General information

Inflammation- a complex local vascular-mesenchymal reaction to tissue damage caused by the action of various agents. This reaction is aimed at destroying the agent that caused the damage and repairing the damaged tissue. Inflammation, a reaction developed in the course of phylogenesis, has a protective and adaptive character and carries elements of not only pathology, but also physiology. Such a dual meaning for the body of inflammation is a peculiar feature of it.

As early as the end of the 19th century, I.I. Mechnikov believed that inflammation is an adaptive reaction of the body developed in the course of evolution, and one of its most important manifestations is phagocytosis by microphages and macrophages of pathogenic agents and thus ensuring the recovery of the body. But the reparative function of inflammation was for I.I. Mechnikov is hidden. Emphasizing the protective nature of inflammation, he at the same time believed that healing power nature, which is the inflammatory reaction, is not yet an adaptation that has reached perfection. According to I.I. Mechnikov, proof of this are frequent diseases accompanied by inflammation, and deaths from them.

Etiology of inflammation

Factors causing inflammation can be biological, physical (including traumatic), chemical; they are endogenous or exogenous in origin.

TO physical factors, causing inflammation, include radiation and electrical energy, high and low temperatures, various kinds of injuries.

chemical factors inflammation can be a variety of chemicals, toxins and poisons.

The development of inflammation is determined not only by the influence of one or another etiological factor, but also by the peculiarity of the organism's reactivity.

Morphology and pathogenesis of inflammation

Inflammation can be expressed by the formation of a microscopic focus or an extensive area, have not only a focal, but also a diffuse character. Sometimes inflammation occurs in tissue system, then talk about systemic inflammatory lesions (rheumatic diseases with systemic inflammatory lesions connective tissue, systemic vasculitis and etc.). Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between localized and systemic inflammation.

Inflammation develops in the area histion and consists of the following successively developing phases: 1) alteration; 2) exudation; 3) proliferation of hematogenous and histiogenic cells and, less often, parenchymal cells (epithelium). The relationship of these phases is shown in Scheme IX.

Alteration- tissue damage is initial phase inflammation and is manifested by various types of dystrophy and necrosis. In this phase of inflammation, there is a release of biologically active substances - inflammatory mediators. This - launcher inflammation, which determines the kinetics of the inflammatory response.

Inflammatory mediators can be of plasma (humoral) and cellular (tissue) origin. Mediators of plasma origin- these are representatives of kallikrein-kinin (kinins, kallikreins), coagulation and anticoagulation (XII blood coagulation factor, or Hageman factor, plasmin) and complementary (components C 3 -C 5) systems. The mediators of these systems increase the permeability of microvessels, activate the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, phagocytosis, and intravascular coagulation (Scheme X).

Mediators of cellular origin associated with effector cells - mastocytes (tissue basophils) and basophilic leukocytes, which release histamine, serotonin, a slowly reacting substance of anaphylaxis, etc .; platelets producing, in addition to histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins, also lysosomal enzymes; polymorphonuclear leukocytes rich in leukokine

Scheme IX. Phases of inflammation

Scheme X. The action of inflammatory mediators of plasma (humoral) origin

mi, lysosomal enzymes, cationic proteins and neutral proteases. Effector cells that produce inflammatory mediators are also cells of immune responses - macrophages that release their monokines (interleukin I), and lymphocytes that produce lymphokines (interleukin II). Not only is associated with mediators of cellular origin increased permeability of microvessels And phagocytosis; they have bactericidal action, cause secondary alteration (histolisis), include immune mechanisms in an inflammatory response regulate proliferation And cell differentiation on the field of inflammation, aimed at repair, compensation or replacement of the focus of damage with connective tissue (Scheme XI). The conductor of cellular interactions in the field of inflammation is macrophage.

Mediators of plasma and cellular origin are interconnected and work on the principle of an autocatalytic reaction with feedback and mutual support (see Diagrams X and XI). The action of mediators is mediated by receptors on the surface of effector cells. From this it follows that the change of some mediators by others in time causes a change in cellular forms in the field of inflammation - from a polymorphonuclear leukocyte for phagocytosis to a fibroblast activated by macrophage monokines for repair.

Exudation- the phase quickly following alteration and release of neurotransmitters. It consists of a number of stages: the reaction of the microcirculatory bed with violations of the rheological properties of the blood; increased vascular permeability at the level of the microvasculature; exudation of components of blood plasma; emigration of blood cells; phagocytosis; the formation of exudate and inflammatory cell infiltrate.

Scheme XI. The action of inflammatory mediators of cellular (tissue) origin

nia

The reaction of the microcirculatory bed with violations of the rheological properties of blood- one of the brightest morphological signs of inflammation. Changes in microvessels begin with a reflex spasm, a decrease in the lumen of arterioles and precapillaries, which is quickly replaced by an expansion of the entire vascular network of the inflammation zone and, above all, postcapillaries and venules. Inflammatory hyperemia causes an increase in temperature (calor) and redness (rubor) inflamed area. With an initial spasm, the blood flow in the arterioles becomes accelerated, and then slowed down. In the lymphatic vessels, as in the blood vessels, the lymph flow first accelerates, and then it slows down. Lymphatic vessels overflow with lymph and leukocytes.

In avascular tissues (cornea, heart valves), at the beginning of inflammation, alteration phenomena predominate, and then ingrowth of vessels from neighboring areas occurs (this happens very quickly) and they are included in the inflammatory reaction.

Changes in the rheological properties of blood consist in the fact that in dilated venules and postcapillaries with slow blood flow, the distribution of leukocytes and erythrocytes in the blood stream is disturbed. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) emerge from the axial current, collect in the marginal zone, and are located along the vessel wall. edge-

the entire arrangement of neutrophils is replaced by their edge standing, which precedes emigration outside of the vessel.

Changes in hemodynamics and vascular tone in the focus of inflammation lead to stasis in postcapillaries and venules, which is replaced thrombosis. The same changes occur in the lymphatic vessels. Thus, with the continued flow of blood into the focus of inflammation, its outflow, as well as lymph, is disturbed. The blockade of the efferent blood and lymphatic vessels allows the focus of inflammation to act as a barrier that prevents the generalization of the process.

Increased vascular permeability at the level of the microvasculature is one of the essential signs of inflammation. The whole range of tissue changes, the originality of the forms of inflammation are largely determined by the state of vascular permeability, the depth of its damage. A large role in the implementation of increased permeability of the vessels of the microvasculature belongs to damaged cell ultrastructures, which leads to increased micropinocytosis. associated with increased vascular permeability exudation in tissues and cavities of the liquid parts of plasma, emigration of blood cells, education exudate(inflammatory effusion) and inflammatory cellular infiltrate.

Exudation constituent parts plasma blood is considered as a manifestation of a vascular reaction that develops within the microcirculatory bed. It is expressed in the exit from the vessel of the liquid components of the blood: water, proteins, electrolytes.

Emigration of blood cells those. their exit from the blood stream through the wall of blood vessels is carried out with the help of chemotactic mediators (see Scheme X). As already mentioned, emigration is preceded by the marginal standing of neutrophils. They adhere to the vessel wall (mainly in postcapillaries and venules), then form processes (pseudopodia) that penetrate between endothelial cells - interendothelial emigration(Fig. 63). Neutrophils cross the basement membrane, most likely based on the phenomenon thixotropy(thixotropy - isometric reversible decrease in the viscosity of colloids), i.e. the transition of the membrane gel to the sol when the cell touches the membrane. In the perivascular tissue, neutrophils continue their movement with the help of pseudopodia. The process of migration of leukocytes is called leukodiapedesis, and erythrocytes - erythrodiapedesis.

Phagocytosis(from Greek. phagos- devour and kitos- receptacle) - absorption and digestion by cells (phagocytes) of various bodies of both living (bacteria) and inanimate (foreign bodies) nature. Phagocytes can be a variety of cells, but in inflammation, neutrophils and macrophages are of the greatest importance.

Phagocytosis is provided by a number of biochemical reactions. During phagocytosis, the content of glycogen in the cytoplasm of the phagocyte decreases, which is associated with enhanced anaerobic glycogenolysis, which is necessary to generate energy for phagocytosis; substances that block glycogenolysis also inhibit phagocytosis.

Rice. 63. Emigration of leukocytes through the vessel wall during inflammation:

a - one of the neutrophils (H1) is closely adjacent to the endothelium (En), the other (H2) has a well-defined nucleus (N) and penetrates the endothelium (En). Most of this leukocyte is located in the subendothelial layer. On the endothelium in this area, pseudopodia of the third leukocyte (H3) are visible; Pr - lumen of the vessel. x9000; b - neutrophils (SL) with well contoured nuclei (N) are located between the endothelium and the basement membrane (BM); junctions of endothelial cells (ECC) and collagen fibers (CLF) behind the basement membrane. x20,000 (according to Flory and Grant)

A phagocytic object (bacterium) surrounded by an invaginated cytomembrane (phagocytosis - loss of the phagocyte cytomembrane) forms phagosome. When it fuses with a lysosome, phagolysosome(secondary lysosome), in which intracellular digestion is carried out with the help of hydrolytic enzymes - completed phagocytosis(Fig. 64). In completed phagocytosis, antibacterial cationic proteins of neutrophil lysosomes play an important role; they kill microbes, which are then digested. In cases where microorganisms are not digested by phagocytes, more often by macrophages and multiply in their cytoplasm, they speak of incomplete phagocytosis, or endocytobiosis. His

Rice. 64. Phagocytosis. Macrophage with phagocytized leukocyte fragments (SL) and lipid inclusions (L). electronogram. x 20,000.

explained by many reasons, in particular, by the fact that macrophage lysosomes may contain an insufficient amount of antibacterial cationic proteins or are completely devoid of them. Thus, phagocytosis is not always a protective reaction of the body and sometimes creates the prerequisites for the dissemination of microbes.

Formation of exudate and inflammatory cell infiltrate completes the exudation processes described above. Exudation of liquid parts of the blood, emigration of leukocytes, diapedesis of erythrocytes lead to the appearance in the affected tissues or body cavities of an inflammatory fluid - exudate. The accumulation of exudate in the tissue leads to an increase in its volume (tumor) nerve compression and pain (dolor), the occurrence of which during inflammation is also associated with the influence of mediators (bradykinin), to a violation of the function of a tissue or organ (functio laesa).

Typically, the exudate contains more than 2% proteins. Depending on the degree of permeability of the vessel wall, different proteins can penetrate the tissue. With a slight increase in the permeability of the vascular barrier, mainly albumins and globulins penetrate through it, and with a high degree of permeability, large molecular proteins, in particular fibrinogen, also exit along with them. In some cases, neutrophils predominate in the exudate, in others - lymphocytes, monocytes and histiocytes, in others - erythrocytes.

With the accumulation of exudate cells in the tissues, and not its liquid part, they speak of inflammatory cell infiltrate, in which both hematogenous and histiogenic elements may predominate.

