of the chest and limbs, the temperature is almost the same. The skin is moderately warm, equally expressed in symmetrical areas. No general or local increase in temperature was detected.

Humidity is increased. Local sweating is noted in the withers area. The sweat is warm and sticky with a specific putrid-sour odor.

PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE SKIN

There were no obvious violations of the integrity of the skin; there were only minor contaminated wounds on the lateral pelvic limbs, caused by the uneven floor in the stall.

Skin lesions in the form of vesicles or pustules from scabies mites were found in the sacrum area. Lice were found in the hair in the neck and withers area.

STUDY OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES

Conjunctiva - no discharge from the inner corner of the eyes was observed. Conjunctiva, nasal mucosa, lips, oral cavity, vagina -

pale pink, anemic. Various overlays and foreign bodies- not revealed as a result of the inspection. Humidity: moderately humid, without swelling or puffiness. No integrity violations were identified.

LYMPH NODE EXAMINATION

When examining the lymph nodes: prescapular, knee fold and suprauterine, the following deviations from the norm were revealed.

Magnitude. The suprauterus were slightly enlarged The lymph nodes. The shape and surface of all the above nodes are normal.

Mobility - the prescapular lymph nodes turned out to be somewhat inactive.

The consistency is dense and painless.

Temperature - no increase in local temperature (lymph nodes are moderately warm).

BODY TEMPERATURE

During the entire period of observation and treatment, the body temperature of the animal under study varied up and down, but within the range of 37.5 - 39.5. There may have been temperature deviations from the norm, but at night it was not measured by the attending physician.

STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS. CARDIOVASCULAR CHCTKMA

Heart beat. In a sick cow, the intensity of the cardiac impulse was observed in the 4th intercostal space; it was moderate in strength.

The nature of the cardiac impulse is limited (localized). Rhythm - rhythmic.

When determining absolute and relative dullness of the heart by percussion, it was determined that the zone of absolute dullness of the heart was not enlarged. By determining the upper and posterior borders of the heart, it was established that the borders of the heart were not changed or displaced.

The soreness of the cardiac region in a sick cow was determined by the upper and posterior border of the heart. Upper limit the heart runs along the line of the shoulder joint, and the back along the 5th rib (up to the 6th rib).

During auscultation of the heart, it was determined that the heart sounds were muffled and the systolic tone was increased.

Rhythm - rhythmic tones.

Heart sounds in a cow were heard at the following points: the semilunar valves of the aorta - in the 4th intercostal space on the left at the level of the horizontal line of the shoulder joint, the bicuspid valve - in the 4th intercostal space 2-3 fingers below this line, the semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery in the 3rd m intercostal space at the level of the bicuspid valve, on the right - point tricuspid valve in the 4th intercostal space 2-3 fingers below the line of the shoulder joint.

PULSE

In a sick cow, the pulse rate was determined on the hidden artery (Saphen artery), located in the middle of the lower leg, as well as median artery tail On the day of examination, the number of pulse beats was 107-115 beats per minute. During the period of observation and treatment of the animal, the pulse rate on different days was different, from 50 - 80 beats per minute (normal physiological state), to 100 - 118 during the period of accumulation of gases and swelling of the rumen.

The rhythm is predominantly rhythmic. According to the tension of the vascular wall, it is somewhat harsh.

The filling is moderate. According to the tension of the vascular wall, it is hard or soft. The size of the pulse wave is average. The nature of the decline in the pulse wave is moderately declining.

Vein research. The jugular and mammary veins of a sick cow were examined. The integrity of the veins is not compromised; veins are filled - moderately; Minor compactions were found in some areas of the veins. Venous pulse is positive.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

UPPER SECTION.

The study cow had bilateral nasal discharge. The quantity is moderate.

Color - grayish, opaque, mucous consistency. The nature of the discharge is serous-mucosal.

There were impurities in the outflow, but it seemed that they consisted of

The exhaled air is moderately warm, without any special odors.

Accessory nasal cavities (maxillary and frontal) without visible damage, symmetrical, painless, local temperature is not increased.

LARYNX. Upon examination it was determined that there were no changes in the position of the head. The cow held and turned her head naturally.

Palpation of the larynx revealed no swelling, tumors, deformation of the laryngeal cartilage or other changes.

The soreness of the larynx was immediately identified, since the owner of the cow wanted to independently, before contacting a veterinarian, insert a rubber hose to release gases accumulated in the rumen, but he was unable to insert it correctly, only injuring the larynx and part of the esophagus.

TRACHEA. No swelling, deformation, fractures, or tenderness of the trachea were detected.

Auscultation revealed increased tracheal breathing and moist rales. In addition, a rare cough was detected, short in duration, weak in strength, wet or hoarse in nature.

THYROID.

In the studied cow, it is not enlarged, has a hard consistency, and is painless.

RIB CAGE

Form chest moderately rounded, symmetrical.

The type of breathing is thoraco-abdominal, as a result of slight compression by accumulated gases in the forestomach - the respiratory organs in the chest.

BREATHING MOVEMENTS.

The respiratory rate of the cow at the time of examination was 35-38 breaths per minute. The examination also determined the integrity of the ribs and intercostal muscles. No pain or hidden violations of the integrity of the ribs and muscles were revealed by palpation.

The posterior percussion borders of the lungs are shifted forward to the 10-11th rib on the left, to the 10th rib on the right.

The character of the percussion sound is dull.

Auscultation was carried out in a certain sequence: middle - anterior and middle - posterior, upper - anterior and upper - posterior, lower section chest and prescapular region. The main respiratory sounds are vesicular and bronchial breathing. Vesicular respiration weakened. Additional noises - wheezing.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. FOOD AND DRINKING

APPETITE - reduced, sometimes absent. Ingestion of food and water was difficult, and a decrease in water intake was noted.

The method of receiving feed and water is incorrect (the cow sniffs the feed for a long time, licks it with her tongue, digs with her nose in the feeder). Chewing is sluggish, intermittent, and the distinct sound of teeth grinding can be heard.

Chewing gum is broken, sluggish, painful or completely absent.

Belching in the studied animal was rarely observed, and if it did occur, it consisted of gases with a sour putrefactive odor; regurgitation with sour food masses was less common.

Swallowing is difficult and painful (as a result of damage to the larynx and esophagus by the hose).

ORAL CAVITY

ORAL SPLIT - closed. Lips are compressed, lip tone is increased, symmetrical. No tumors, wounds, abrasions, ulcers, or scratches were found. The smell from the mouth is putrid and sour. The mucous membrane is pale pink, the humidity is moderate. Swellings, edema of the hard palate, plaques, erosions, wounds and foreign bodies were not detected.

GUMS - with traces of mechanical damage in the form of scratches (from rough fixation when the hose was inserted by the owner), there is no bleeding, but the gums are swollen and pale.

TONGUE - moist, with a grayish-white coating. The tongue moves freely, there are no abrasions, cracks or ulcers found on it. Teeth of the correct shape, correctly positioned with correct bite, there are black-brown spots on the molars, there are carious lesions, but no pain was detected when palpated. There are no missing teeth, no broken or chipped teeth.

PHARYNX. External examination and palpation revealed: the position of the head and neck is natural, the head is raised, the local temperature is not elevated, there is slight swelling and pain in the walls. It was impossible to carry out an internal examination efficiently due to the lack of a laryngoscope with a light source, so they diagnosed only methodpalpation and inspection.

ESOPHAGUS. Slight swelling and tenderness were noted. Passing a food coma is difficult, perhaps simply painful.

SALIVARY GLANDS. Upon examination and palpation of the parotid and submandibular glands, no swelling, pain, trauma, other damage or functional disorder were detected.

ABDOMINAL WALLS. At visual inspection I immediately discovered asymmetrical abdominal walls, due to swelling of the scar and protrusion of the abdominal wall outward (on the left side). The tone of the abdominal muscles is increased.

FOREASTOMACHES OF RUMINANTS

SCAR. Palpation determined the pain and filling of the scar, which was filled with solid contents and gases. The number of rumen contractions in 5 minutes was 2 very weak, short-lived contractions. Auscultation determined the presence of faint noises in the rumen. Percussion sound in the area hungry hole- tympanic, and in the lower part of the scar - dull or dull.

NET. When pressing (test for reticulitis) in the area of ​​the xiphoid process of the sternum and percussion along the line of attachment of the diaphragm (along the 12th intercostal space, along the shoulder joint, 10th intercostal space, in the area of ​​​​the articulation of the ribs with cartilage - 8th intercostal space on the left), there is no pain installed. Other tests for reticulitis: a) gathering the skin into a fold in the withers area, b) raising the head to a horizontal position of the bridge of the nose while simultaneously gathering the skin into a fold in the withers area (Ryugg’s method), c) Ryugg’s method is combined with pressure on the area of ​​the xiphoid process, d) slow hand pressure in the 10th intercostal space on the left and right, r) milking of the first nipples (to diagnose reticulo-peritonitis) - no confirmation of reticulitis or peritonitis was given.

BOOK. Pressure in the area of ​​the 8th-9th intercostal spaces and percussion did not detect any obvious pain. Book noises during auscultation are rare and difficult to hear. Percussion sound is dull.

ABOMASUM. Pressing with the hand placed under the costal arch, I did not find any obvious pain in the area of ​​the abomasum. Peristalsis of the abomasum during auscultation is rare or completely absent. Percussion sound is dull.

INTESTINE - thin and thick sections. Their peristalsis is weakened or completely absent. Percussion sound is dull or dull.

LIVER. The area of ​​hepatic dullness is slightly enlarged. In the cow under study, the hepatic dullness in the 12th intercostal space reaches the line of the ischial tuberosity, and in the 11th intercostal space slightly below the line of the middle of the scapula.

SPLEN - in cattle is not available for research.

DEFECATION. In a sick cow it is rare or absent for a long time. The animal's posture is unnatural (expressed in protrusion of the abdominal wall in the area of ​​the scar and sometimes supine position). The act of defecation is rare, but painful (after using therapeutic preventive measures- diarrhea was observed).

CAL. There was no bowel movement on the day of illness, after use medicinal drugs didn't stand out a large number of stool of dense consistency. Subsequently, it was brown-green in color, mushy consistency, and had a specific sour or putrid odor. Feed digestibility is poor. There were impurities in the form of mucus and gray films on the surface and in the internal layers of the feces, dark and tarry blood on the surface of the fecal masses.

RECTAL EXAMINATION. The tone of the anal sphincter is moderate. Filling of the rectum - a lot of feces. The mucous membrane is hot, moderately moist, swollen, painful. No tumors or damage to the integrity of the intestines were detected. The rumen is very full, slightly swollen, its contents have a dense consistency. The contents of the large and small intestines were also of dense consistency; there was an increase in certain areas of the large intestine and its soreness. I was unable to palpate the size and consistency of the liver.

GINOROGENITAL SYSTEM

BUD. The cow's left kidney was palpated rectally (the right one was inaccessible during rectal examination). I established: the position is normal, not enlarged, rounded lobular shape, elastic consistency, I did not notice any pain.

URETERS - pain, degree of their enlargement, presence urinary stones not detected.

BLADDER. Examined rectally, located in the pelvic, partly in the abdominal cavity. Round in shape, moderately filled, elastic consistency, no stones or tumors were found.

URETHRA. The traffic is free. No wounds, swellings, neoplasms or urinary stones were found.

URINATION. The frequency is rare. The posture is unnatural (impossibility to hunch your back due to overfilling and swelling of the scar). The process of urination is difficult or even painful.

GENITAL ORGANS

VULVA, VAGINA. When examined using a vaginal speculum, it was revealed that there were no injuries, neoplasms, hemorrhages or swelling. Local temperature is normal. The condition of the mucous membrane is normal (color pale pink with a yellowish tint). No leakage, discharge, foreign odor or pain was detected.

CERVIX. The position is central. The opening of the cervical canal is closed, the neck has an elastic cylindrical shape, and is slightly displaced into the abdominal cavity. The surface is folded, the consistency is dense, no wounds, ulcers, cysts or pain were detected.

UTERUS. She was examined rectally, her position in the abdominal cavity was shifted to the right, she was pregnant. Inactive, some parts of the fetal body can be felt inside, fluctuation of amniotic fluid is noted. The tone of the uterus is moderate, of dense consistency. The size of the fetus corresponds to a six-month gestation period.

OVARIES. Not enlarged, round in shape, the surface is lumpy, the consistency is elastic, there is a yellow body. No pain, cysts or other pathologies were detected.

The oviducts are thickened, dense, painless.

UDDER. The shape is round, during the period of illness it is reduced in volume. The hair is preserved, the skin color of the udder is pale (anemic). No damage was found in the form of bruises, scratches, cracks, ulcers, or rashes. The swelling and temperature of the udder in symmetrical areas are almost the same. The elasticity of the udder skin is reduced, the consistency of the udder is moderately dense, with mild pain. The nipples are broadened in shape at the base, short, the volume of the nipples is not increased. The condition of the skin around the opening of the nipples is covered brown crusts, spontaneous discharge from the nipples was not noticed. The consistency of the nipples is dense. During palpation during examination, soreness of the nipples was observed from infected microcracks and dry skin of the nipple. The sphincter tone is moderate, the nipple canal cannot be palpated, but its patency is not impaired. No milk stones were found in the cistern or nipple canal. The stream of milk being milked is divided into several streams.

MILK. White in color with a yellowish tint, sour odor, homogeneous watery consistency, there are minor flake impurities. The reaction of milk to mastitis was not carried out.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

GENERAL CONDITION - depressed; no signs of agitation or aggression were observed during the entire period of observation and treatment.

SKULL AND SPINE - without visible damage or injury. The bones of this group are without neoplasms or protrusions, only slight softening of the bone tissue is noted, all contour lines are relatively symmetrical. There was a downward curvature of the spinal column (lordosis), however, deformation of the vertebrae and their pain were not observed with preserved pain sensitivity.

SOMATIC DEPARTMENT

Skin SENSITIVITY and pain are preserved. Deep sensitivity (determined by abducting the thoracic limb forward and backward, while the cow independently placed the abducted limb in a natural position) was preserved, but slightly reduced.

Superficial reflexes: skin - ear, withers, coronary, abdominal, caudal, anal - reduced. Deep reflexes are reduced.

ENGINESPHERE

Muscle tone and motor ability are reduced as a result of inadequate feeding and violation of housing conditions from winter stabling. For three months the cow was not allowed to go for a walk, as a result of which functional and dystrophic changes occurred in the motor sphere.

SENSE ORGANS

VISION - preserved, but somewhat weakened in both eyes (as a result of prolonged detention in a dimly lit barn).

Eyelids - without eversion, swelling, loss of integrity, pain.

The palpebral fissure is normal.

The eyeball is without retraction, protrusion, or strabismus. Ocular media - the cornea is transparent, smooth.

The iris has a smooth surface, a specific color,

pupil - normal size; characteristic shape. The lens is without opacity.

The fundus was not examined due to the lack of an ophthalmoscope.

HEARING ORGANS. Hearing is reduced. Integrity ears not broken. The discharge is not significant and serous in nature. The patency of the external auditory canal is not impaired.

SMELL. The animal did not adequately react to the unusual smell of hellebore tincture, therefore, the sense of smell was not lost.

STUDY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Using the ocular reflex, the animal was found to be normotensive.

PROPULSION APPARATUS

The placement of the limbs is close, because the pelvic limbs were brought under the body. During the wiring, no lameness was detected. Movements are cautious, even difficult. When the animal moved (when observed from the side), a shortening of the step, inward rotation of the limbs, insufficient bending in the joints, and painful forward movement of the pelvic limbs were determined.

CONDITION OF THE HOOVES. At rest and in movement, the animal rests on the entire hoof. Swelling of the corollas was noted. The surface of the hooves is rough, ringed with cracks. The shape of the hooves is oblique and compressed; por - flabby, overgrown. The shape of the sole is convex at the heels; growth of the arrow and detachment of the horn is noted. Asymmetry of the crumbs and their swelling were revealed on all limbs.

CONDITION OF THE TENDON-LIGATION OF THE OPTIONAL APPARATUS. No damage to the integrity or pain of the tendon-ligamentous apparatus was detected. The skeleton is rough, lumpy; softening of the ribs and caudal vertebrae was noted.

CONCLUSION

Based on clinical and anamnestic data, a diagnosis was made - “Chronic hypotension and atony of the proventriculus.”

EPICRISIS

hypotension forestomach disease cow

1. When analyzing the presented material and taking into account all the features, this disease of the cow should be considered as chronic hypotension and atony of the forestomach. This disease is classified as a disease digestive system.

Etiology of the disease. Chronic hypotension and atony often develop from acute ones. They are independently caused by a diet that is monotonous in type and low in nutritional value. In this case, the cow was fed for a long time on dry straw, coarse late-mown hay, sometimes chaff, as well as low-quality frozen and soured pulp. In the case under consideration, prolonged deprivation of the cow's exercise contributed to the emergence of the causes of the disease more than once. Secondary (concomitant) hypotension and atony of the proventriculus with a chronic course also appear when there is a metabolic disorder due to protein, mineral and vitamin deficiency. In our case, no additional laboratory research blood serum for biochemical composition. But even without biochemical research blood, by analyzing the structure of the diet, one can judge obvious metabolic disorders and their deficiency. Co. secondary causes the occurrence of hypotension also includes: disorders of carbohydrate and fat metabolism; inflammation of various parts gastrointestinal tract; liver diseases (abscess, cirrhosis, echinococcosis, fascioliasis) and kidneys. In this case, the cow under study has most of the above predisposing factors.

Pathogenesis. Due to prolonged disruption of the motor activity of the proventriculus, as well as in acute hypotension, the composition of microorganisms changes, the putrefactive processes of the rumen contents intensify, the pH changes towards an acidic reaction, and toxins accumulate. The latter, along with the liquid part of the contents, are absorbed, causing intoxication. The composition of ciliates changes or they disappear. Chronic hypotension due to disturbances in protein, carbohydrate, mineral metabolism and vitamin deficiency, accompanied by acidosis, causes depression of the cortical, subcortical centers and the peripheral nervous system. In the proventriculus, the formation of B vitamins is disrupted. The ensuing disorder of the motor-secretory and other functions of the stomach and intestines causes digestive disorders, reduces the barrier and pigment function of the liver, and increases intoxication.

Clinical picture. The study cow had decreased appetite; sometimes she would refuse food completely. There was general depression, lethargy, the cow lay a lot, and milk yields sharply decreased. His hair was disheveled and his back was hunched. Body temperature for the entire observed period was within the physiological norm. Increased heart rate and respiration were observed. Chewing gum and belching are not regular, with a shortened ruminant period; sometimes completely absent. The gases released during belching had an unpleasant sour-putrid odor. The degree of filling and swelling of the rumen varies on different days. The consistency of the rumen contents is often compacted. Palpation of the scar area caused pain and anxiety. Scar contractions during the study were rare and sometimes completely disappeared. Defecation is rare. Appetite was restored for a short time, and general condition improved. However, these periods passed, the intoxication of the body intensified and the state of health worsened again. Due to the owner’s lack of other higher quality feed, difficulties arose in eliminating the root causes (poor quality feed). Due to a long-term lack of exercise, the cow exhibited functional and degenerative changes in musculoskeletal system.

In making the diagnosis, I was guided by the following data: 1) Anamnesis - the animal is local, and the area is free from infectious diseases. The sick animal was regularly subjected to veterinary preventive and diagnostic examinations and treatments. Violation of conditions of detention, regime and adequacy of feeding, lack of exercise. The cow had previously noticed similar symptoms, which went away without treatment. 2) Etiologies - feeding for a long time with low-quality and low-calorie roughage and pulp. There was no exercise for a long time. 3) Clinical signs - weakened motility of the proventriculus and intestines, accumulation of gases in the rumen. Refusal to feed or intake of small amounts, rare bowel movements, compacted feces. Fading, cessation or alternation of all of the above symptoms.

Treatment begins with eliminating the causes of the disease. In this case, it was not possible to change the structure of the diet to high-quality feed due to the owner’s lack of it. We had to choose better quality batches from the same stack and exclude pulp from the diet.

On the day the cow owner contacted the veterinarian and after comprehensive research and diagnostic measures, treatment was applied to the sick animal. The first technique was to insert an esophageal tube to release gases from the rumen and pour water into it to soften the contents. After some time, to prevent the absorption of fermentation products from the rumen into the blood, the cow was prescribed vegetable oil internally and also as a laxative. An oil emulsion was administered through the rectum in the form of an enema to empty the intestines. In the evening, he prescribed a solution of hellebore tincture to enhance peristalsis. In the morning, after being freed from the gastrointestinal tract, the cow was injected intravenously with 200 ml of 10% calcium chloride solution mixed with 400 ml of 40% glucose solution and 10 ml of caffeine solution subcutaneously. They gave the cow warm salted water. After the therapeutic measures, improving the quality of feed and walking the cow along the street, by the end of 2 days her condition had improved. Relapses alternated with improvements within 8 days and the cow had to repeatedly apply drug treatment.