Proliferation(reproduction) of cells is the final phase of inflammation, aimed at restoring damaged tissue. The number of mesenchymal cambial cells, B- and T-lymphocytes, and monocytes increases. When cells multiply in the focus of inflammation, cell differentiation and transformation are observed (Scheme XII): cambial mesenchymal cells differentiate into fibroblasts; B-lymphocytes

Scheme XII. Differentiation and transformation of cells during inflammation

give rise to education plasma cells. T-lymphocytes, apparently, do not transform into other forms. Monocytes give rise histiocytes And macrophages. Macrophages can be a source of education epithelioid And giant cells(cells of foreign bodies and Pirogov-Langhans).

At various stages of fibroblast proliferation, products their activities - protein collagen And glycosaminoglycans, appear argyrophilic And collagen fibers, intercellular substance connective tissue.

In the process of proliferation during inflammation, it is also involved epithelium(see Scheme XII), which is especially pronounced in the skin and mucous membranes (stomach, intestines). In this case, the proliferating epithelium can form polypous growths. Cell proliferation in the field of inflammation serves as a repair. At the same time, the differentiation of proliferating epithelial structures is possible only with the maturation and differentiation of the connective tissue (Garshin V.N., 1939).

Inflammation with all its components appears only in the later stages of fetal development. In the fetus, newborn and child, inflammation has a number of features. The first feature of inflammation is the predominance of its alternative and productive components, since they are phylogenetically older. The second feature of inflammation associated with age is the tendency local process to distribution and generalization due to the anatomical and functional immaturity of the organs of immunogenesis and barrier tissues.

Regulation of inflammation carried out with the help of hormonal, nervous and immune factors. It has been established that some hormones, such as somatotropic hormone (GH) of the pituitary gland, deoxycorticosterone, aldosterone, increase the inflammatory response. (pro-inflammatory hormones) others - glucocorticoids and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACLT) of the pituitary gland, on the contrary, reduce it (anti-inflammatory hormones). cholinergic substances, by stimulating the release of inflammatory mediators,

act like pro-inflammatory hormones, and adrenergic, inhibiting mediator activity, behave like anti-inflammatory hormones. The severity of the inflammatory reaction, the rate of its development and nature is affected by state of immunity. The inflammation proceeds especially rapidly under conditions of antigenic stimulation (sensitization); in such cases one speaks of immune, or allergic, inflammation(see Immunopathological processes).

Exodus inflammation is different depending on its etiology and the nature of the course, the state of the body and the structure of the organ in which it develops. Tissue decay products undergo enzymatic cleavage and phagocytic resorption, resorption of decay products occurs. Due to cell proliferation, the focus of inflammation is gradually replaced by connective tissue cells. If the focus of inflammation was small, it may occur full recovery previous tissue. With a significant tissue defect, a scar is formed at the site of the focus.

Terminology and classification of inflammation

In most cases, the name of the inflammation of a particular tissue (organ) is usually composed by adding the ending to the Latin and Greek name of the organ or tissue -itis, and to Russian - -it. So, inflammation of the pleura is denoted as pleuritis- pleurisy, inflammation of the kidney - nephritis- nephritis, inflammation of the gums - gingivitis- gingivitis, etc. Inflammation of some organs has special names. So, inflammation of the pharynx is called angina (from the Greek. ancho- soul, squeeze), pneumonia - pneumonia, inflammation of a number of cavities with accumulation of pus in them - empyema (eg, pleural empyema), purulent inflammation hair follicle with adjacent sebaceous gland and fabrics - furuncle (from lat. furiare- infuriate), etc.

Classification. The nature of the course of the process and morphological forms are taken into account, depending on the predominance of the exudative or proliferative phase of inflammation. According to the nature of the flow, they distinguish acute, subacute and chronic inflammation, by the predominance of the exudative or proliferative phase of the inflammatory reaction - exudative and proliferative (productive) inflammation.

Until recently, among the morphological forms of inflammation, alternative inflammation, in which alteration (necrotic inflammation) predominates, and exudation and proliferation are extremely weak or not expressed at all. Currently, the existence of this form of inflammation is denied by most pathologists on the grounds that in the so-called alternative inflammation, there is essentially no vascular-mesenchymal reaction (exudation and proliferation), which is the essence of the inflammatory reaction. Thus, in this case, we are not talking about inflammation oh oh necrosis. The concept of alternative inflammation was created by R. Virchow, who proceeded from his "nutritive theory" of inflammation (it turned out to be erroneous), so he called alternative inflammation parenchymal.

Morphological forms of inflammation

Exudative inflammation

Exudative inflammation characterized by the predominance of exudation and the formation of exudate in the tissues and body cavities. Depending on the nature of the exudate and the predominant localization of inflammation, the following types of exudative inflammation are distinguished: 1) serous; 2) fibrinous; 3) purulent; 4) putrid; 5) hemorrhagic; 6) catarrhal; 7) mixed.

Serous inflammation. It is characterized by the formation of exudate containing up to 2% proteins and a small amount of cellular elements. The course of serous inflammation is usually acute. Occurs more often in the serous cavities, mucous membranes and meninges, less often in the internal organs, skin.

Morphological picture. IN serous cavities serous exudate accumulates - a cloudy liquid, poor in cellular elements, among which deflated mesothelial cells and single neutrophils predominate; shells become full-blooded. The same picture emerges for serous meningitis. With inflammation mucous membranes, which also become full-blooded, mucus and deflated epithelial cells are mixed with the exudate, serous catarrh mucous membrane (see description of catarrh below). IN liver fluid accumulates in perisinusoidal spaces (Fig. 65), in myocardium between muscle fibers in the kidneys - in the lumen of the glomerular capsule. Serous inflammation skin, for example, with a burn, it is expressed by the formation of blisters that appear in the thickness of the epidermis, filled with a cloudy effusion. Sometimes exudate accumulates under the epidermis and exfoliates it from the underlying tissue with the formation of large blisters.

Rice. 65. Serous hepatitis

Cause serous inflammation are various infectious agents (mycobacterium tuberculosis, Frenkel's diplococcus, meningococcus, shigella), exposure to thermal and chemical factors, autointoxication (for example, with thyrotoxicosis, uremia).

Exodus serous inflammation is usually favorable. Even a significant amount of exudate can be absorbed. In the internal organs (liver, heart, kidneys), sclerosis sometimes develops as a result of serous inflammation in its chronic course.

Meaning determined by the degree of functional impairment. In the cavity of the heart shirt, effusion complicates the work of the heart, in pleural cavity leads to collapse (compression) of the lung.

fibrinous inflammation. It is characterized by the formation of an exudate rich in fibrinogen, which in the affected (necrotic) tissue turns into fibrin. This process is facilitated by the release of a large amount of thromboplastin in the necrosis zone. Fibrinous inflammation is localized in the mucous and serous membranes, less often in the thickness of the organ.

Morphological picture. A whitish-gray film appears on the surface of the mucous or serous membrane (“membraneous” inflammation). Depending on the depth of tissue necrosis, the type of epithelium of the mucous membrane, the film can be loosely connected with the underlying tissues and therefore easily separated or firmly and therefore difficult to separate. In the first case, they talk about croupous, and in the second - about the diphtheritic variant of fibrinous inflammation.

Croupous inflammation(from scot. group- film) occurs with shallow tissue necrosis and impregnation of necrotic masses with fibrin (Fig. 66). The film, loosely associated with the underlying tissue, makes the mucous membrane or serous membrane dull. Sometimes it seems that the shell is, as it were, sprinkled with sawdust. mucous membrane thickens, swells, if the film is separated, a surface defect occurs. Serous membrane becomes rough, as if covered with hair - fibrin threads. With fibrinous pericarditis in such cases, they speak of a "hairy heart". Among the internal organs, croupous inflammation develops in lung - croupous pneumonia (see. pneumonia).

Diphtheritic inflammation(from Greek. diphtera- leathery film) develops with deep tissue necrosis and impregnation of necrotic masses with fibrin (Fig. 67). It develops on mucous membranes. The fibrinous film is tightly soldered to the underlying tissue; when it is rejected, a deep defect occurs.

The variant of fibrinous inflammation (croupous or diphtheritic) depends, as already mentioned, not only on the depth of tissue necrosis, but also on the type of epithelium lining the mucous membranes. On mucous membranes covered with squamous epithelium (oral cavity, pharynx, tonsils, epiglottis, esophagus, true vocal cords, cervix), films are usually tightly associated with the epithelium, although necrosis and prolapse of fibrin are sometimes limited only to the epithelial cover. This explains-

It is due to the fact that the cells of the squamous epithelium are closely connected with each other and with the underlying connective tissue and therefore "hold firmly" the film. In mucous membranes covered with prismatic epithelium (upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, etc.), the connection of the epithelium with the underlying tissue is loose, so the resulting films are easily separated along with the epithelium even with deep fibrin precipitation. The clinical significance of fibrinous inflammation, for example, in the pharynx and trachea is unequal even with the same cause of its occurrence (diphtheritic sore throat and croupous tracheitis in diphtheria).

Causes fibrinous inflammation are different. It can be caused by Frenkel's diplococci, streptococci and staphylococci, pathogens of diphtheria and dysentery, mycobacterium tuberculosis, and influenza viruses. In addition to infectious agents, fibrinous inflammation can be caused by toxins and poisons of endogenous (for example, with uremia) or exogenous (with sublimate poisoning) origin.

Flow fibrinous inflammation is usually acute. Sometimes (for example, with tuberculosis of the serous membranes), it is chronic.

Exodus fibrinous inflammation of the mucous and serous membranes is not the same. On the mucous membranes after rejection of the films, defects of different depths remain - ulcers; with croupous inflammation they are superficial, with diphtheria they are deep and leave behind cicatricial changes. On the serous membranes, resorption of fibrinous exudate is possible. However, fibrin masses often undergo organization, which leads to the formation of adhesions between the serous sheets of the pleura, peritoneum, and cardiac shirt. As a result of fibrinous inflammation, complete overgrowth of the serous cavity with connective tissue can occur - its obliteration.

Meaning fibrinous inflammation is very large, since it forms the morphological basis of many diseases (diphtheria, dysentery),

observed with intoxication (uremia). With the formation of films in the larynx, trachea, there is a danger of asphyxia; with rejection of films in the intestine, bleeding from the resulting ulcers is possible. After suffering fibrinous inflammation, long-term non-healing, scarring ulcers may remain.

Purulent inflammation. It is characterized by the predominance of neutrophils in the exudate. Decaying neutrophils, which are called purulent bodies, together with the liquid part of the exudate form pus. It also contains lymphocytes, macrophages, dead tissue cells, microbes. Pus is a cloudy, thick liquid that has a yellow-green color. A characteristic feature of purulent inflammation is histolysis, due to the effect on tissues of proteolytic enzymes of neutrophils. Purulent inflammation occurs in any organ, any tissue.

Morphological picture. Purulent inflammation, depending on its prevalence, can be represented by an abscess or phlegmon.

Abscess (abscess)- focal purulent inflammation, characterized by the formation of a cavity filled with pus (Fig. 68). Over time, the abscess is delimited by a shaft of granulation tissue, rich in capillaries, through the walls of which there is an increased emigration of leukocytes. Formed as if the shell of the abscess. Outside, it consists of connective tissue fibers that are adjacent to the unchanged tissue, and inside - of granulation tissue and pus, which is continuously renewed due to the release of purulent bodies by granulations. The abscess that produces pus is called pyogenic membrane.