Prevention measures of this disease boil down to proper feeding of animals at different times of their keeping, compliance with sanitary and zoohygienic standards during feeding and keeping, mandatory active exercise during the winter-stall period of keeping (on a leash).

3CONCLUSION

The animal was under observation for 8 days. The effectiveness of treatment would be higher if the owner, at least during the treatment period, changed the available feed to better quality ones. Treatment was applied to a sick animal only when the owner brought the attending physician to the animal in cases of relapse. The owner was given advice and recommendations on further care and feeding of the animal, but if they are not followed, the disease will certainly arise again.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. “Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals” edition 6, edited by Professor I.G. Sharabrina Moscow 1985.

. “Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals” edition 4 Moscow 1972.

Internal non-communicable diseases of large cattle edition 4 edited by Professor P.S. Ionova, Moscow 1985.

Prevention and treatment of non-communicable animal diseases in special farms and complexes, edited by Doctor of Biological Sciences V.E. Chumachenko, Kyiv “Harvest” 1986.

Clinical diagnosis of internal diseases of farm animals, edited by V.I. Zaitseva, Moscow “Spike”, 1971.

Pathological physiology farm animals, edited by Professor A.A. Zhuravel, Moscow “Spike”, 1977.

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Introduction

1. Basic methods of clinical research

2. Plan clinical trial animals

3. Features of the study of the digestive system of cattle

3.1 Scar examination

3.2 Mesh study

3.3 Study of the book

3.4 Abomasum examination

4. Etiology

5. Pathogenesis

6. Clinical picture

7. Diagnosis

8. Differential diagnosis

9. Forecast

10. Treatment

11. Prevention of hypotension of the forestomach in cattle

List of used literature

Introduction

Atony(from the Greek atonia - relaxation, lethargy), decreased tone of skeletal muscles or internal organs. With atony, muscles lose their firmness, elasticity, their ability to contract decreases (hypotonia) or stops completely. Atony occurs as a result of general degenerative processes, nervous and endocrine disorders, intoxications and other reasons. Most often observed in animals individual organs digestion, being a symptom of multiple diseases.

Atony of the proventriculus (Atonia ruminis, reticuli et omasi) - cessation of motility of the rumen, mesh and book. Usually manifests itself in the form of hypotension. It is observed mainly in cattle kept in stalls.

Goal: to study diagnostic methods and features clinical manifestation diseases.

1. Basic methods of clinical research

These include inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation and thermometry.

Inspection- the simplest and most accessible of the general (basic) methods. According to the method of its application, inspection can be group and individual, general and local, visual and instrumental, external and internal. By inspection, the habitus is determined, the general condition and the nature of local violations are assessed. In some cases, based on the appearance of the animal, it is possible to accurately, quickly and accurately make a clinical diagnosis of the disease.

Palpation(palpation) is based on the sense of touch and volume (stereometry), allows you to determine the physical properties of organs and tissues, size, shape, consistency, sensitivity, temperature, displacement and displaceability of tissues and organs, the nature of their surfaces. According to the method of palpation, palpation can be superficial, deep and internal. Superficial palpation is carried out without pressure, using sliding movements. Deep palpation is carried out with significant pressure with the fingers to determine pathological processes under the skin, in the organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Varieties of deep palpation - sliding, penetrating, deep, bimanual (two hands) and jerking (balloting) palpation. Internal palpation is carried out in large animals through the rectum. By palpation you can examine the oral cavity and vagina.

Percussion(tapping) allows for character sound vibrations determine the boundaries of organs (topographic percussion) and measure their quality, which allows one to draw a conclusion about the nature of the pathological changes occurring in the tissues (qualitative, comparative percussion). There are direct and mediocre percussion. The direct method consists of applying short blows to the part of the body being examined with one or two fingers of the hand, folded together and slightly curved. Mediocre percussion can be digital or instrumental. Digital is performed by hitting a finger on a finger-pessimeter, and instrumental is performed using a percussion hammer and a pessimeter. According to the technique of execution, a distinction is made between staccato percussion (with abrupt, short, strong blows of the hammer) and legato (slow blows that linger on the plessimeter), used to determine the boundaries of organs and tissues. There are also deep (strong) and superficial (weak) percussion. Percussion can obtain data to tissue depths from 2 to 7 cm.

Auscultation(auscultation) consists of listening to sound phenomena occurring in functioning organs (heart, lungs, intestines), as well as in the chest and abdominal cavities. A distinction is made between direct and mediocre (using stethoscopes, phonendoscopes, stethophonendoscopes) auscultation. Auscultation provides valuable data on the state of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive systems, with dropsy, pleurisy and peritonitis, as well as with some diseases of the joints, tendon bursae, vaginas and ligaments.

Thermometry. When measuring an animal's body temperature, use a regular (maximum) thermometer. Thermometry is carried out rectally for at least 10 minutes. Contact and non-contact electrothermometers are designed for faster measurements. In healthy animals, normal temperature fluctuates within small limits characteristic of a given species, age, breed, and also depending on external factors (humidity and air movement, solar radiation, etc.)

2. Animal clinical study plan

Animal registration . An animal admitted to a veterinary clinic must first be registered: information characterizing the patient must be entered into the outpatient register, medical history and dispensary card. When registering, indicate the date of receipt of the animal; information about the owner, including his address; type of animal, its breed, gender, age, weight, color and markings, nickname, serial number or brand.

Animal arrival dateV clinic, information Oowner. The information listed is necessary to record the work of a veterinarian and in cases where it is necessary to issue a certificate.

Kind of animal. Some diseases occur only in animals of a certain species: for example, emphysematous carbuncle, malignant catarrhal fever, general pneumonia - in cattle; glanders, washed - in horses and donkeys; erysipelas - in pigs, etc. When providing therapeutic assistance it is necessary to take into account the species sensitivity of animals to medications: cattle cannot tolerate mercury drugs, cats cannot tolerate phenol, etc.

Breed. From veterinary practice It is known that purebred animals are more susceptible to diseases than mongrel ones: for example, mixed-breed dogs easily suffer from plague, but in purebred dogs it is severe, with complications and often ends in death. There is also a breed predisposition to diseases.

Floor. It is important to indicate it in order to take into account the possibility of the occurrence of a disease characteristic of a given gender. In addition, gender characteristics are taken into account when choosing research methods and prescribing medications.

Age. Some diseases are registered only at a certain age: for example, dyspepsia - in the first days of life, rickets - at an early age, etc. Age is taken into account when prescribing pharmacological drugs and predicting the outcome of the disease.

Weight. You need to know the mass in order to dose medications correctly. By weight they also judge the sufficiency of the animal’s nutrition.

Color and markings. Some diseases are characteristic of animals of a certain color: for example, melanosarcomatosis for gray horses; exanthemas occur on non-pigmented areas of the skin (buckwheat and clover diseases).

Nickname, serial number, brand. Information is especially important when keeping animals in groups.

Anamnesis collection. Anamnesis (anamnesis, from the Greek recollection, recollection) is information O animal, which are obtained by interviewing the owner or service personnel.

Although anamnestic data sometimes turns out to be decisive in diagnosis, they should nevertheless be treated critically, since they can be subjective, and in other cases false (if the person through whose fault the animal became ill is interested).

The anamnesis consists of two parts: a life history (anamnesis vitae) and an anamnesis of the disease (anamnesis morbi) - information related directly to the disease.

Anamnesis of life includes information about the origin of the animal, the conditions of its keeping, feeding, watering, the purpose of the animal, past diseases, as well as veterinary treatments and research.

Origin of the animal. Find out whether the animal is home-grown or purchased. If the animal was purchased, then at what age, in what area (district, region, region, etc.), what is known about the supplying farm, whether diseases of infectious or other etiology are registered in the area where the animal came from. If the animal is homegrown, then you need to check with the owner how it grew, developed, and what developmental abnormalities were noted. Information about the parent couple is important, as genetically determined diseases are possible.

Conditions of feeding, watering, keeping. Information is needed on the quantity, quality, and nutritional value of feed; the nature of pastures (cultivated or natural), their characteristics (wet, swampy, etc.); feeding and watering regime. If the animals are carnivores, then specify the type of food: dry, canned, fresh or frozen meat, fresh or frozen fish (river, sea); weekly diet. Indicate in which room the animals are kept and what its zoohygienic condition is, the timeliness of cleaning and disinfection; personnel qualifications.

Purpose of the animal. There are productive, work, sports, and official purposes. The mode of operation of the animal is specified (if the animal is productive, then weight gain).

Information about past illnesses. It is important to know at what age and what the animal was sick with in order to have an idea of ​​the consequences of the illness.

Veterinary treatments and research. IN In accordance with veterinary legislation, animals should be prophylactically treated against some dangerous infectious diseases, and in addition, regular diagnostic tests (blood, urine, feces, etc.) for brucellosis, leukemia, tuberculosis, glanders, etc. are required. If these studies and treatments have not been carried out, then during diagnosis it is impossible to immediately exclude these diseases.

3. Features of the study of the digestive system of cattle

In all species of ruminants, with the exception of camels, the stomach consists of four sections: the proventriculus - the rumen, the mesh and book, which are an extension of the esophagus, and the abomasum, which corresponds to the stomach itself (Fig. 1). The stomach of camels consists of three sections - the rumen, the mesh and the abomasum; unlike other ruminants, camels do not have a book. There are no digestive glands in the proventriculus; they are present in the abomasum, where gastric juice is secreted, similar to the gastric juice of monogastric animals. Digestive processes in the proventriculus, especially in the rumen, are carried out by microbial fermentation of feed due to the mutually beneficial symbiosis of the animal’s body with the microflora and microfauna living in the proventriculus.

With inadequate and unbalanced feeding, feeding of poor-quality feed, as well as under the influence of pathological reflexes from other organs, disturbances of rumen digestion, various dysfunctions of other parts of the complex stomach and metabolism can be observed.

Figure 1. Organs of the abdominal cavity of a cow on the left side (the scar and part of the mesh have been removed): 1-legs of the diaphragm; 2 - left adrenal gland; 3 - pancreas; 4, 5, 8 and 9 - meningeal colon; 6.7 - jejunum; 10 - cecum; II - uterus, 12, 13 - omental leaves; 14 - esophagus; 15 - mesh gutter; 16 - mesh; 17- strand of scar and mesh; 18- book; 19 - its leaves; 20 - book-rennet hole; 21 - abomasum; 22 - additional lobe of the lung; 23 - cardiac sac; 24 - tendon center of the diaphragm and the edge of the liver; 25 - abdominal aorta and caudal vena cava; 26 - left kidney; 27- thoracic aorta and azygos vein; 28- mediastinal lymph nodes; 29 - 13th ribs

3.1 Scar examination

The rumen - rumen - is the first section of the multi-chamber stomach of ruminants (Figure 2), it is the largest of the sections, its capacity in adult cattle, depending on the breed and size of the animals, is even more than 200 liters, in sheep and goats - 13-23 liters. The scar occupies almost the entire left half of the abdominal cavity from the diaphragm to the entrance to the pelvis, and behind and below partially extends to the right half of the abdominal cavity.

Figure 2. Cattle rumen.

When examining a scar, valuable data for judging its condition are provided by inspection, palpation, auscultation and percussion. IN necessary cases instrumental and laboratory research methods are used.

Studyscar by physical methods . By examination, the volume and shape of the abdomen and the degree of filling of the hungry pits are determined. In healthy animals, before feeding, both halves of the abdomen are more or less equal in volume, and after feeding, the left half increases slightly, and the hungry pit is more leveled out. When the rumen is overfilled with feed masses and gases, the area of ​​the left hungry fossa protrudes greatly, the stomach takes on a rounded shape, and during fasting, prolonged malnutrition due to poor appetite, with prolonged diarrhea, the hunger pits become severely sunken, and the volume of the abdomen decreases.

In the left hungry fossa in healthy animals, periodic wave-like protrusion of the abdominal wall, caused by movements of the rumen, can be observed. When the rumen contracts, spreading over its surface in the form of a contracting wave, the feed masses, moving (from the right and below, up and to the left) into the dorsal sac of the rumen, cause a rapid protrusion of the left hungry fossa, which is not difficult to notice during observation. Previously, it was believed that periodic contractions of the rumen occur as peristaltic and antiperistaltic. The experiments of I.P. Salmin on polyfistula animals revealed that instead of peristaltic and antiperistaltic contractions, the 1st and 2nd rounds of constricting contractions of various parts of the rumen occur.

The most valuable indicators when examining a scar are provided by palpation. Using this method, the contents of the rumen walls and their sensitivity, the degree of filling, the nature and consistency of the contents, the strength, rhythm and frequency of rumen movements are examined. External deep palpation in order to determine the degree of filling of the scar, as well as the nature and consistency of its contents, is carried out in the area of ​​the left hungry fossa. Then the scar is palpated over the entire surface where it adjoins the abdominal wall. This is done by applying gentle and deep pressure with the fist in cattle, and with the fingertips in sheep and goats. Internal palpation in cattle can be done by rectal examination.

In healthy animals, before eating, the abdominal wall in the area of ​​the hungry pit and the rumen wall are soft, pliable and painless. When pressing with your hand from top to bottom, a small layer of gases is usually felt in the dorsal part of the scar, through which, with deep palpation, you can feel the food masses. These masses of doughy consistency, after pressing with a fist or finger, leave a mark in the form of an indentation, which is held for some time (about 10 s). In the ventral part of the scar, the consistency of the contents becomes denser. After the animal has taken a large amount of food and in the process of further digestion, the dorsal part of the rumen is filled with a fairly large amount of gases, the hungry fossa is leveled, and upon palpation the abdominal wall and the wall of the rumen become elastic; however, with a strong push it is possible to overcome the layer of gases and feel the contents of doughy consistency lying in the depths under a layer of gases.

Palpation gives a fairly accurate idea of ​​the motor function of the scar. During the wave-like contraction of the scar and the movement of its contents, the hand placed on the left hungry fossa clearly feels the strong tension of the abdominal wall and the wall of the scar, as well as the protrusion of the abdominal wall, which entails raising the hand; After this, the hand slowly and gradually lowers. This method makes it easy to determine the frequency of rumen movements, their strength and rhythm. The number of rumen contractions in healthy cattle before feeding is 2-3 for two minutes or 5-8 for five minutes; after feeding - 3-5 for two minutes or 8-12 for five minutes. The number of rumen contractions in sheep is 3 and in goats 2 - 4 within two minutes.

By palpation of the scar, symptoms that are very important for the diagnosis of a number of diseases are determined. Thus, with acute tympany of the scar, the abdominal wall and the wall of the scar become tense and elastic, and the layer of gases is so large that even with strong palpation it is not possible to pass through it and feel the food masses located in the depths. Contractions of the rumen intensify at the beginning of the development of flatulence, then quickly weaken, and later, with the onset of paresis, they disappear. When the rumen is overfilled (the rumen is cut), its contents have a dense consistency; when pressure is applied in the area of ​​the left hungry fossa, a slowly disappearing fossa is formed. Contractions of the rumen at the beginning of the disease are frequent and short; later they become more rare, gradually weaken, and often even disappear. If there is a semi-liquid mass in the rumen, especially with chronic atony in goats, fluctuations, even the sound of splashing, are detected by jerky palpation.

When auscultating the scar due to the movement of its contents, periodically occurring crackling sounds are heard. They gradually increase and reach their greatest intensity during contractions of the rumen, during protrusion of the hungry fossa, and then gradually weaken; in the intervals between contractions of the rumen, isolated sounds resembling crunching, crackling or crepitus are heard. When the movements of the scar increase, the noises intensify, and when they weaken, they subside or even disappear, i.e., the frequency, strength and duration of noises heard during auscultation of the scar make it possible to check palpation data regarding its motor function. Changes in noise - their frequency, intensification, weakening and complete disappearance - are given the same assessment as the corresponding changes detected by palpator 1-10 when examining the motor function of the scar.

In healthy animals, percussion of the left hungry fossa produces a tympanic sound with different shades, which depends on the amount of gases accumulated in the rumen.

With the development of simple rumen tympany, this sound becomes louder, longer and lower. When the rumen is overfilled with food, the sound becomes dull or completely dull.

Ruminography. For a more detailed determination of the motor function of the scar under normal conditions and in various diseases, a graphic recording of its contractions using a ruminograph is currently used. There are several designs of ruminographs, but the ruminograph is more convenient for clinical purposes

Z. S. Goryainova. the movements of the scar on the ruminogram are recorded in the form of teeth of a certain shape and size with a period of ascent and descent. On the resulting ruminogram, the frequency of contractions of the rumen in 5 minutes, the strength of contractions (by the height of the waves in millimeters), the duration of contractions (by the duration of each wave in seconds, while 1 mm on the ruminogram corresponds to 3 s) is determined, and then the arithmetic average duration of all waves for 5 is calculated min), the rhythm of contractions (by the uniformity of the spaces between the tops of the teeth and their groups, the uniformity of the waves in height); time of the active state of the rumen, expressed as a percentage of the total recording time.

In healthy adult cattle, the average frequency of rumen movements per 5 minutes at rest after a 10-12 hour break in feeding is 8-8.5 movements, the height of the teeth is 12-14.8 mm, the duration of contractions is 10.7- 11.6 s, while the duration of the waves of the 1st round (with a rounded apex) is 12-15 s and the 2nd round (with a sharp apex) is 3-9 s, the time of the active state of the rumen is 28.8-. --33.2%.

In case of atony and hypotension of the proventriculus, the ruminograph records contractions of the scar, which are not available with the palpation method of research, while the number of contractions and the height of the recorded waves are sharply reduced, and the time of the active state of the scar is sharply reduced. Traumatic reticulitis is characterized by the appearance of small waves on the ruminogram." It is assumed that these waves, especially the waves of the 1st round, reflect weakened contractions of the scar and mesh, resulting from pain.

To record the motor function of the rumen, Sh. A. Kumsiev proposed using a nasogastric probe with a balloon connected to Marey's capsule and a kymograph. This method is more accurate than recording using a ruminograph, but is less feasible in a production environment.

Scar tonometry. To determine the tone of the neuromuscular apparatus of the scar, P. S. Ionov and Sh. A. Kumsiev proposed tonometry or tonometry with kymography. A nasogastric tube with an elastic balloon is inserted into the animal's scar, into which 50 ml of air is pumped through a rubber tube. Then the end of the tube through which air is injected is connected to the tonometer and the indicators of the tonometer needle are observed taking into account time. In healthy animals, the rumen tone averages 40-60 mm Hg. Art.

Endoradiosondes are also used for continuous measurement of pH and pressure.

3.2 Mesh study

The reticulum (reticulum) is the second section of the stomach of ruminants (Fig. 3), serves as a continuation of the vestibule of the rumen, its capacity in cows is about 4-6 liters, in sheep and goats - 1-2 liters. It lies in front of the scar, in the lower part of the abdominal cavity, where the anterior part of the mesh reaches the sixth rib and is adjacent to the diaphragm, and its posterior part is located directly above the xiphoid cartilage.

Figure 3. Cattle mesh

Examination of the mesh located in the dome of the diaphragm is associated with very great difficulties due to the fact that its implementation is hampered by the costal wall and thick abdominal wall. Most accessible method examination of the mesh involves deep palpation in the area of ​​the xiphoid cartilage, caudal to it, while in large ruminants pressure is applied to the abdominal wall with a fist, and in small ruminants - with the fingers of the right hand. In healthy animals, deep palpation does not cause pain.

The main disease of the mesh is traumatic reticulitis (reticuloperitonitis); other diseases, such as blockage and tympany of the mesh, occur only in combination with similar pathological conditions of other proventriculi and are not significant.

Diagnosis of traumatic reticulitis (reticuloperitonitis) is based on general clinical and special methods research. These methods include: diagnostic techniques (tests), the purpose of which is to cause a painful reaction of the injured mesh to pressure, palpation, percussion, diathermy, and other influences, as well as the use of metal indicators, ruminography, fluoroscopy, radiography, etc. It should be noted that special Diagnostic methods are of auxiliary importance, since among them there is not yet a single one that is absolutely reliable when used in production conditions, and therefore several methods are used simultaneously. Of the proposed methods, the following are most often used.

Tests for pain sensations. Produce strong pressure with a fist on the abdominal wall behind the xiphoid cartilage in the upward and forward direction, i.e. in the area where the mesh is located. The test is considered positive if the animal, when pressed in the area of ​​the mesh, becomes restless, groans, or avoids the test. In very massive, well-fed animals, especially heavy bulls, for the same purpose, a thick stick is placed under the stomach and, pressing it to the xiphoid cartilage, lifted simultaneously by both ends, the reaction is the same as when pressing with a fist.