Phlegmon - diffuse purulent inflammation, in which purulent exudate spreads diffusely between tissue elements, impregnating, exfoliating and lysing tissues. Most often, phlegmon is observed where purulent exudate can easily make its way, i.e. along the intermuscular layers, along the tendons, fascia, in the subcutaneous tissue, along the neurovascular trunks, etc.

There are soft and hard phlegmon. Soft phlegmon characterized by the absence of visible foci of tissue necrosis, hard phlegmon- the presence of such foci that do not undergo purulent fusion, as a result of which the tissue becomes very dense; dead tissue is sloughed off. Phlegmo-

on adipose tissue (cellulite) is characterized by unlimited distribution. There may be an accumulation of pus in body cavities and in some hollow organs, which is called empyema (empyema of the pleura, gallbladder, appendix, etc.).

Cause purulent inflammation are more often pyogenic microbes (staphylococcus, streptococcus, gonococci, meningococci), less often Frenkel's diplococci, typhoid bacilli, mycobacterium tuberculosis, fungi, etc. Aseptic purulent inflammation is possible when certain chemicals enter the tissue.

Flow purulent inflammation can be acute and chronic. Acute purulent inflammation, represented by an abscess or phlegmon, tends to spread. Ulcers, melting the organ capsule, can break into neighboring cavities. Between the abscess and the cavity where the pus broke through, there are fistulous passages. In these cases, it is possible to develop empyema. Purulent inflammation, when it spreads, passes to neighboring organs and tissues (for example, pleurisy occurs with a lung abscess, and peritonitis occurs with a liver abscess). With abscess and phlegmon purulent process can get lymphogenous And hematogenous spread, which leads to development septicopyemia(cm. Sepsis).

Chronic suppurative inflammation develops when the abscess is encapsulated. At the same time, sclerosis develops in the surrounding tissues. If pus in such cases finds a way out, appear chronic fistulous passages, or fistulas, which are opened through the skin to the outside. If the fistulous passages do not open, and the process continues to spread, abscesses can occur at a considerable distance from primary focus purulent inflammation. Such distant ulcers are called sinter abscess, or sump. With a long course, purulent inflammation spreads through loose fiber and forms extensive streaks of pus, causing severe intoxication and leading to depletion of the body. In wounds complicated by wound suppuration, a wound exhaustion, or purulent-resorptive fever(Davydovsky I.V., 1954).

Exodus purulent inflammation depends on its prevalence, the nature of the course, the virulence of the microbe and the state of the body. In adverse cases, generalization of infection may occur, sepsis develops. If the process is delimited, the abscess is opened spontaneously or surgically, which leads to the release of pus. The abscess cavity is filled with granulation tissue, which matures, and a scar forms in place of the abscess. Another outcome is also possible: the pus in the abscess thickens, turns into necrotic detritus, which undergoes petrification. Prolonged purulent inflammation often leads to amyloidosis.

Meaning Purulent inflammation is determined primarily by its ability to destroy tissues (histolysis), which makes it possible for the purulent process to spread by contact, lymphogenous and hematogenous

way. Purulent inflammation underlies many diseases, as well as their complications.

Putrid inflammation(gangrenous, ichorous, from the Greek. ichor- ichor). It usually develops as a result of putrefactive bacteria entering the inflammation site, causing tissue decomposition with the formation of foul-smelling gases.

Hemorrhagic inflammation. Occurs when the exudate contains a lot of red blood cells. In the development of this type of inflammation, the role is not only of a sharply increased permeability of microvessels, but also of negative chemotaxis in relation to neutrophils. Hemorrhagic inflammation occurs in severe infectious diseases- anthrax, plague, influenza, etc. Sometimes there are so many erythrocytes that the exudate resembles a hemorrhage (for example, with anthrax meningoencephalitis). Often hemorrhagic inflammation joins other types of exudative inflammation.

The outcome of hemorrhagic inflammation depends on the cause that caused it.

Catarrh(from Greek. catarrheo- flow down), or Qatar. Develops on mucous membranes and is characterized copious excretion exudate on their surface (Fig. 69). The exudate can be serous, mucous, purulent, hemorrhagic, and desquamated cells of the integumentary epithelium are always mixed with it. Catarrh can be acute or chronic. Acute catarrh characteristic of a number of infections (for example, acute catarrh of the upper respiratory tract with acute respiratory infection). At the same time, a change from one type of catarrh to another is characteristic - serous catarrh is mucous, and mucous is purulent or purulent-hemorrhagic. Chronic catarrh occurs both in infectious (chronic purulent catarrhal bronchitis) and non-infectious (chronic catarrhal gastritis) diseases. Chronic catarrh is accompanied by atrophy (atrophic catarrh) or hypertrophy (hypertrophic catarrh) mucous membrane.

Rice. 69. catarrhal bronchitis

Causes catarrh are different. Most often, catarrhs ​​are of an infectious or infectious-allergic nature. They can develop during autointoxication (uremic catarrhal gastritis and colitis), due to exposure to thermal and chemical agents.

Meaning catarrhal inflammation is determined by its localization, intensity, nature of the course. The greatest importance is acquired by catarrhs ​​of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, often taking on a chronic character and having severe consequences (pulmonary emphysema, pneumosclerosis). Of no less importance is chronic gastric catarrh, which contributes to the development of a tumor.

Mixed inflammation. In those cases when another type of exudate joins, mixed inflammation is observed. Then they talk about serous-purulent, serous-fibrinous, purulent-hemorrhagic or fibrinous-hemorrhagic inflammation. More often, a change in the type of exudative inflammation is observed with the addition of a new infection, a change in the reactivity of the body.

Proliferative (productive) inflammation characterized by a predominance of proliferation of cellular and tissue elements. Alterative and exudative changes recede into the background. As a result of cell proliferation, focal or diffuse cellular infiltrates are formed. They can be polymorphocellular, lymphocytic monocytic, macrophage, plasma cell, epithelioid cell, giant cell, etc.

Productive inflammation occurs in any organ, any tissue. The following types of proliferative inflammation are distinguished: 1) interstitial (interstitial); 2) granulomatous; 3) inflammation with the formation of polyps and genital warts.

Interstitial (interstitial) inflammation. It is characterized by the formation of a cellular infiltrate in the stroma - myocardium (Fig. 70), liver, kidneys, lungs. The infiltrate can be represented by histiocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, single neutrophils, eosinophils. The progression of interstitial inflammation leads to the development of mature fibrous connective tissue - develops sclerosis (see Diagram XII).

Rice. 70. Interstitial (interstitial) myocarditis

If there are many plasma cells in the cell infiltrate, then they can turn into homogeneous spherical formations, which are called hyalip balls, or fuchsinophilic bodies(Roussel bodies). Externally, organs with interstitial inflammation change little.

Granulomatous inflammation. It is characterized by the formation of granulomas (nodules) resulting from the proliferation and transformation of cells capable of phagocytosis.

Morphogenesis granulomas consist of 4 stages: 1) accumulation of young monocytic phagocytes in the tissue damage site; 2) maturation of these cells into macrophages and the formation of a macrophage granuloma; 3) maturation and transformation of monocytic phagocytes and macrophages into epithelioid cells and the formation of an epithelioid cell granuloma; 4) fusion of epithelioid cells (or macrophages) and the formation of giant cells (foreign body cells or Pirogov-Langhans cells) and epithelioid cell or giant cell granuloma. Giant cells are characterized by significant polymorphism: from 2-3-nuclear to giant symplasts containing 100 nuclei or more. In giant cells of foreign bodies, the nuclei are evenly distributed in the cytoplasm, in Pirogov-Langhans cells - mainly along the periphery. The diameter of granulomas, as a rule, does not exceed 1-2 mm; more often they are found only under a microscope. The outcome of the granuloma is sclerosis.

Thus, guided morphological features, three types of granulomas should be distinguished: 1) macrophage granuloma (simple granuloma, or phagocytoma); 2) epithelioid cell granuloma (epitheloidocytoma); 3) giant cell granuloma.

Depending on the level of metabolism, granulomas are distinguished with low and high levels of metabolism. Granulomas with low level exchange arise when exposed to inert substances (inert foreign bodies) and consist mainly of giant cells of foreign bodies. High metabolic rate granulomas appear under the action of toxic stimuli (mycobacterium tuberculosis, leprosy, etc.) and are represented by epithelioid cell nodules.

Etiology granulomatosis is varied. There are infectious, non-infectious and unidentified granulomas. Infectious granulomas found with typhus and typhoid fever, rheumatism, rabies, viral encephalitis, tularemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, scleroma. Non-infectious granulomas occur with dust diseases (silicosis, talcosis, asbestosis, byssinosis, etc.), drug effects (granulomatous hepatitis, oleogranulomatous disease); they also appear around foreign bodies. TO granulomas of unknown nature include granulomas in sarcoidosis, Crohn's and Horton's diseases, Wegener's granulomatosis, etc. Guided by etiology, a group is currently distinguished granulomatous diseases.

Pathogenesis granulomatosis is ambiguous. It is known that two conditions are necessary for the development of a granuloma: the presence of substances capable of stimulating

lyat the system of monocytic phagocytes, maturation and transformation of macrophages, and resistance of the stimulus to phagocytes. These conditions are ambiguously perceived by the immune system. In some cases, a granuloma, in epithelioid and giant cells of which phagocytic activity is sharply reduced, otherwise phagocytosis, is replaced by endocytobiosis, becomes an expression delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. In these cases, one speaks of immune granuloma, which usually has an epithelioid-cellular morphology with Pirogov-Langhans giant cells. In other cases, when phagocytosis in granuloma cells is relatively sufficient, one speaks of non-immune granuloma, which is usually represented by a phagocytoma, less often by a giant cell granuloma, consisting of cells of foreign bodies.

Granulomas are also divided into specific and nonspecific. specific those granulomas are called, the morphology of which is relatively specific for a certain infectious disease, the causative agent of which can be found in granuloma cells during histobacterioscopic examination. Specific granulomas (previously they were the basis of the so-called specific inflammation) include granulomas in tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy and scleroma.

tuberculous granuloma has the following structure: in the center of it there is a focus of necrosis, along the periphery - a shaft of epithelioid cells and lymphocytes with an admixture of macrophages and plasma cells. Between the epithelioid cells and lymphocytes are Pirogov-Langhans giant cells (Fig. 71, 72), which are very typical for tuberculous granuloma. When impregnated with silver salts, a network of argyrophilic fibers is found among the granuloma cells. A small number of blood capillaries are found only in the outer zones

tubercle. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is detected in giant cells when stained according to Ziehl-Neelsen.

represented by an extensive focus of necrosis, surrounded by a cellular infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasmocytes and epithelioid cells; Pirogov-Langhans giant cells are rare (Fig. 73). Gumma is characterized by the rapid formation of connective tissue around the focus of necrosis with many vessels with proliferating endothelium (endovasculitis). Sometimes in a cellular infiltrate it is possible to reveal a pale treponema by the method of silvering.