Sometimes valuable results are obtained by strong percussion from top to bottom along the line of attachment of the diaphragm, especially in the lower third of the difficult cell on the left. This method often reveals a pain reaction in chronic reticuloperitonitis in cases where deep palpation of the mesh area does not give clear results.

S.I. Smirnov recommends performing percussion in the area of ​​projection of the grid on the left and right, starting with light blows, which are gradually intensified. They begin to examine from distant parts of the body, gradually moving on to determining the sensitivity of the parts adjacent to the affected area. The appearance of a tympanic sound during percussion in the area where the mesh is located has some diagnostic significance, for the detection of which V. I. Gabriolavichus and I. I. Chepulis recommend percussion in the area between the white line and the left mammary vein and leading it from the udder to the difficult bone or vice versa . At the same time, S. Nikonikov, V. I. Gabriolavichus and I. I. Chepulis explain the appearance of the tympanic sound by the flow of gases into the abdominal cavity due to perforation of the mesh, and I. V. Anisimov - by a drop in the tone of the mesh and the accumulation of gases in it as a result of weakening belching and stopping chewing gum. N.I. Solomatin points out that the results of percussion are so important that they should always be taken into account in each individual case of reticulitis, while pain is detected mainly on the left side along the line of attachment of the diaphragm, up to the 9th rib.

A test for pain in the withers area is carried out by pressing the ends of the fingers on the skin in the area of ​​the posterior slope of the withers or by gathering and squeezing a fold of skin in this area, which is done with great care, since if handled roughly, a painful reaction can occur in healthy animals. If the reaction is positive, the animal becomes anxious, arches its back, and sometimes groans. This test is based on an increase in the sensitivity of the skin on the posterior slope of the withers in case of damage to the stomach (viscerosensory reflex).

The Rygg test consists of raising the animal's head so that the surface of the forehead assumes a horizontal position, and at the same time gathering the skin at the withers into a fold. Due to the arching of the back and tension of the abdominal muscles, the mesh is strongly compressed, which in case of traumatic reticulitis (reticuloperitonitis) causes a painful reaction.

P. P. Leimanis suggested conducting diagnostic purpose injection of air into the rumen through a probe until the left hungry fossa is leveled; in cases of traumatic reticulitis (reticuloperitonitis), animals show signs of sharp pain.

For diagnostic purposes, they lead the animal downhill: with traumatic reticulitis (reticuloperitonitis), it refuses to go down the mountain, while it goes uphill well. For the same purpose, an electromagnetic test is used, based on the displacement of ferromagnetic foreign bodies embedded in the mesh wall under the influence of a strong electromagnet, which is brought to the area where the mesh is located. When the magnet approaches the area of ​​injury, the pain reaction sharply intensifies,

Ya. I. Kleinbock and G. Ya. Leibreich proposed conducting a diathermic test to detect metal objects in a mesh. It consists in the fact that electrodes with an area of ​​500 cm2 are applied either in a transverse oblique direction (on the left - on the rumen area, on the right - on the book area), or in a transversely parallel direction in cows in the second half of pregnancy in order to avoid overheating of the fetus (on the left - on grid area, on the right - book area). When a current of 0.2 to 1.5 A is passed for 5-10 minutes, metal objects located in the proventriculus heat up and cause sharp pain.

Studyusing metal indicators. To detect metal objects caught in the mesh, Yu. I. Welleste and F. M. Cherepanon designed metal detecting devices, and S. G. Meliksetyan designed a veterinary metal indicator designed to detect metal objects in the forestomach, as well as determine their size, direction and depth of occurrence , and a magnetic probe designed to detect and remove metal objects from the proventriculus of cows. These devices can detect only ferromagnetic metal objects and do not allow detecting copper and aluminum objects, and with their help it is impossible to distinguish freely lying bodies from those stuck into the wall of the mesh.

Radiography. The X-ray method for detecting foreign bodies in a mesh is not yet widely used in clinical practice due to the complexity of implementation; the effectiveness of this method depends on the size of the animal and the power of the apparatus used. I. I. Martynovsky managed to obtain shadow images of metal foreign bodies after keeping the animal hungry diet for 24 hours and fixing him on the operating table in the left lateral position with his arms retracted forward thoracic limbs. According to V.P. Ivanov, the created experimental copy of the new veterinary X-ray machine brand 11B2 has significant power (8 kW) and operational advantages that allow it to be used for diagnosing traumatic reticulitis.

Hematological studies. I. Marek, A.V. Sitnev, I, N. Simonov and others recommend that hematological studies be performed if traumatic reticulitis (reticuloperitonitis) is suspected. In the acute stage of traumatic reticulitis, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, a nuclear shift to the left, an increase in ESR are observed, sometimes the number of monocytes increases and irritation cells appear.

If traumatic reticulitis (reticuloperitonitis) is suspected, V. I. Gabriolavichus recommends performing a test puncture of the abdomen with right side along the 9th rib 1-2 cm above or below the mammary vein. In more than 80% of cases of traumatic reticuloperitonitis, serous-fibrinous exudate is obtained, which gives positive reaction Rivalta, contains a large number of leukocytes and single erythrocytes.

Diagnostic laparotomy and laparoscopy. IN in some cases in case of mesh disease, they resort to diagnostic laparotomy (rumenotomy), laparoscopy and the use of pharmacological tests. The essence of these tests is that the animals are injected with ruminator substances (white hellebore, pilocarpine, arecoline, carbacholine, laxatives), which in case of traumatic reticulitis cause an exacerbation of the disease and increased pain. Due to such consequences, one should refrain from using these tests.

Ruminography. When studying the grid, ruminography data is also used, as indicated above; with traumatic reticulitis, the appearance of weakened waves on the ruminogram is characteristic, especially the waves of the 1st round, reflecting weakened contractions of the scar and mesh due to pain.

3.3 Study of the book

Book - omasum - third section of the stomach of ruminants. It lies between the mesh and the abomasum and dorsal to them, in the right hypochondrium (Fig. 4). The left surface of the book is adjacent to the scar and mesh, and the right surface is adjacent to the liver, diaphragm and costal wall in the area of ​​the 7-10th ribs. The volume of the book for cows is 7-18 liters.

Figure 4. Cow stomach (left view). C - mesh; R - scar; K - book

The study of this organ is carried out especially carefully in case of persistent disturbances of appetite, chewing gum and rumen movements, which is usually observed when the functions of the book are impaired due to feeding errors or as a secondary phenomenon in babesiosis and some other diseases.

The position of the book, hidden in the dome of the diaphragm behind the right costal wall, greatly complicates the study, but it is carried out by auscultation, palpation and percussion. In some cases, book puncture and omazotonometry are performed.

During auscultation in healthy animals, on the right in the area of ​​the 7th ribs along the line of the scapulohumeral joint, soft crepitating noises are heard, which become most often loud when chewing the cud and after eating food.

These noises differ from rumen noises in that they do not occur simultaneously with rumen movements, and are much weaker and more frequent than rumen noises. The weakening of the noise of the book until it completely disappears is observed when the book is blocked, and with increased activity, loud noises are heard.

Palpation of the book area is carried out by pressing with a fist or slightly bent fingers on the intercostal spaces and observing the behavior of the animal and the appearance of pain, which is especially pronounced when the book is blocked, inflammation and necrosis of its mucous membrane.

Percussion of the book area is carried out with short, strong blows (staccato). In healthy animals, percussion does not cause a painful reaction and produces a dull or dull sound, depending on the degree of filling of the book. Pain caused by diseases of the book is more pronounced with percussion than with palpation.

Omazotonometry, i.e. measuring the pressure force when injecting a sterile isotonic solution through a needle inserted into the lumen of the book, it is carried out using an omazotonometer designed by B. Kovacs, A. Sokolochi and I. Teger or an omazotonometer by V. I. Gabriolavichus. According to these authors, the pressure when introducing an isotonic sodium chloride solution into a book through a needle inserted in the 9th intercostal space at the level of the scapulohumeral joint to a depth of 10-15 cm in healthy cattle averaged 2.4 (2.7 -3.0) kg, and when the book is clogged it reaches 8-12 kg; in other pathological processes it increases or decreases.

3.4 Abomasum examination

Abomasum - the fourth section of the stomach of ruminants, performs the function of a true stomach, is pear-shaped, lies in the right hypochondrium, partially in the area of ​​the xiphoid process (Figure 5). The abomasum with its right surface flies directly to the abdominal wall along the costal arch, starting from the xiphoid cartilage to the 12th costal symphysis, and protrudes somewhat from under the costal arch. The capacity of rennet in cows is on average 6-15 liters, in sheep - 1 liter.

Figure 5. Location of proventriculus and abomasum in a cow.

From diagnostic methods examination of the abomasum is important: inspection, external and internal palpation, percussion, auscultation; in calves and sheep - probing; Abomasum puncture and x-ray examination are also possible.

When examining the abdominal area, pay attention to the protrusion of the soft abdominal wall in the lower right and the asymmetry of the abdomen, observed with acute expansion of the abomasum, as well as with its right-side displacement, when the displaced and greatly enlarged abomasum is located between the right abdominal wall and intestinal loops, reaching in some cases even right hungry fossa.

External palpation of the abomasum is carried out by strong pressure with the ends of the fingers placed under the costal arch in the forward and downward direction, or with a fist, however, the large thickness of the abdominal wall in adult cattle and its strong tension limit the possibility of palpation of the abomasum. In small ruminants and calves, its study turns out to be more effective.

Pressure on the abomasum can be painful with abomasitis, ulcers, and when the abomasum expands, in addition, there is increased tension in the abdominal wall in the area of ​​its location. By rectal palpation, it is possible to determine the displacement of the abomasum, especially the right-sided one, while in the right iliac region it is sometimes possible to palpate its posterior part, usually filled with gases. As for the left-sided displacement of the abomasum, rectal palpation allows us to judge this only by indirect signs, which is associated with the following features of this pathology. Part of the abomasum, pressed by the pregnant uterus to the hole between the neutral bags of the rumen, penetrates through this hole into the left half of the abdominal cavity and there is located between the left abdominal wall and the surface of the rumen, while the abomasum takes the shape of an arc, the right and left branch which are swollen with gases, and the gap between them as a result of pressure and stretching is very narrowed. On rectal palpation, they find that the scar is pushed away from the left abdominal wall and occupies an almost central position.