Leprosy granuloma (leproma) It is represented by a nodule, consisting mainly of macrophages, as well as lymphocytes and plasma cells. Among the macrophages, large cells with fatty vacuoles containing mycobacterium leprosy packed in the form of balls are distinguished. These cells, very characteristic of lepromas, are called Virchow's leprosy cells(Fig. 74). Decaying, they release mycobacteria, which are freely located among the leproma cells. The number of mycobacteria in leproma is enormous. Lepromas often coalesce to form well-vascularized lepromatous granulation tissue.

Scleroma granuloma consists of plasma and epithelioid cells, as well as lymphocytes, among which there are many hyaline balls. The appearance of large macrophages with a light cytoplasm, called Mikulich cells. In the cytoplasm, the causative agent of the disease is detected - Volkovich-Frisch sticks (Fig. 75). Significant sclerosis and hyalinosis of the granulation tissue are also characteristic.

Rice. 73. Syphilitic granuloma (gumma)

Rice. 74. Leprosy:

a - leproma with lepromatous form; b - a huge number of mycobacteria in the leprous node; c - Virchow's leprosy cell. In the cell there are accumulations of mycobacteria (Buck), a large number of lysosomes (Lz); destruction of mitochondria (M). electronogram. x25,000 (according to David)

Rice. 75. Mikulich's cell in scleroma. Huge vacuoles are visible in the cytoplasm (C), which contain Volkovich-Frisch bacilli (B). PzK - plasma cell (according to David). x7000

Nonspecific granulomas do not have the characteristic features inherent in specific granulomas. They occur in a number of infectious (eg, typhoid and typhoid granulomas) and non-infectious (eg, silicosis and asbestosis granulomas, foreign body granulomas) diseases.

Exodus double granuloma - necrosis or sclerosis, the development of which is stimulated by monokines (interleukin I) of phagocytes.

Productive inflammation with the formation of polyps and genital warts. Such inflammation is observed on the mucous membranes, as well as in areas bordering the squamous epithelium. It is characterized by the growth of the glandular epithelium along with the cells of the underlying connective tissue, which leads to the formation of many small papillae or larger formations called polyps. Such polyposis growths are observed with prolonged inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, stomach, rectum, uterus, vagina, etc. In areas of the squamous epithelium, which is located near the prismatic (for example, in the anus, genitals), the mucous membranes are separated, constantly irritating the squamous epithelium, leads to the growth of both the epithelium and the stroma. As a result, papillary formations arise - genital warts. They are observed in syphilis, gonorrhea and other diseases accompanied by chronic inflammation.

Flow productive inflammation can be acute, but in most cases chronic. Acute course productive inflammation is characteristic of a number of infectious diseases (typhoid and typhus, tularemia, acute rheumatism, acute glomerulitis), chronic course- for most intermediate productive processes in the myocardium, kidneys, liver, muscles, which end in sclerosis.

Exodus productive inflammation is different depending on its type, the nature of the course and the structural and functional features of the organ and tissue in which it occurs. Chronic productive inflammation leads to the development of focal or diffuse sclerosis organ. If at the same time deformation (wrinkling) of the organ and its structural restructuring develop, then they speak of cirrhosis. These are nephrocyrrhosis as an outcome of chronic productive glomerulonephritis, liver cirrhosis as an outcome chronic hepatitis, pneumocirrhosis as an outcome of chronic pneumonia, etc.

Meaning productive inflammation is very high. It is observed in many diseases and, with a long course, can lead to sclerosis and cirrhosis of organs, and hence to their functional insufficiency.

Inflammation of the ovaries (appendages)

Among all gynecological diseases, various inflammatory diseases occupy a leading position. The most common inflammation of the appendages, which affects women of childbearing age - from 20 years and older.

Symptoms of inflammation of the ovaries:

1. Aching, pulling pains in the lower abdomen, arising from hypothermia of the body and during menstruation,
2. Pain during sex

Later, when the disease develops, the following are added to these symptoms:

1. chills
2. a sharp increase in temperature - up to 38-39 ° C
3. intense pain that radiates to the lower back
4. frequent urge to urinate
5. profuse discharge from the vagina, transparent in appearance.

In severe cases, nausea and vomiting may occur. Chronic inflammation of the appendages increases pain and their range. Therefore, the symptoms of adnexitis (inflammation of the ovaries) include pain in the lower abdomen, in the sacrum, in the groin, and in the vagina. Chronic inflammation can be accompanied by menstrual disorders, sexual dysfunction, miscarriage and the development of an ectopic pregnancy.

Causes of the disease

The infection can enter the body sexually (during sexual intercourse from an infected partner). In this case, microorganisms penetrate into the appendages and cause an inflammatory process. It can be gonococci, chlamydia, mycoplasmas or Trichomonas. Such inflammation affects women who are sexually promiscuous, as well as women who continue sexual activity immediately after childbirth or abortion.

Also, the disease causes the activity of the microflora that is in the body or that has entered it non-sexually (activation of autoinfection). Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, streptococci penetrate into the appendages and cause inflammation. Usually they cause other types of inflammation, however, due to some reasons, such as a general decrease in immunity or the presence of other diseases in the body (sinusitis, dysbacteriosis, and even ordinary caries), this microflora can become aggressive.

What is the danger of the disease

Inflammatory processes in the appendages violate the integrity of the epithelium of the fallopian tubes. Because of this, adhesions occur, making the fallopian tubes impassable, which, in turn, causes infertility.

Factors that can cause inflammation:

1. Promiscuous sex life, frequent change of partners, lack of contraception
2. Hypothermia. You can not neglect the hat in severe frost, wear it in the cold season nylon tights and stockings.
3. Stress, overwork, poor, irregular nutrition.
4. Advanced diseases: gastritis, tonsillitis, dysbacteriosis, untreated caries.
5. Using a heating pad for pain. This only provokes the further development of inflammation.

Actions when symptoms appear

1. In order not to aggravate your condition, you should immediately consult a doctor.
2. To make a diagnosis, a smear from the vagina and from the cervix is ​​\u200b\u200bnecessary, which will determine the nature of the microflora.
3. Complete the prescribed course of treatment

Remember that treatment should only be carried out by an obstetrician-gynecologist!

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)

STI - This is a large group of microorganisms that are mostly conditionally dangerous. In a small amount, they create a certain "ecology" in the vagina, being part of its microflora. The composition of this flora also includes microorganisms that act as orderlies, preventing the reproduction of the above-mentioned opportunistic flora. But with a decrease in immunity, an imbalance occurs and vaginal dysbacteriosis develops.

A decrease in immunity occurs during exacerbations of chronic diseases, with acute infectious diseases (such as SARS, influenza), as well as after emotional stress or against the background of chronic stress that develops over a long period of time. Also, a decrease in immunity can take place against the background of pregnancy or a sharp change in climate.

Each sexually transmitted disease has its own distinctive features, but all of them are characterized by a chronic course and minor symptoms. Most often, a woman does not notice the disease. And only against the background of a common cold, she notes an increase vaginal discharge, discomfort in the genital area, indefinite periodic pulling pains in the lower abdomen, itching.

CHLAMYDIA

Infection occurs through sexual contact, and not necessarily genital, but also oral or anal. Incubation period averages 7 to 14 days.

There are no problems with the treatment of chlamydia. At correct selection antibacterial drug, its dosage and the calculated duration of treatment, and also - which is very important - if the patient fulfills all the doctor's prescriptions, the treatment will be successful. In most European countries, as well as in the USA and Russia, the cost of treating chlamydia and other latent infections is much lower than the cost of diagnosis.

Latent infections - chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma, and trichomonas are always subject to mandatory treatment in both partners, even if only one of them is sick.

COMPLICATIONS

Chlamydia causes inflammation of the epididymis in men (epididymitis).

In women - diseases of the cervix, inflammation of the appendages and tubal infertility. During pregnancy, chlamydia can cause serious fetal abnormalities.

Also, this infection leads to Reiter's disease - severe damage to the joints and eyes.

Monitoring the result of treatment of chlamydia and other latent STIs should be carried out no earlier than 3 weeks after the completion of medication. Symptoms may persist for several weeks or even months after successful treatment. The resumption of sexual activity is possible only after a control examination of both partners.

UREAPLASMOZIS

These are the smallest microorganisms that do not have and do not need their own cell membrane. This feature allows them to penetrate the cells of the host organism, so they are often not visible to the protective cells of the immune system. Thus, ureaplasmas can exist in the body for more than 10 years. In women, ureaplasmosis is more common than in men.

Ureaplasmas got their name because of the ability to break down urea - ureolysis. Therefore, ureaplasmosis is urinary infection, ureaplasmas cannot survive without urea. Often ureaplasmosis is associated with diseases urinary system, urethritis, chronic cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Ureaplasma is usually transmitted sexually. It is also possible to infect the child during childbirth.

The incubation period lasts about 1 month. The development of the disease further depends on immunity, the presence or absence of other diseases of the vagina, and other reasons.

Most often there are no symptoms. Sometimes patients may complain of more abundant than usual discharge, discomfort in the vulva, burning during urination, intermittent pulling pain in the lower abdomen and lower back.

UREAPLASMA AND PREGNANCY

Ureaplasma can lead to a destructive process in the uterus, appendages, contributing to the development of complications that can lead to pathologies during pregnancy. Therefore, during this period it is necessary to take tests for this infection and treatment, if it is confirmed.

Ureaplasmas do not cause malformations in the fetus. Most often, infection of the child occurs during childbirth when the fetus passes through the infected birth canal. In addition, ureaplasmosis can cause miscarriage, threatened abortion, premature birth, as well as endometritis - one of the postpartum complications.

Treatment during pregnancy occurs most often at 18-20 weeks.

TREATMENT

Treatment of ureaplasmosis should be complex and lengthy. First of all, antibiotics are prescribed. But antibiotics alone are not enough. Ureaplasmas are able to easily adapt to the effects of antibiotics during treatment. The treatment also uses drugs that increase general and local immunity, and antifungal drugs, because antibiotics can cause thrush. The complex of drugs also includes drugs that protect the intestines from the effects of antibiotics.

There is controversy regarding the need to treat a partner if they do not have an infection. This is decided by the attending physician and the partners themselves.

During pregnancy, the choice of drugs is limited because only those drugs that are allowed during pregnancy can be used. Of the antibiotics, these are Rovamycin, Erythromycin, Vilprafen.

MYCOPLASMOSIS

Mycoplasmas are "relatives" of ureaplasmas. They also do not have their own cell wall and all the same qualities and properties as ureaplasmas. Therefore, we will not dwell on mycoplasma in detail. The disease has the same symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment principles as ureaplasmosis.

GARDNERELLOSIS

This disease is not related to STDs. It is called vaginal gardnerella and, in fact, is a manifestation of vaginal dysbacteriosis. Those. this is not an inflammation in the vagina, so the disease has received another name - bacterial vaginosis.

Unlike other infections, gardnerellosis has pronounced and specific symptoms. This is a profuse liquid discharge from the vagina, white or yellowish in color, which has a very unpleasant odor, reminiscent of the smell of rotten fish. The smell can intensify after sexual intercourse, as well as during or after menstruation. Gardnerellosis causes discomfort and burning in the genital area. During a gynecological examination, an experienced doctor can immediately make a diagnosis, since the discharge has a slightly frothy characteristic appearance. Although in some cases there may be no symptoms again, and gardnerella can only be detected during examination.

Gardnerella are deployed directly into the vagina. Further, the infection most often does not penetrate, so there are no symptoms such as, for example, pain in the lower abdomen.

GARDNERELLA AND PREGNANCY

Gardnerella can cause a lot of trouble during pregnancy. It is possible, although very rare, intrauterine infection. Also, gardnerella can cause inflammation of the uterus after childbirth or abortion. Therefore, bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy should be treated immediately.

Usually gardnerella can appear in a regular smear on the flora. Also, for their detection, the PCR diagnostic method can be used.

TREATMENT

Treatment consists of 2 stages. First, the infection is destroyed, then the microflora in the vagina is restored.

At the first stage, drugs such as fazizhin, flagyl, trichopolum, clindamycin are used.

The second stage is a long one, it can last 1 month or more. You need to be patient. If the microflora is not restored, the disease will return. During the treatment period, sexual activity is possible, provided that the partners use a condom.

In men, gardnerella "take root" and do not develop, so treatment of sexual partners is not required.

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS

In recent years, the attention of most researchers and practitioners has been riveted to this infection. Such interest is explained by the fact that the ability of this infection to cause oncological diseases of the genital organs in both women and men has been absolutely proven. Very often, papillomavirus infection, like many other STDs, is asymptomatic, and thereby contributes to its even greater spread in the body. Not every case of HPV leads to cancer, but almost every case of cancer is caused by HPV.

To date, more than 120 HPV types. Of these, 34 types that affect the genitals and perineum. Moreover, each virus is responsible only for its “area”.

HOW DOES THIS VIRUS OCCUR?

HPV can be transmitted through direct contact of the skin and mucous membranes with:

• traditional sexual intercourse (this is the main route of transmission of infection)
• non-traditional sexual intercourse (homosexual or anal sex). It is believed that transmission of HPV is also possible through oral-genital contact.
• during childbirth when the fetus passes through the infected genital tract of the mother
• the household way of transmission of the infection is also not excluded - through bath accessories, hands, dirty clothes.

FACTORS that provoke the development of HPV:

1. early sexual life, promiscuity,
2. a large number of partners, the presence of other STDs (chlamydia, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas),
3. smoking multiple abortions,
4. chronic diseases of the genital organs (inflammation of the appendages, uterus, vagina),
5. aggravated history (the presence of cervical cancer in the closest relatives).
6. anal sex

Sometimes the virus can leave the body on its own. And it happens just more often in young people 30 years old. Unfortunately, if the virus enters the body after 35 years, the likelihood that it will leave the body on its own, without treatment, is small.

Infection can occur in 3 forms:

1. Asymptomatic. In this case, there are no changes and violations, but the infected partner can transmit the infection sexually. This is the latent form.
2. Patients may complain of symptoms such as: vaginal discharge, itching, burning, dryness and discomfort in the vulva, aggravated after intercourse. At the same time, the usual gynecological examination will not reveal any changes in the genital area. But with a detailed examination, for example, with colposcopy, changes can be detected. This is a subclinical form of infection.
3. Finally, the most common symptom HPVs are warts. This is a kind of warts located on the mucous membrane of the genital organs: at the entrance to the vagina, in the clitoris, anus, urethra, on the walls of the vagina. Occasionally, condylomas are found on the skin of the labia and perineum. These are the symptoms clinical form infections.

Warts are skin growths that look like a cockscomb. Condylomas can be on a leg or on the basis. In color, they do not differ in any way from the color of the surrounding tissues.

HPV is detected by PCR diagnostics.

TREATMENT

Condylomas are removed chemically (with the help of various medicines) by using a laser or cryodestruction. Next, treatment is carried out aimed at increasing the body's immunity. In this case, vaginal and rectal suppositories are used for local immunity and various drugs, stimulating general immunity - in the form of tablets or administered intramuscularly.

It is necessary to examine the partner for this disease. During treatment, sexual intercourse is possible when using a condom.

PREGNANCY AND HPV

If HPV is detected during pregnancy planning, a comprehensive examination is necessary: ​​smears for all STDs, a smear for oncocytology, colposcopy (examination of the genital tract under a microscope). You also need to conduct a survey of the sexual partner.

If the infection is detected, it is necessary to treat it and remove existing warts before pregnancy. Asymptomatic carriage of HPV IS NOT a contraindication for pregnancy. If warts are detected after pregnancy, they are carried out. It is advisable to do this in the 1st trimester. For this, chemical and physical methods are used. Immunity boosting drugs are also prescribed (such as Genferon, Viferon, Immunofan)

Question about caesarean section in each case is decided individually.

Prevention of STDs

1. healthy lifestyle
2. reduction in the number of sexual partners,
3. regular visits to the gynecologist.
4. the use of contraceptives, in particular, barrier methods (condoms).
5. taking vitamins and herbal preparations that boost immunity

Over the past year, the preventive vaccine Gardasil has been increasingly promoted. It is able to protect against infection of the most common types of HPV. It should be noted that the vaccine does not have a curative, but preventive action. But, if you have any of the HPV types, for example, the 16th, it is still better to administer the vaccine, because. it will protect you from other types. The presence of the HPV virus in the body is not a contraindication for its introduction. The vaccine will not cause complications in the course of the infection.

The vaccine has age restrictions, it is administered up to and including 26 years of age. But studies are currently underway to study the effect of the vaccine on the body of older women.

Anti-inflammatory folk remedies will come to the rescue at the first sign of ailments. They can also be used in preventive purposes. After all, inflammation is a normal reaction of the body to a viral or fungal infection, damage to the skin and other ailments.

This condition is considered natural, as the body is struggling, but if complications arise, the situation does not change for the better.

Therefore, it is necessary to respond in a timely manner to the deterioration of health, and folk products and herbs will help prevent the development of the disease.

Unlike synthetic drugs, folk remedies do not have side effects, but have a strong anti-inflammatory effect, so they must be used with caution, following the preparation instructions.

With the right attitude to traditional medicine, its recipes gently affect the body and help overcome all its problems.

Herbs with anti-inflammatory action

Anti-inflammatory herbs can be used in the form of restorative, tonic and vitamin preparations. The most popular among them, which have an anti-inflammatory effect:

Effective folk recipes using herbs and fees

Phytotherapy is widely used to treat various diseases. But to speed up the healing process, all recipes of traditional medicine are recommended to be used after consulting a doctor.

Effective remedies for colds:

With bronchitis, astringent and anti-inflammatory herbal preparations will help:

1. For cooking effective prescription with bronchitis should mix a decoction of oak bark, infusion of sage leaves, St. John's wort, calendula flowers and chamomile.
2. Has an anti-inflammatory effect flower remedy chamomile, currant leaves and string. Take all the ingredients in equal proportions, mix, pour boiling water, leave for one hour and strain.
3. Peppermint can help with bronchitis. For high efficiency, it must be mixed with yarrow infusion and a decoction of viburnum bark.

For absolute safety and proper use, it is better to use prescriptions after consulting a doctor.

For diseases of the throat, nasopharynx and respiratory tract:

In gynecology, the following herbs are used:

Exist folk recipes using herbs that are used in urology:

Herbs with anti-inflammatory action for the intestines must meet the following criteria:

• have an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect;
• reduce the production of hydrochloric acid;
• promote mucosal renewal;
• protect the mucosa from chemical and mechanical damage.

Most popular:

1. Chamomile leading among herbs with anti-inflammatory effect. It is used in a variety of recipes for both internal and external use. To relieve inflammation in the intestines, you can take tea from this plant. But it is important to consider that chamomile does not eliminate the cause of this pathology. For a persistent anti-inflammatory effect, the plant must be taken for several months in a row.
2. With dysbacteriosis and swelling, it is recommended to use cumin, fennel, dill, fruits and leaves of raspberries, blueberries, mountain ash.
3. Decoctions of chamomile, fennel, yarrow, mint, wormwood, calendula effective in dyskinesia.
4. With constipation, elecampane, buckthorn bark, valerian, marshmallow root, flax seeds will help.
5. From medicinal herbs, you can prepare a collection for the treatment of acute and chronic gastritis. It will take marshmallow root, couch grass rhizome, fennel fruit, chamomile and licorice root. The ingredients are taken in equal proportions and mixed. Then you need to separate a tablespoon of the collection and pour 500 milliliters hot water put on fire and bring to a boil. After that, remove from the stove, let cool, strain and take a tablespoon before bedtime.

Anti-inflammatory herbs for joints have a complex effect and affect not only cartilage tissue, but also metabolism.

Most used:

1. willow bark. The active ingredient is salicin, similar in action to aspirin. Willow bark can be combined with other drugs and herbs, so it is often included in the anti-inflammatory collection for the treatment of joints.
2. lingonberry leaves affect the mineral composition cartilage tissue, thanks to this they are the first assistant in the treatment of joints.
3. For external use will benefit compresses based on cinquefoil, wild rosemary, sweet clover, birch buds.

For dental inflammation:

1. To quickly remove toothache between the cheek and the aching tooth can be put horse sorrel or valerian leaves. There will be an effect if they are simply chewed.
2. Reduce toothache infusions for rinses from chamomile, sage, calendula, golden mustache, aloe, oak bark. They can be used for applications and oral baths.
3. Used for diseases of the teeth and gums decoction or infusion of horsetail. To prepare, you need to stir 2 tablespoons of herbs in a glass of boiling water and insist all night.
4. Helps with toothache infusion of birch buds. It is necessary to moisten a cotton swab in this remedy and attach it to the aching tooth. To prepare the tincture, pour 25 grams of kidneys with 100 milliliters of vodka and leave for 8 days in a dark place.

Medicinal herbs for osteochondrosis effectively relieve pain, swelling of the nerve root, inflammation, stimulate and relax muscles. Their use does not have a negative effect on the stomach.

Herbs are used for oral administration, in the form of tinctures and decoctions, as well as externally, as lotions and compresses. Effective Recipes:

1. To relieve acute pain mix a tablespoon each of sage and mint, then pour 200 milliliters of boiling water and leave for 20 minutes. In this infusion, moisten a piece of cotton cloth, apply to the affected joint and wrap it with a scarf for half an hour.
2. For oral use grass of lemon balm, St. John's wort, wormwood and succession in equal quantities, then add birch buds, dill fruits and leaves walnut. Mix all the ingredients and pour 2 tablespoons of the mixture with boiling water. Insist in a thermos for two hours. Take one hundred milliliters orally three times a day before meals.
3. Works great infusion of yarrow and calendula. For cooking, you should take a tablespoon of yarrow, three tablespoons of calendula, two tablespoons of licorice and mint. Pour a liter of boiling water and leave for 6 hours. Take 5 times a day for 50 milliliters.

Herbs for oral administration have not only an anti-inflammatory effect, but also the ability to quickly remove toxins from the body.