When percussing over the area where the abomasum is located in healthy animals, a dull, in some cases, tympanic sound is detected, which depends on the degree of filling of the abomasum and the nature of its contents. In the case of accumulation of gases in the abomasum, the sound becomes very loud, tympanic or atympanic, and when the abomasum is overfilled with food masses, it becomes dull over a long distance. Thus, with a left-sided displacement of the abomasum, percussion in the area of ​​the left hypochondrium - from the left hungry fossa forward and down towards the heart - determines an obliquely located band of a loud tympanic or atympanic sound; with a right-sided displacement, a similar sound is detected above the area of ​​the displaced abomasum.

When auscultating the abomasum area in healthy animals, soft noises are heard, somewhat reminiscent of intestinal peristalsis, and sometimes fluid transfusion. With abomasitis, the accumulation of gases in the abomasum, these noises intensify; with a weakening of its motor function, on the contrary, the noises become rare and weak. Thus, in the area of ​​​​the displaced abomasum, you can hear relatively loud and high-pitched noises, sometimes the sound of splashing.

Diagnostic puncture of the abomasum is sometimes resorted to in order to clarify the diagnosis when the abomasum is displaced, as well as when bleeding in the abomasum is suspected, and the results of puncture studies are of great importance for the diagnosis.

The study of the secretory and motor functions of the abomasum in adult animals has not been developed, and therefore its functional disorders in abomasitis, peptic ulcer and other diseases have been poorly studied.

X-ray examination of abomasum is not well developed and not to the extent that this method can be used in everyday clinical practice.

4. Etiology

The main etiological factors for the manifestation of hypotension of the proventriculus in ruminants are various violations of the feeding and maintenance regimes of animals. One-sided or prolonged monotony, feeding with low-nutrient or low-quality feed, irregular feeding and watering, absence or lack of exercise in the open air. The disease can be caused by: prolonged feeding of coarse straw, chaff, chaff and poor quality hay; the predominance of watery feed in the diet - stillage, grains, especially low quality; drinking poor quality water.

Severe forms of the disease in the form of paresis occur with unilateral feeding with concentrates (cake, flour, bran, dung).

Secondary congestion occurs in infectious, invasive and non-communicable diseases, with inflammatory processes, poisoning, central nervous system lesions.

The hypotonic state of the proventriculus can develop as a result of prolonged acute expansion of the scar and stretching of its walls, i.e. due to nervous overstrain of the muscular system of the organ. It can also occur due to digestive disorders in the intestines (the acidic environment in the small intestine inhibits peristalsis, which, in turn, inhibits the motility of the proventriculus until the contents are completely neutralized with a favorable course of the process), i.e. as a result of irritation of chemoreceptors of the intestinal mucosa, and irritation of intestinal barroreceptors when it is stretched. Thus, these disorders develop as a consequence of disruptions in conditioned reflex activity that occurs through extra- and interoreceptor pathways in the form of parablotic phenomena.

5. Pathogenesis

For normal digestion in ruminants, it is of particular importance to maintain optimal quantitative and qualitative composition and high activity of microorganisms - symbionts in the forestomach. Important condition, which determines the activity of symbionts and the correct selection of food in the diet. One-sided feeding, characterized by a sharp deficiency or excess of nutrients in the diet, leads to a disruption of microbial status and a weakening of the beneficial activity of the microflora. Long-term feeding of low-nutrient substances and poor-quality feed with a lack of digestible protein, sugars, carotene and micro-macroelements changes the habitat of the microflora and ciliates of the rumen, suppressing their vital activity. Under such conditions, the amount of organic acids in the rumen increases, which accelerate the death of symbionts. Disruption of the formation in the rumen of normal feed fermentation products, which are physiological pathogens of the neuromuscular apparatus of the forestomach, leads to weakening of the movements of the forestomach and retention of contents in them. Due to the close functional connection of the sections of the multichamber stomach with each other, inhibition of the activity of one of them inevitably leads to a delay in contractions of other sections. Such an effect can also be caused by overflow of the book and abomasum, prolonged chemostasis, blockage of the abomasum or spasm of the pyloric sphincter due to an acidic reaction of the contents of the duodenum. As a result, mixing and movement of contents in the forestomach slows down. Character is broken fermentation processes and absorption in the forestomach. The accumulation of feed masses in the rumen, netting and book leads to the accumulation of organic acids and toxic products of decay, and their absorption causes intoxication and an acidotic state of the body. Over time, the contents of the forestomach gradually dry out and become denser.

6. Clinical picture

With hypotension of the proventriculus, cows become weaker and lose weight significantly.

Body temperature is within the physiological norm (38.5 - 40.0 o C) or slightly below its minimum limit. Breathing is slow; in acute and subacute cases, shortness of breath is possible; cardiac activity is weakened, at the beginning of the development of the disease there is a periodic increase in heart sounds; increased heart rate. The animal is depressed. The appetite is inconsistent, perverted and reduced, chewing gum and belching are irregular. The movements of the scar at the beginning of the disease were 3-2 contractions in 5 minutes, weak and shortened. Upon palpation, the filling of the scar is somewhat more than usual; its contents are dense, with a pasty, hard consistency. Palpation of the scar is painless, but sometimes the animal reacted painfully to deep palpation.

Peristaltic sounds of the rumen are dull, weak, with periodic rough rumbling noises. The noise of the book is weak, barely audible. Intestinal peristalsis is weakened, with periodic loud noises. Disorder of intestinal function led to weakening of the animal and feces, maintaining a physiological shape, moist, soft, dark brown in color.

7. Diagnosis

The diagnosis is based on the results of a clinical examination, the study of anamnestic data and the results of ruminography. All this allows for a correct lifetime diagnosis. Based on the characteristic clinical picture, diet analysis, and medical history, a conclusion was made and a diagnosis was made - hypotension of the proventriculus (Hypotonia reminis, reticuli et omasi).

Concomitant diseases - hypovitaminosis A, C. B (Hypovitaminosis A, C, B).

8. Differential diagnosis

The hypotonic state of the forestomach is a complex symptom complex observed in many, more often gastrointestinal diseases. In the process of recognition, it is important to establish whether these disorders are primary or secondary to certain diseases. In case of primary atony, it is necessary to exclude overflow of the rumen, clogging of the book, traumatic reticulitis, acute tympany of the rumen.

9. Forecast

With timely recognition of the disease in cows and its comprehensive treatment, the prognosis is favorable, the animal recovers; the functions of the proventriculus and the entire body are restored. But the outcome of secondary hypotension of the forestomach depends on the nature of the underlying disease and the possibility of treatment.

Chronic atony, complicated by book paresis, has an unfavorable outcome. In these cases, despite the creation of favorable conditions and treatment, sick animals progressively lose weight and lose productivity, which necessitates their culling.

10. Treatment

Terentyeva F.A. believes that the main goal of treatment is to restore the strength and frequency of contractions of the proventriculus muscles, therefore the main attention is paid to therapeutic feeding.

Sick animals are prescribed a semi-starved diet for several days and are fed highly nutritious feed (high-quality silage, good hay) in small portions 6-7 times a day. The diet includes fish oil 3 ml daily, once a day. Cows should exercise on walking areas and actively massage the abdomen in the area where the rumen adheres to the left abdominal wall for 10-15 minutes 3-4 times a day. IN winter time and cloudy weather, irradiation with ultraviolet rays DRT-400 is recommended, because When exposed to UV rays, acetylcholine is formed in the skin, the tone of the sympathetic nervous system decreases, and the parasympathetic nervous system increases.

The method of pharmacotherapy includes the use of drugs - ruminants and improve digestion.

Of the ruminative remedies, the tincture of white hellebore rhizome is most widely used. As a rule, it is prescribed orally with water, 3-5 ml.

Hellebore alkaloids (protoveratrine, chervin) increase contraction of the proventriculus and stimulate the regurgitation of chewing gum.

Intravenous administration gives good results hypertonic solutions 5-10-20% sodium chloride 70-100 ml; Sodium chloride, when administered intravenously, has a multifaceted effect on the sick body.

Figure 7. White hellebore rhizomes

It strengthens, accelerates and restores the rhythm of rumen contractions, improves intestinal movements and peristalsis, enhances defecation and urination, increases the secretion of the digestive glands, activates cleansing and restoration processes, promotes the leaching of metabolic products, increases drowning and the trophic function of the nervous system. 15-30 minutes after intravenous administration

10-5% sodium chloride solution, active contractions of the rumen begin, and after 20-30 minutes belching appears. This is done once, and can be repeated the next day if necessary. Carbocholine 0.0005 - 0.0007 g, pilocarpine hydrochloride 0.02 - can be administered subcutaneously in fractional doses.

0.04g, prozerin 0.005 – 0.01g. Before administering cholinergic drugs, it is advisable to dilute the contents of the scar by injecting 40-80 ml of 5% sodium or magnesium sulfate solution orally.

Cholinergics are highly stimulating motor function all parts of the multichamber stomach. Its effect appears within 3-5 minutes and lasts for 4-6 hours. At the same time, salivation increases, intestinal motility is revived, defecation and urination become more frequent.

To stimulate appetite and chewing gum, hot oral intake is recommended: wormwood 10-20g, twice a day, gentian root 7-10g, Carlsbad salt 10-25g. Carlsbad salt, which contains sodium bicarbonate, when used internally, combines an alkalizing effect with moderate stimulation of the motor-secretory function of the forestomach. It is best used in a weak solution of 0.25 - 0.5% by adding to drinking water.

Internal use of 10-15.5 ml of wine alcohol solution 200 ml gives good results for congestive hypotension. It enhances the motor function of the stomach and increases the secretion of the digestive glands. The use of small doses of sugar is useful, it revitalizes the activity of symbionts and improves the body’s nutrition - 1.5 - 3.0 per 1 dose 2 times a day.

Giving baker's yeast 50-100g (in 1 liter of warm water) improves the function of the proventriculus. Under the influence of yeast fungi and their metabolic products, acetic acid and butyric acid microorganisms multiply in large numbers in the rumen contents and the processes of fiber decomposition intensify, and the resulting fermentation products - carbon dioxide, alcohol, etc. - also play a significant role.

To stimulate metabolic processes, 100-70 units of inirmen are used subcutaneously; 50-100 ml of calcium chloride solution in combination with sodium chloride at 0.01 - 0.03 g/kg body weight in a 10% solution; subcutaneously 1-1.5 g of caffeine-sodium benzoate.

11. Prevention of hypotension of the forestomach in cattle

Prevention consists of following the rules and regulations of feeding, caring for animals and their maintenance, taking into account age, productivity, gender, etc.

Not only poor-quality feed and water are dangerous, but also violation of the established feeding regimen, abrupt transfer of the animal from one feed to another, constant underfeeding, and periodic lack of food. As well as various stress factors: transport, change of environment, cold factor, change of service personnel, examinations.

In the system of preventive measures, special attention should be paid to compliance with the rules of procurement, preparation and storage of feed, to maintaining their nutritional value and systematic quality control.

Poor quality feed should not be included in the diet.

Of particular importance is the preparation of balanced diets with the addition of premixes, vitamin-herbal flour, and elemental sulfur.

Try to create less stressful situations for animals.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. Belyaev, I.M. Workshop on clinical diagnostics with radiology [Text]: textbook / I.M. Belyaev / Ed. THEM. Belyaeva.- M.: Agropromizdat 2003.- 370 p.

2. Danilevsky, V.M. Workshop on internal non-communicable diseases of animals [Text]: textbook / V.M. Danilevsky / Ed. V.M. Danilevsky.- M.: Kolos, 2001.-279 p.

3. Danilevsky, V.M. Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals [Text]: textbook / V.M. Danilevsky / Ed. V.M. Danilevsky.- M.: Agropromizdat 2001.-167 p.

4. Zaitsev, R.R. Clinical diagnostics of farm animals [Text]: textbook / R.R. Zaitsev / Ed. R.R. Zaitseva.- M.: Agropromizdat 2003.-354 p.

5. Kleimenov, N.I. Norms and rations for feeding farm animals [Text]: textbook / N.I. Kleimenov, N.P. Kalashnikov / Ed. N.I. Kleymenov.- M.: Agropromizdat 2007.-390 p.

6. Kumsky, Sh.A. Diseases of the digestive organs [Text]: textbook / Sh.A. Kumsky / Ed. Sh.A. Kumsky. – M.: Kolos 2006.-563 p.

7. Mashkovsky, M.D. Medicines [Text]: textbook / M.D. Mashkovsky / Ed. M.D. Mashkovsky.- M.: Medicine 2004.-763 p.

8. Smirnov, S.I. Diseases of the stomach of ruminant animals [Text]: textbook / S.I. Smirnov / Ed. S.I. Smirnov.- M.: Kolos 2003.-421 p.

9. Terentyeva, F.A. Diseases of cattle [Text]: textbook / F.A. Terentyeva, A.A. Markova / Ed. F. Terentyeva.- M.: Selkhozizdat 2001.-564 p.

Atony of the forestomach- cessation of contractions of the proventriculus (rumen, mesh, book). The disease is common and familiar to every goat breeder, even beginners. People say “the stomach has become” or “the stomach is standing.”

Occurs due to errors in feeding: after a sudden change in feed, especially if this entails a change in the acidity of the rumen, as a result of systematic violations of the feeding regimen, eating spoiled feed, overfeeding with concentrates, etc.; the cause may be stress factors: change of service personnel, transportation of animals, etc.

The disease can occur when there is a sudden change from succulent food to coarse dry food, and barnyard and mill waste (chaff, chaff, oat and millet husks) are especially dangerous. You should also definitely avoid a sudden transfer from dry, low-nutrient food to succulent food (stillage, molasses, pulp, etc.) in large quantities.

Feeding hot or frozen food can lead to hypotension and atony of the forestomach.
Very common cause Atony of the proventriculus occurs when foreign objects (bags, rags, twine, etc.) get there.

Secondary atony can be a consequence of other diseases - both contagious and non-contagious.

Sick animals have no appetite, chewing cud, or contractions of the forestomach. General weakness develops, the animal stands in one place for a long time and moves reluctantly.

If the disease is detected in a timely manner and treatment measures are immediately taken, one can hope for a quick recovery of the animal. If treatment is delayed by a day or more, the disease can drag on and be very difficult due to severe weakening of the body and poisoning by food decomposition products.

If the disease is detected, you should organize a fasting diet without limiting water for 2 - 3 days, strongly massage the rumen up to 5 - 6 times a day for 10 - 15 minutes, active exercise is useful. Abdominal massage is done as follows: from above, from the back, clasp the belly with one or two hands and shake and mix the contents of the proventriculus with strong up and down movements. If the disease is detected on time, then these measures immediately help and an improvement in the animal’s condition is noticed within the first day - chewing gum appears.

Very effective for recovery normal operation proventriculus mixture consisting of ethyl alcohol(20 ml) or vodka (50 ml), sugar (40 g), yeast (20 g) and water (200 ml), which is divided into two doses and given once a day (S. I. Smirnov, 1969) . Hellebore tincture helps in a similar way (1 - 4 ml in a glass of water). We strongly recommend that you always use either of these two remedies to treat atony. Hellebore tincture and all the components necessary for preparing the mixture “according to Smirnov” should always be in the goat breeder’s “first aid kit.” Use hellebore tincture to treat pregnant animals with caution, as they warn that it can sometimes cause miscarriage. The medicine is forcibly poured into the animal from a small plastic bottle. At the same time, without opening the mouth, the neck of the bottle is tucked behind the cheek and the neck is stroked.

In addition, to improve the motor activity of the forestomach, you can use bitters (wormwood 5 - 10 g).
It is also recommended to use 2% milk solution acids (100 - 200 ml), sauerkraut brine, pickled (not pickled) cucumbers.
All specified funds to restore forestomach motility, it is advisable to combine with subcutaneous injection 5 – 10 ml of 20% caffeine solution - sodium benzoate.

To delay the putrefactive decomposition of feed masses in the forestomach, you can give a solution of hydrochloric acid (2 tablespoons per 1 liter of water) 150-200 ml 2-3 times a day.

To restore fermentation, use a solution of 20 - 40 ml of concentrated acetic acid in 2 liters of water with 500 g of sugar, which is given in 200 ml doses.

Prevention comes down to organization proper feeding, maintenance and grazing regime. You should not give frozen or spoiled succulent feed, too much concentrated (cereal) feed, beets, etc. The transition from one type of feed to another should be gradual.

A somewhat similar clinical picture is observed with rumen overflow (or rumen blockage) - a disorder of the functions of the proventriculus and abomasum due to excessive filling of the rumen with feed masses. To put it simply, “the stomach has become heavy” because the animal “has eaten too much.”

Treatment includes the same measures as for atony of the proventriculus - a starvation diet, abdominal massage, the use of a mixture "according to Smirnov" or hellebore tincture, or lactic acid. With timely detection and treatment of the disease, recovery occurs, although with a protracted illness and in the case of overfeeding with grain, the death of the animal is possible.

It is worth mentioning again one of the main rules of a livestock breeder - that underfeeding an animal is much safer than overfeeding.
About the treatment of atony of the proventriculus and rumen overflow, Prince S.P. Urusov writes the following: “You should give a decoction of flaxseed with vegetable oil or a decoction of gentian root. The task of feeding is only when chewing gum appears, in the amount of one-fourth of the diet: a little hay and swill ( drinking - ed.) from a small amount of water."

Atony is accompanied complete refusal from food. A sick animal loses activity. A sign of the development of pathology is intestinal obstruction. Atony of the proventriculus in cows is accompanied by disruption of the digestive system.

Description of the disease

The proventriculus includes the tripe, mesh and book. These organs are directly involved in the process of digesting food. Violation of their activity leads to atony.

Causes of the disease

There are several factors that lead to the development of atony in cows:

You can recognize atony in a sick individual by the following signs:

• livestock refuses feed;
• his milk yield decreases;
• the cow does not show the same activity;
• the animal's temperature rises to 40 degrees;
• The cow is rapidly losing weight.

The veterinarian can detect atony by palpating the abdomen. Pathology leads to scar thickening. In a healthy cow, the stomach should contract 2 times per minute.

Impaired contractility occurs due to mastitis or endometritis. Initial stage the disease is called hypotension. Painful condition accompanied by bouts of belching. The cow suffers from increased gas production.

The owner should pay attention to a decrease in appetite in a sick individual. Violation of the contractility of the rumen leads to changes in the behavior of the animal. The cow always lies in one place.

If left untreated, the disease progresses to acute stage. Within a few hours, the cow's proventriculus muscles completely stop contracting. The animal's condition deteriorates sharply.

Important! Violation of the digestive process leads to the appearance of dense feces. The sick animal suffers from chronic constipation.

Treatment methods

The process of food rotting is accompanied by the release of large amounts of toxins. Harmful components are distributed throughout the body. The cow shows signs of intoxication.

To restore digestive function, it is necessary to put the animal on a starvation diet for 24 hours. Water can be given to a sick animal without restrictions. Such measures will help the animal’s body get rid of dangerous substances.

To restore the alkaline balance, you need to add table salt to the liquid in a ratio of 10 g per bucket. If the condition improves, you can add feed to the animal’s diet. The cow should not lie in one place all the time. She must be walked for 2 hours a day.

For the treatment of atony, it is recommended to use a product based on Glauber's salt. Water must be boiled before feeding a sick animal. To prepare 1 liter of solution you will need 200 grams of Glauber's salt. After this, you need to pour 400 g of vegetable oil into the liquid. This mixture will help restore the tone of the forestomach.

Physiotherapeutic procedures will benefit the animal. The functioning of the digestive system can be improved using electrical stimulation. To eliminate atony, it is recommended to conduct radiation sessions using the PRK-2 apparatus. UV rays penetrate the affected tissues and promote their recovery.

Important! To restore muscle function, experts recommend massaging the scar 3-4 times a day. The procedure is performed using a fist. The optimal duration of the procedure is 10-15 minutes.

Medications

The symptoms of atony can be eliminated with injections of Pilocarpine and Proserin. Thanks to sodium sulfate solution, doctors speed up the process of removing toxins. The disease is accompanied by fermentation in the intestines.

Putrefactive processes can be stopped by giving a sick cow a solution of ichthyol. The veterinarian recommends feeding the cow Creole. The product helps fight pathogenic microorganisms.

The functioning of the digestive system can be normalized by using Protosubtilin and Amylosubtilin.

To get rid of the symptoms of atony, Proserin injections are used. To restore intestinal muscle tone, laxatives are used.

Important! You can cope with constipation using a solution of magnesium sulfate. Lactic acid is used to fight harmful bacteria. To prepare the product you need to add 25-75 mg per liter of water.

Folk remedies

A positive effect in the treatment of atony can be achieved by using herbal decoctions. For elimination unpleasant symptoms Breeders use hellebore infusion. This herb contains substances that stimulate intestinal function.

To prevent the onset of symptoms of the disease, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

1. Give cows clean water.
2. Monitor the animals' diet. Rotten hay and expired feed can lead to atony.
3. The animal needs daily walks within 2 hours.
4. Keep areas where cows are kept clean.