With inflammation of the lymph nodes:

1. For the treatment of lymph nodes, you can use clover grass, calamus root and St. John's wort in 2 parts, as well as plantain seeds, wormwood, tricolor violet - 1 part each and some plantain leaves. Grind all the ingredients, separate two tablespoons and pour a liter of boiling water. Insist in a thermos for 12 hours. Pass the infusion through gauze and drink the prepared portion for 1 day.
2. It will help relieve inflammation of the lymph nodes blackhead, toadflax, thyme 1 part each, calamus root, valerian, you argue, lungwort, St. John's wort, oregano - 2 parts each. As well as licorice root and wormwood - 3 parts each, wormwood leaf - 4 parts, birch leaves - 6 parts. All components should be crushed, two tablespoons separated and steamed in a thermos for at least 12 hours. Then strain and take one liter a day in several doses.

Anti-Inflammatory Products

In addition to medicinal herbs, there are anti-inflammatory products, the use of which helps in eliminating inflammatory processes:

1. Olive oil- contains the substance oleocanthal, which prevents the inflammatory process.
2. Red wine- has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effect due to the content of resveratrol.
3. Tea- an excellent remedy for eliminating inflammatory processes. White and green tea contains many antioxidants. Its regular use reduces the risk of heart disease, diabetes and cancer.
4. Meat from grass-fed cows- contains omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E.
5. Fatty fish - counteracts inflammation and prevents heart disease and sudden death.
6. Cocoa- it contains flavanol, which reduces blood clotting and inflammation.
7. Cranberry- reduces the amount of bad cholesterol in the blood and prevents cancer. This product is rich in anti-inflammatory antioxidant substances.
8. Grape- contains resveratrol, helps fight against oncological diseases, prevents the development of inflammatory processes.
9. Effective anti-inflammatory foods are hazelnuts and broccoli.

There is a huge variety of anti-inflammatory herbs and foods. Their correct use will have an effective effect in the fight against inflammatory processes in the body. In addition, they do not harm the stomach.

But you need to use them carefully, you can not use several recipes at the same time. It is better to use such funds after consultation with the doctor.

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• slowing down blood flow
• the occurrence of pain
• swelling,
• rise in temperature

antibiotics.Inhalations expectorants the lungs are cleared of mucus. Antihistamines

Effective ways to treat inflammation of different parts of the body at home

How to treat inflammation of the lymph nodes with a cold?

How to get rid of inflammation

Inflammation is one of the most serious problems in world and domestic medicine. This is a fairly old problem that medical professionals are still struggling with today. Usually, some kind of malfunction in the body leads to inflammation.

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Inflammation can begin both from significant injuries and from small cuts that occur daily in a person’s ordinary life. The inflammatory process is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, fever, suppuration, tumors and other unpleasant symptoms.

How to get rid of inflammation

At home, it is possible to get rid of the inflammatory process

How to relieve inflammation at home

antibiotics for inflammation

One of the most important inventions of medicine - antibiotics, are designed specifically to combat any kind of inflammation. Antibiotics have been mass-produced since 1910, but to this day, they are sometimes the only way to save a person. Not yet invented effective medicine in fighting inflammation than antibiotics.

antibiotics for inflammation

I have accumulated many recipes and methods for long years both official and traditional medicine in the fight against inflammation. It has long been believed that there is nothing worse than inflammation, especially if it is chronic. Any damage or injury is necessarily accompanied by inflammation. We encounter many quite often - these are purulent wounds, tumors, fever. The treatment of inflammation is a long and complex process, which has always been very acute.

Of course, many different antibiotics have been invented recently, but do not forget that they adversely affect internal organs, and often, curing one organ of inflammation, another organ is subjected to a strong negative effect.

Traditional medicine will help in the treatment of inflammation

Even very skeptical experts are increasingly returning to effective anti-inflammatory recipes that exist in traditional medicine. These recipes are varied and especially effective in the treatment of inflammation in the acute stage. The treatment process is more difficult when we are dealing with chronic inflammation.

Traditional medicine against inflammation

Not all recipes can save you from inflammation, and if the inflammatory process is observed for a long time, and there are no improvements, then you need to consult a doctor!

Consult with a specialist

Celandine will help get rid of inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes

You probably know such a plant from childhood, with yellow viscous juice - celandine? This is the best assistant in the treatment of angina of the lymph nodes. To do this, the stems must be cut, then washed, dried, cut as small as possible and poured with ordinary alcohol. In the resulting tincture, moisten the gauze bandage and apply it to the neck so that the lymph nodes are under the bandage, wrap the bandage with a plastic bag on top, wrap it with a shawl or scarf, and leave it overnight. Remove the compress in the morning and rinse your neck with warm water.

We treat inflammation with celandine

It is extremely important, in any inflammatory processes, to give your body a complete rest and sleep. Fatigue and lack of sleep are completely useless here, and will only aggravate the patient's condition. If possible, follow the diet. It's best to eliminate inflammation-increasing foods from your diet, such as pork, lamb, eggs, milk, and yeast. Drink as much water as possible, support your body with the vitamins contained in raw vegetables. Most useful pumpkin.

And remember, each person's body is different. Be careful when using herbs, especially if you have a history of allergies, and check with your herbalist to be sure.

Folk advice for the treatment of inflammatory processes of the female genital organs

Treatment with cabbage leaves

Cabbage

Cook a quarter of cabbage until completely softened in half a liter of milk. Then the mixture must be filtered. We heat two bricks in the oven. They took out the bricks, poured a decoction on them and sat down over the steam, repeated the procedure several times, after which they wrapped the whole lower part body in a warm blanket or blanket. Relief will come after the first time. In total, at least 5-7 such procedures are needed. If there is no cabbage, it can be replaced with 7-8 cloves of garlic.

cabbage is a doctor

After all symptoms are relieved, continue treatment with herbs such as sweet clover or cinquefoil.

Removal of all symptoms with goose cinquefoil

Fresh aloe juice: drink a dessert spoon of juice before meals, 2-3 times a day.

walnut leaves

A decoction of dry walnut leaves is poured with boiling water for 4 hours. You need to drink during the day.

Walnut leaves help

Treatment of gum inflammation with folk remedies

Inflammation of the gums frequent illness, the cause of which may be beriberi, improper care of the oral cavity, decreased immunity, disruption of the digestive, endocrine or nervous systems. Treatment is carried out only complex - a special therapeutic toothpaste, rinsing the gums with decoctions of oak bark, needles, sage or chamomile, plus taking multivitamin preparations.

We treat inflammation of the gums

There are a large number of anti-inflammatory methods of treatment with folk remedies. This is the use of medicinal herbs, products, minerals that are effective against various types of inflammation. Each herb, mineral or product works to certain type inflammation and for a specific organ.

Source: treat inflammation with folk remedies at home | Folk ways to relieve inflammation

Inflammation of various organs of our body is a very common problem that we have to face at the most inopportune moment. The cause of such inflammations can be various bacteria and pathogenic infections, such as staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, all kinds of viruses and viral bacilli, fungi and other infections.

How can inflammation be treated with folk remedies at home?

Inflammation is a process that appears as a result of tissue damage. It is aimed at combating the agents that caused the damage, as well as repairing damaged tissues. However, a prolonged inflammatory process means that the body needs help.

Each of us needs to know this. After all, inflammation is the most common pathological process that occurs in our body. They lead to:

• slowing down blood flow
• the occurrence of pain
• swelling,
• rise in temperature
• and, ultimately, to the violation of the vital activity of the organism.

Therefore, we need to know how to cure inflammation in different parts of the body and how to deal with inflammation at an early stage of its development in order to prevent significant negative consequences.

The universal remedy is antibiotics. They inhibit the activity of pathogenic bacteria. However, to eliminate the consequences of inflammation, auxiliary drugs and methods of treatment are needed. Most of our organs are prone to inflammation, and each has its own means and methods of treatment. So, with inflammation of the lungs, it is necessary to use expectorants, antihistamines and inhalation drugs. Inhalations used for difficulty breathing and as a means of antibiotic therapy. By using expectorants the lungs are cleared of mucus. Antihistamines serve to reduce pulmonary edema and prevent allergies to other drugs.

Effective ways to treat inflammation of different parts of the body at home

Inflammation can be cured by using various antibacterial and antiviral medicinal herbs and plants in combination with other natural resources. Such treatment allows you to achieve excellent results and get rid of inflammation in a short time.

A common form of inflammation is inflammation of the female genital organs. We recommend that you use medicinal herbs like bay leaf, walnut leaves, blueberry leaves, immortelle, St. John's wort, coltsfoot, sweet clover, nettle, licorice, blackthorn roots and others. It is also considered effective for inflammation of the ovaries to drink tinctures of aloe and pumpkin juice, and linden, thyme and chamomile inflorescences are used as a decoction. Propolis and mummy can also be used.

There are many old effective recipes from inflammation of the lungs, respiratory tract or tuberculosis. In such cases, it is required to use a tincture consisting of St. John's wort, essential oils, a decoction of oats and medicinal herbs, such as violet, pine buds, plantain, aloe, etc. Foods familiar to us, such as honey, onions and garlic, are also quite effective.

In case of inflammation of the larynx, we recommend using gargles with various decoctions and tinctures. For example, you can rinse your mouth with a tincture of ammonia in combination with a small amount of water, as well as a tincture of fresh walnut juice or rose oil. Also, you can prepare a healing ointment from the folk remedy of sage and camphor, they should be mixed with a small amount of honey. In addition, we recommend eating more grapes and pomegranates.

Inflammations are different. If your tooth hurts because your gums are inflamed, and you can’t go to the dentist immediately, you can rinse the tooth with salt. Dilute a tablespoon of salt in a glass boiled water and thoroughly but gently rinse the aching tooth. This must be done at least once an hour.

Inflammation can occur due to small scratches - if the redness and swelling does not subside for a long time, consult a doctor, you may need more serious treatment than just herbal tinctures or decoctions. In addition, if you get a scratch, be sure to treat it with hydrogen peroxide and iodine or brilliant green - then more serious measures will not be needed.

For the treatment of inflammation of the ovaries, in addition to antibiotics, take decoctions of medicinal plants: boron uterus, chamomile, calendula. In addition, the use of various medicinal collections, consisting of various herbs, which are used specifically for gynecological diseases, is effective. herbal decoction needed for douching, after which you should put tampons or anti-inflammatory suppositories prescribed by your doctor.

Used to treat ear inflammation ear drops that have a local therapeutic effect directly in the ear cavity. Ear candles and physiotherapy are also used.

To combat inflammation of the oral cavity, antibacterial sprays or antifungal drugs are used.

There are a lot of diseases associated with inflammation of different parts of the body. In the treatment of most of them, schemes similar to those described above are used. But at the same time, in each case, there are some nuances and subtleties, additional medicines are used. And, although the basis of any anti-inflammatory course is antibiotic therapy, antibiotics alone to cure inflammation are not enough for a complete recovery. Therefore, an individual treatment regimen should be selected by a doctor who decides how to treat inflammation in each case.

How to quickly treat inflammation with colds and sore throats at home?

This question is probably one of the most common. Surely everyone is familiar with the situation when, on the eve of an important business meeting, vacation trip or holiday party, the temperature suddenly rises, the head starts to hurt, the throat is tickled and the joints ache. All these are signs of inflammation that accompanies diseases such as flu or tonsillitis. And here it is important not only to remove the symptoms of inflammation that disrupt the planned event, but to get rid of inflammation at an early stage. What needs to be done for this?

First of all, take antibiotics - Penicillin (or any other penicillin) or, if you are allergic to it, Erythromycin.

Drink more liquid during inflammation at home: warm water, tea with raspberries or honey, fruit drink, and so on.

Mix in equal proportions crushed leaves of sage, yarrow, St. John's wort and coltsfoot. Measure out two tablespoons of the resulting mixture and pour a glass of boiling water. Let it brew for one hour, filter and gargle the finished infusion in the throat to quickly treat inflammation.

Mix one large spoonful of honey with 20 drops of propolis tincture and 5 drops of Lugol's solution. After mixing the ingredients thoroughly, separate a quarter of the composition with a teaspoon and place it under the tongue. Try to dissolve the folk remedy for inflammation as slowly as possible, holding it in your mouth. Repeat the procedure four times a day.

Buy peach, eucalyptus or tea tree oil at the pharmacy. Mix 20 milliliters of purchased oil with 5-7 milliliters of sea buckthorn. Pipette the prepared mixture onto the tonsils with inflammation and lie on your back for half an hour, throwing your head back.

Prepare a two-liter pot of water. Pour a tablespoon of chopped eucalyptus leaves there and the same amount of sage, thyme, pine or birch buds. Put the pan on the fire, bring the folk remedy to a boil and cook for 5 minutes. Then put it on the table, cover your head with a towel or blanket and breathe over the steam for at least 20 minutes. Having finished the procedure, lie down in bed and cover yourself with a blanket with your head.

Very useful honey-echinacea mixture for resorption. To prepare it, place a spoonful of honey with 20 drops of echinacea tincture in alcohol. The mixture should be sucked after meals, a third of the serving at a time.

Now, knowing how to quickly treat inflammation, you will be ready for any vagaries of your body.

How to treat inflammation of the lymph nodes with a cold?

There are many folk remedies with anti-inflammatory properties. These include not only various medicinal plants, but also minerals. Each of these remedies is suitable for the treatment of inflammation of a particular organ.

For example, celandine is effective in treating inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes. You need to cut off the stems of celandine, wash and dry them, then finely chop and pour alcohol. The resulting tincture should be moistened with a gauze bandage Apply the compress to the inflamed area, covering it with polyethylene on top, and wrapping the neck with a scarf. This procedure should be carried out at night until the inflammation subsides.

To quickly relieve inflammation, you need to follow a certain diet and daily routine. However, nothing particularly difficult in this case is not required, rather the opposite. Sleep should not be neglected - even with a slight lack of sleep, the body's immune system weakens and inflammatory processes intensify. And one sleepless night can negate all your previous treatment.

In case of inflammation, it is also necessary to exclude from your menu some products that contribute to the development of inflammatory processes. These are lamb and pork, beans, milk, wheat, eggs and yeast. But raw fruits and vegetables should be eaten as much as possible. Pumpkin pulp especially helps. And to increase immunity, you need to eat more foods containing vitamin C.

It should be remembered that the body of each person has its own individual characteristics. Therefore, when using this or that medicine for inflammation at home, try to foresee all the nuances, especially the possibility of allergies.

Inflammation can be treated if it is not too severe, but if the swelling persists for a long time, go to the hospital, otherwise the consequences can be very serious.

P.S.: Use our tips and recipes and you will forget about diseases forever!

Source: inside you - signs of a chronic inflammatory process in the body

The cause of many diseases, including heart disease, obesity, etc. is chronic inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is an enemy that knows how to disguise itself well, because it is very difficult to independently detect signs of an inflammatory process in the body. However, it is possible to identify this initiator of disease processes if you look closely at the signs of the inflammatory process and consult a doctor in time to undergo necessary analyzes. Estet-portal.com will help you bring the inflammatory process to clean water.

What is inflammation, what are the signs of the inflammatory process in the body?

Inflammation is the body's response to injury. As a rule, we recognize inflammation in the body by typical features: redness, fever and swelling of the damaged area, as well as restriction of mobility, for example, in the event of a sprained ankle or bruised finger. Chronic inflammation accompanies all diseases ending in "it" - arthritis, hepatitis, bursitis, etc. The inflammatory process can proceed “quietly” inside the body, and a person may not be aware of its presence.

Chronic infections are a very big burden on the immune system and liver, so you need to take care of strengthening immune system.

If you have found the above symptoms in yourself, you need to consult a doctor who, based on the tests, will prescribe necessary treatment and nutrition for inflammation.

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Source: such an inflammatory process, what are its symptoms and treatment

What is inflammation

Many bacterial, fungal or viral infections, abscesses, wounds of various tissues, and other violations of the integrity of the body are accompanied by inflammation, this phenomenon helps to recover faster, but often causes a lot of harm. In order to help the body in time, you need to know what an inflammatory reaction is, how many types it has, the stages of this process, its symptoms and methods of treatment.

Inflammation is an aggressive defensive reaction of the body to a violation of the integrity of any tissue caused by a mechanical, chemical or biological agent. Different stages of the process are aimed at destroying the waste products of dead cells and antigens (viruses, bacteria) that are toxic to the body, and sometimes at utilizing the latter.

Stages of inflammation

There are 3 main stages of inflammation:

• alteration - damage to the integrity of tissues by any agent;
• exudation - the influx of fluid with histamine and immune cells to the focus of inflammation;
• proliferation - healing of tissues, restoration of their integrity.

At each stage, various processes occur that contribute to the protection of the body, described below. Symptoms of inflammation can appear at different stages, but treatment is important at each stage. It depends on the stage of the inflammatory process and the type of antigen.

How is inflammation

To understand the inflammatory response, we can consider a simple situation. Many in adolescence crushed acne, leaving small abscesses on the skin. The latter became convex, within 1-2 days there was redness around them. It was this redness that testified to the initial stage of inflammation.

Contribute to the development of the inflammatory reaction of basophils - blood cells containing histamine - a substance that causes vasodilation, a rush of blood to the site of its release and an increase in temperature. The main role of histamine molecules is to attract other immune cells to the site of damage, so that bacteria or viruses do not penetrate through the abscesses into the epithelium and blood.

The scheme of inflammation is as follows:

1. At the site of violation of the integrity of the tissue, basophils are destroyed, releasing histamine.
2. Histamine causes a rush of blood and "attracts" immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and others) to the right place.
3. In the center of inflammation, a slight swelling occurs and the temperature rises.
4. Immune blood cells actively kill antigens (bacteria, viruses) that enter through abscesses until the latter are covered with traumatic tissue.
5. After restoring the integrity of the tissue, eosinophils secrete an enzyme - histaminase, which breaks down histamine, and inflammation ends.

Such a simple but powerful scheme helps to provide the body with protection against antigens at every stage of inflammation.

Damage from inflammation

Inflammation is also harmful. It is difficult to say exactly how long the stages of inflammation will last, often they take longer than necessary, for example, due to a lack of histaminase. Also negative effect have accompanying phenomena - fever and swelling. When it comes to a small abscess from a pimple, there is nothing to worry about, but an inflammatory reaction can also occur on a large scale, for example, with tonsillitis, diseases of internal organs, arthritis, then the symptoms will be much more difficult for a person to endure.

How long does inflammation last

An important question is how long the inflammatory process lasts, because when it occurs inside the body it must be treated, otherwise the person will weaken. The duration of inflammation depends on the location, extent, and pathogens that immune cells fight. If we are talking about acne abscesses, then the inflammation lasts no longer than 1-3 days, but in the case of a sore throat, it can drag on for weeks, and sometimes it does not end at all without the help of medications.

Signs of inflammation

Today, medicine helps to effectively treat inflammatory processes, so when you see signs of inflammation and take the right drugs, you can quickly deal with uninvited guests and make it easier to endure the process of this struggle.

The main symptoms of inflammation are:

• redness of the area of ​​inflammation;
• local edema;
• soreness when touched;
• local or general increase in temperature;
• dysfunction (if we are talking about organs).

There are other signs of inflammation: allergic rashes, nausea, fever, but they are individual and rarely appear.

Types of inflammation

Inflammation is a broad concept, therefore, in order to be able to select the appropriate treatment, doctors have created a classification of this phenomenon. There are different types of inflammation, they are grouped depending on:

Forms of inflammation

There are three forms of the inflammatory process:

Acute inflammation is a process whose duration does not exceed several hours or days. A vivid example of it is acne abscesses, scratches on the skin, wounds in the mouth and other external injuries caused by a mechanical agent, many of which do not need to be treated (with the exception of, for example, appendicitis).

Subacute inflammation is a pathological phenomenon, the treatment of which takes from 4-5 days to several weeks or months (how long it lasts depends on the location of the focus and the type of antigen). Many in childhood suffered a sore throat, bronchitis, otitis and similar diseases, the inflammatory process in all these cases proceeded in a subacute form.

Chronic inflammation is less common, it is a serious disorder that constantly exhausts the body's immune system. Most often it appears in childhood, and treatment almost does not give results. Diseases such as chronic tonsillitis, autoimmune disorders, cirrhosis and others occur in this form.

Sources of inflammation

The second classification is made based on the source of the inflammatory response. There are 3 main types of inflammatory agents:

Infectious agents include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and helminths that attack the external and internal organs of a person with mechanical, chemical, and other types of damage to the integrity of tissues.

An autoimmune agent is the most unpleasant source of inflammation, because it can be treated forever, but there will be no result, because it will always be in the body. Classic example- lupus. This is a disease in which the inflammatory process occurs in the epithelium due to the fact that the immune system "does not recognize" the cells of the body and tries to destroy them.

Treatment of inflammation

To help the body cope with antigens faster and stop inflammation, drug treatment can be carried out. In the pharmacy there are different classes of drugs of different directions:

• immune suppressors for the treatment of autoimmune disorders;
• antipyretics based on ibuprofen or aspirin;
• antibiotics and antiviral drugs;
• immunostimulants.

The former help treat manifestations autoimmune diseases, reduce the aggressiveness of the immune system to the cells of the body, but are not able to completely eliminate the cause of chronic inflammation.

The latter are used to treat the phenomena accompanying inflammation - temperature, body aches, weakness. When they are taken, the body spends less energy on eliminating these symptoms and quickly copes with the cause of the inflammatory process.

The third group of drugs is heavy artillery, which can be used only if the body itself cannot cope with antigens. Treating a person with antibiotics or antiviral drugs is a responsible task that only a doctor can handle, so do not take them yourself.

Immunostimulants are used when the antigen has already begun to penetrate the body, but the immune system does not respond to it, these drugs are designed not so much to treat as to induce inflammation.

The inflammatory process exhausts the body, it is often difficult to predict how long it will last, but you can help the body cope with it. It is necessary to treat inflammation, taking into account the stage, its source and type of antigen, which are important to understand, but do not prescribe drugs for yourself, but consult a doctor. All site publications

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Source: the process will recede if you eat it!

The main cause of chronic disease for many people is a systemic inflammatory process that was not treated in time or was not even identified in the initial stages and as a result leads to a full-blown progressive chronic disease. High blood pressure, bacterial and viral infections, arthritis, acid reflux, premature aging, heart disease, cancer and many other common diseases are often associated with inflammation, which must be addressed at the time of occurrence in order to avoid such terrible diseases!