Atony of the proventriculus is accompanied by disruption of the digestive system. This leads to a weakening of the muscle tone of the forestomach. A sick animal may die due to intestinal obstruction.

Hypotension and atony of the forestomach - non-communicable disease, characterized by a disorder of the motor activity of the scar, mesh and book. With hypotension, the number and strength of contractions of the rumen and other proventriculuses decreases; with atony, their motor activity stops.

Etiology. Causes of hypotension and atony of the forestomach diverse. The disease may be primarily caused by sudden change of food from juicy to coarse, dry, containing a large amount of fiber (dry straw, late-cut or leached hay, twig feed); Of particular danger to ruminants are barnyard and mill wastes fed in dry form (chaff, chaff, cotton, oat or millet husks), and the feeding of large quantities of uncrushed grain. Acute hypotension of the forestomach occurs when sudden transfer animals with dry low-nutrient food completely on succulent food (stillage, mollasse, pulp, etc.), especially when they are eaten in large quantities, frozen or hot; introduction into the diet of low-quality feed, affected by fungi (moldy, musty), contaminated with soil, sand and other harmful impurities; drinking poor quality water containing foreign impurities. Atony can be caused by transporting animals by road or rail, long-distance movements of animals, fright, and strong production noise. On modern specialized dairy farms and complexes, where year-round stabling of animals on a leash is practiced, hypotension and atony of the proventriculus can become widespread. Lack of active walks contributes to atony.

Secondary acute hypotension of the forestomach occurs in result pathological processes from the outside other organs(when the abomasum is overfilled with watery, soft, acidic feeds that do not undergo the chewing process and easily pass through the book and the abomasum); for diseases accompanied fevers, after and heavy calvings, with peritonitis and other diseases accompanied by severe pain.

Pathogenesis. For normal digestion in ruminants, it is of particular importance maintaining optimal quantitative and qualitative composition and high activity microorganisms - symbionts in the forestomach.

The most important condition determining active work symbionts is the correct selection of food included in the diet. With one-sided feeding, accompanied by a sharp deficiency or excess of certain substances in the diet, a violation of the microbial status in the rumen occurs and the beneficial activity of the symbionts is weakened.

Long-term feeding of low-nutrient coarse or watery and poor-quality feed (barn waste, beet pulp, etc.) with a lack of digestible protein, sugars, carotene and minerals changes the habitat of the microflora and ciliates of the rumen, suppresses their vital activity.

Under these conditions, an increase in the amount of fermentation products occurs in the rumen contents, an acidic reaction occurs, which leads to a decrease in the vital activity of symbionts, loss of mobility of ciliates, and then to their death.

Digestive disorders cause excess proteinogenic nitrogen from overfeeding protein-rich feeds(oil cakes, legumes). With such feeding, proteolytic processes are enhanced, large amounts of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, phenol, paracresol, indole, cathol, and biogenic amines are formed, complex biological and physicochemical processes of digestion are disrupted, and intoxication of the body develops. The alkaline-acid balance in the body shifts towards acidosis, and in case of acute protein intoxication - towards alkalosis.

Disruption of the formation in the rumen of normal feed fermentation products, which are physiological stimuli of the neuromuscular apparatus of the forestomach, as well as reduced excitability of the latter as a result of intoxication, lead to a weakening of the movement of the forestomach and retention of feed contents in them.

The development of secondary atony due to severe infections or intoxications, in addition, is facilitated by damage by pathogenic factors to the walls of the proventriculus, their nerve receptors and plexuses, as well as vagus nerve. With atony of the proventriculus in ruminants, a pronounced decrease in the secretory function of the abomasum is observed with a decrease in total acidity, the content of free hydrochloric acid, and pepsin activity.

Symptoms. A sick animal refuses food or develops a perverted appetite. Simultaneously with the change in appetite, the number of chewing gums decreases, chewing periods shorten or completely disappear, and gas belching persists. The scar is filled at the beginning of the disease with denser, and later with softened or semi-liquid contents; gas accumulates in the left hungry fossa, which is determined by palpation and percussion. For hypotension scar contraction unequal strength, sluggish, their number decreases(normal number of rumen contractions when counting them in the area of ​​the left hungry fossa before feeding 2-3 contractions in 2 minutes or 4-8 in 5 minutes, and after feeding the animal 5 in 2 minutes); for atony the number of rumen contractions is reduced, They sharply weakened. Weaken or disappear upon auscultation sounds of contractions of the book, abomasum and intestines. With a long course of the disease, the animal experiences constipation, followed by diarrhea with the release of very odorous feces. In the contents of the rumen there is a strong decrease in the number of ciliates, from the remaining small, sedentary forms predominate; RN changes in the sour side due to an increase in the amount of lactic, butyric, acetic and other organic acids. General state most sick animals depressed, animals are lethargic, lie for a long time, reluctantly, under duress, get up. At severe course The disease may include short-term agitation, fibrillary muscle twitching, and less commonly, convulsions. Body temperature and pulse in most cases normal, breathing becomes more frequent. With severe intoxication, sick animals experience general depression, loss of strength, and on the part of the heart - tachycardia, decreased body temperature. Milk yields decrease sharply.

Flow. In mild cases, when timely medical care is provided and the cause of the disease is eliminated, the animals recover after 3-5 days; in severe cases, especially complicated by overflow of the book or inflammation of the abomasum and intestines, the disease lasts for 10-15 days. If exposure to harmful factors continues or is prolonged, the disease develops into chronic form.

Diagnosis. Hypotonic or atonic state of the scar not a diagnosis, but a complex symptom complex, observed in many, most often gastrointestinal diseases. When diagnosing must be excluded.

Treatment. For primary hypotension, treatment should be comprehensive and aimed at recovery motor activity forestomach, restriction putrefactive processes and restoration of normal microbial processes in the rumen, reduction intoxication, and in case of secondary hypotension, additionally to eliminate underlying disease.

To restore the motility of the proventriculus, remove toxic substances and reduce the pH of the contents, the rumen is washed 1% solution sodium sulfate or bicarbonate in the amount of 30-40 liters. For this purpose, it is more convenient to use Cherkasov or Kumsiev probes. To enhance the motor-secretory activity of the digestive organs, it is most widely used in practice. hellebore rhizome tincture. It is administered orally with water to cattle 10-15ml each, sheep and goats - 3-5ml each or subcutaneously in cattle 5 ml; 20-30 minutes after administration, the contraction of the scar intensifies, and chewing gum appears. Hellebore alkaloids (protoveratrine, nervin) increase contraction of the proventriculus and stimulate regurgitation of cud. The ruminator effect of hellebore tincture in therapeutic doses is manifested in sick animals only for hypotension, while As in healthy people, increased contractions of the forestomach are not observed.

For hypotension intravenous administration gives good results hypertensive solutions (5-, 10-, 20%) sodium chloride at the rate of 0.05-0.1 g of dry matter per 1 kg of body weight. Intravenous administration of sodium chloride has a multifaceted effect on the animal’s body: eliminates intoxication of the body, increases the frequency, intensifies and restores the rhythm of contractions of the rumen, improves the movement of the book and intestinal motility, enhances defecation and urination, increases the secretion of the digestive glands, activates redox processes, promotes the flushing out of metabolic products, increases the tone and trophic function of the nervous system. 15-30 minutes after intravenous administration of a 10% sodium chloride solution, active contractions of the rumen begin in a sick animal, and regurgitation appears after 20-30 minutes.

A single injection is usually sufficient, if necessary, the administration is repeated the next day.

In order to improve the motor activity of the rumen, appetite and chewing gum, bitterness is used ( sagebrush-20-30g 2 times a day; gentian root-20-25g), cucumber, tomato and cabbage pickle-up to 300-500ml 2-3 times a day; vodka cattle - 100-150 ml.

In practice it gives good results stimulating mixture: ethyl alcohol - 50ml, yeast -100g and sugar -200g, all diluted in 1 liter of water. The mixture is prescribed once a day and, if necessary, repeated after one or two days.

Has a good effect left iliac massage from bottom to top in a circular motion counterclockwise 2-4 times a day for 10-20 minutes; irradiation for 30-40 minutes with a Solux lamp at a distance of 1 m 1-2 times a day for 2-3 days. It is useful to take a sick animal for 20-30 minutes 2-3 times a day and give it deep, cool enemas. To delay the processes of abnormal breakdown of rumen contents in cattle 2-3 times a day, give 1-2 tablespoons of hydrochloric acid, diluted in a bottle of water. To restore fermentation, use 20-40 ml of concentrated acetic acid in 2 liters of water with 500 g of sugar.

To weaken putrefactive and fermentative processes in the proventriculus and intestines orally to a sick animal disinfectants and antifermentation agents are specified(ichthyol, formalin, creolin, etc.) Ichthyol is given orally from a bottle in a dose of 15-30 ml per 0.5-1 liter of water, depending on the need, 2 times a day for 2-3 days.

If the rumen is full, the animal is prescribed one to two days starvation diet. Water intake is not limited; it would be nice to add Carlsbad salt (50g) to the water. Great importance It has dietary feeding taking into account the cause of the disease. The work of the forestomach and chewing gum excite by frequent giving of small amounts good quality hay or green grass, silage; crushed, with the addition of table salt, sugar beets, carrots or potatoes, flour flour, baker's (50-100g) or brewer's yeast. When the condition of a sick animal improves the amount of feed is gradually increased up to normal. A good effect is given by administering 1-2 liters orally to a sick cow. fresh rumen contents from a clinically healthy cow.

To improve metabolism, it is administered intravenously 40% glucose solution 200-300ml with 10% solution calcium chloride 150-200ml and 20% solution caffeine sodium benzoate subcutaneously -10ml.

Prevention. Measures to prevent the disease are as follows:

1. Comply with the rules and regulations for feeding, care and maintenance of animals, taking into account their age, productivity and other characteristics.
2. Ensure proper control over the quality of feed, prevent feeding spoiled, moldy, musty and rotten hay, straw, root crops, concentrates and technical waste to animals.
3. Ensure that animals are fed a diet balanced according to zootechnical standards, taking into account their physiological state.
4. Avoid sudden transfer of animals from one food to another, avoid periodic underfeeding or overfeeding.
5. Rough feed (barn waste, cutting straw) should be given to animals steamed, in diets with succulent feed.
6. Ensure that animals need clean, good-quality water.
7. When keeping animals in winter stalls, provide them with daily active walks for at least 2 hours.