And the best way to do this is to resort to implementing complex lifestyle and diet changes instead of using drugs that can lead to unforeseen harmful side effects! If your health is being affected by chronic inflammation, the following foods and herbs can help reduce and even eliminate it naturally without the need for medication:

1) Dairy products and drinks. Eat more food and drink more drinks rich in probiotic bacteria - i.e. bacteria that promote a healthy, disease-fighting ecosystem within the gastrointestinal tract is one of the most effective ways to combat natural inflammation. Because Probiotics are vital to the body by effectively breaking down food and making it more bioavailable, they can also help alleviate digestive problems caused by modern foods, which are largely responsible for creating inflammation in the body.

Products include traditional fermented vegetables - kimchi (spicy spicy pickled vegetables, a Korean dish) and sauerkraut, which are among the most popular - traditional miso soup, kefir or yogurt, tempeh (the most easily digestible soy product with a nutty flavor and mild texture), and homemade pickles. Popular probiotic drinks include kombucha tea, unpasteurized apple cider vinegar (ACV), and kefir.

2) Omega-3 fatty acids. They act as a natural "lubricant" in the body and are powerful anti-inflammatory agents. You can find omega-3 fatty acids in wild oily fish, hemp and chia seeds, walnuts, domestic eggs and meat. Studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids reduce oxidative stress in the body and reduce inflammation in the brain, cardiovascular system, and elsewhere, which reduces the risk of developing other serious diseases.

High quality fish oil, hemp oil, chia oil, spirulina, pumpkin seed oil, and walnut oil are excellent sources of omega-3s. Each of these products will help offset the overload of omega-6 fatty acids that enter our body with modern foods, as well as avoid the inflammatory process.

3) Sour cherry. One of the most powerful anti-inflammatory foods! It provides serious relief for those people who suffer from arthritis, gout, joint pain and other inflammatory conditions. Sour cherries are so powerful that Oregon Health and Science University researchers recently claimed they have "the highest anti-inflammatory content of any food."

Since it is not widely available in fresh- almost all cherries sold in the supermarket are sweet, not sour - the best way to get sour cherries is to buy them in powder, capsule or juice form. Drinking just the juice of sour cherries every day can significantly improve inflammation markers within a few weeks.

4) Saturated fats. This recommendation may come as a surprise to some readers, but the truth is that the inhabitants of the Earth consume too much omega-6 fatty acids, which are one of the main causes of systemic inflammation. And who can blame them for that, given the fact that the medical system is actually promoting the consumption of omega-6 rich vegetable oils and other inflammation-inducing foods in the body, claiming to be a healthy diet?

Low fat is another cause of inflammation and chronic disease because The body needs a regular intake of healthy fats to keep the circulatory system in good health and maintain healthy blood flow. Consuming healthier saturated fats in the form of coconut oil, homemade meats and butter Fat can not only help reduce inflammation, but also strengthen your bones, improve lung and brain function, and modulate nervous system function.

5) The fruits of the Mexican cactus. Uniquely rich in the powerful bioflavonoid nutrient known as betalain, Mexican cactus fruit is another must-have anti-inflammatory food that is tasty and easy to incorporate into your diet. A member of the quercetin family, betalain helps neutralize free radicals responsible for triggering inflammation and also provides long-term protection against oxidative damage.

A 2012 study published in the journal Alcohol found that Mexican cactus fruit extract helped protect rat cells from inflammatory damage. And an earlier study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine found that the Mexican cactus fruit has a similar anti-inflammatory effect in humans.

Now you, dear reader of our site, know how to treat inflammation, how to neutralize early stages or avoid it altogether.

Source: at home

Today I would like to publish an article that is devoted to the problem of the inflammatory process in the body. This article is replete with special medical terms, therefore, although it considers the causes and symptoms of inflammation, it will be of interest to a few. I publish it primarily for myself. So to speak, note. Well, maybe some of you will find it useful.

The mechanism of development of the inflammatory process

Many external signs of inflammation are explained just by the development of arterial hyperemia. As the inflammatory process increases, arterial hyperemia is gradually replaced by venous hyperemia.

Venous hyperemia is determined by further vasodilation, slowing down of blood flow, the phenomenon of marginal standing of leukocytes and their moderate emigration. A rather sharp increase in filtration processes, a violation of the rheological properties of the blood of the body.

Factors that influence the transition of arterial to venous hyperemia can be divided into two main groups: extravascular and intravascular.

Intravascular factors include - a strong thickening of the blood as a result of the transfer of a certain amount of plasma from the blood to the inflamed (damaged) tissue.

Parietal standing of leukocytes, swelling of the endothelium in an acidic environment, the formation of microthrombi - as a result of platelet aggregation and increased blood clotting.

Excessive accumulation in the focus of the inflammatory process of inflammatory mediators with a vasodilating effect along with hydrogen ions, exudate compression of the walls of veins and lymphatic vessels, these are extravascular factors.

Venous hyperemia initially leads to the development of prestasis - a jerky, pendulum-like movement of blood. During systole, blood moves from the artery to the veins, during diastole - in the opposite direction, since the blood encounters an obstacle to outflow through the vein in the form of an increased blood pressure. And finally, the flow of blood due to blockage of blood vessels by cell aggregates or microthrombi completely stops, stasis develops.

How does stasis of blood and lymph occur?

Violation of microcirculation is a necessary prerequisite for the development of subsequent stages of inflammation. Only when the blood flow slows down and stops completely, it becomes possible to accumulate inflammatory mediators in a fairly short segment of the vascular bed.

Extravascular migration of leukocytes and their accumulation at the site of injury is one of the main phenomena in the inflammatory response. Without the release of leukocytes and their accumulation in one place in the form of an infiltrate, there is no inflammation.

The accumulation of cells in the focus of inflammation is called inflammatory infiltrate. The cellular composition of the infiltrate significantly depends on the etiological factor.

In the event that inflammation is caused by pyogenic microbes (streptococci, staphylococci), then neutrophils predominate in the infiltrate. If it is caused by helminths or is allergic in nature, then eosinophilic granulocytes predominate.

In inflammation caused by pathogens of chronic infections (mycobacterium tuberculosis, anthrax), the infiltrate contains a large number of mononuclear cells. Different blood cells migrate at different rates.

Mechnikov's law

The sequence of release of leukocytes into the focus of acute inflammation was first described by I. I. Mechnikov and learned the name of Mechnikov's law. According to this law, neutrophils are the first to enter the focus of acute inflammation, 1.5-2 hours after the onset of the altering agent, and the maximum accumulation of these cells occurs after 4-6 hours.

Emigrant neutrophils form emergency line protection and prepare the front of work for macrophages. No wonder they are called "emergency response" cells. Then, after 3-4 hours, monocytes begin to come out. Last but not least, lymphocytes migrate.

Currently, the sequence of emigration is not explained by the simultaneous appearance of chemokines and molecules specific to different leukocytes.

The main place of leukocyte emigration is the postcapillary venule, since the endothelial cells lining the lumen of the venules have the greatest adhesive ability. The exit from the blood flow through the wall of postcapillary venules of leukocytes is preceded by their marginal standing, sticking to the inner surface of the vessel wall, facing the inflammation.

The adherence (adhesion) of leukocytes to vascular endothelial cells has been given special attention in recent years, because the control of the process of interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium opens up fundamentally new ways to prevent an inflammatory reaction.

The creation of inhibitors of the synthesis of adhesive proteins or selective blockers of their receptors would make it possible to prevent the release of leukocytes from the vessels, and, consequently, to prevent the development of inflammation.

What is the reason for the higher adhesiveness of the endothelium at the sites of injury? So far, no definitive answer can be given to this question. Now this is associated with many factors, of which the most important is the increase in the synthesis of adhesive proteins by endothelial cells themselves under the influence of certain inflammatory mediators, in particular chemokines.

Adhesins are molecules that control adhesive reactions. They are produced not only by endothelial cells, but also by leukocytes.

Contribute to the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium of microvessels and the changes that occur in the leukocytes themselves when they are activated. First, neutrophils in the initiation phase of inflammation are activated and form aggregates. Leukotrienes contribute to the aggregation of leukocytes.

And, secondly, some products secreted by the leukocytes themselves (lactoferrin) have adhesive properties and enhance adhesion.

After attaching to the endothelium, leukocytes begin to emigrate, penetrating through the inter-endothelial gaps. Recently, the existence of another way of emigration - transendothelial transfer - has been questioned.

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How can an unprepared person detect an inflammatory process in his body? What should you pay attention to first of all?

Ivan, any person who listens to his inner feelings will be able to understand that something is wrong. Well-being, a feeling of discomfort, temperature, pain, all this will indicate some kind of inflammatory processes.

Thank you for this story from the inside. Our body is still to study and study. So many subtleties all the time you learn. And it seems like you look outside, well, what is there to study then?

Hello. I am in this state almost all the time. Like there is no temperature (or slightly), but there is an indisposition. Sometimes pustules appear on the body. One doctor suggested taking antibiotics, but somehow I doubt that it is necessary to sit down on them. So I understand, I just have an inflammatory process.

What can you pay attention to?

Nikolai, a wonderful natural “antibiotic” - black walnut extract, although expensive, works great. Drink the course, it will surely get better. This is not the first person to eliminate inflammatory processes of an unclear nature in this way.

Where can you find this extract? Please tell me.

It is available in pharmacies, and even in supermarkets it happens on racks ... In a word, you can find it. Or order on the Internet - I will not give specific addresses, but it is easy to find.

Good afternoon. Such a question, half a year subfebrile temperature, terrible feeling, like a vegetable, fog in the head. During sleep, late at night and early in the morning the feeling is excellent. Next comes the rise and clear mucus appears from the nose. A bunch of examinations, tests, pills, to no avail. But there is an inflammatory process, stab neutrophils are slightly elevated, and in the city at the beginning of the disease there was streptococcus heme. Groups A. Can you give advice on how this source of eternal inflammation and temperature can be destroyed?

I would be very grateful, it is very difficult to live with a temperature.

Konstantin, I advise you to watch Olga Butakova's video about lymph cleansing. There are many in the material useful information. I added a video to my post.

Source: characteristic signs of inflammation in the body

The inflammatory process is a serious pathology that cannot be treated on its own.

WITH young age in the office of an uncle or aunt in a white coat, a frightened child hears these strange words: rhinitis, sinusitis, or, for example, tonsillitis. With age, mysterious diagnoses with the ending "it" are added to the medical record of almost every person. Did you know that all these "its" mean one thing: inflammation of one or another organ. The doctor says nephritis means that the kidneys have caught a cold, arthritis means your joint hurts. Absolutely every structure in the human body can be affected by the inflammatory process. And your body starts to tell you about it quite early and actively.

Five signs of inflammation were identified in ancient times, when not only special medical devices for diagnosis did not exist, and there was no question even of a simple blood test.

Knowing these five characteristic signs of inflammation, you too can determine your disease without any additional methods:

Any inflammatory process in the human body begins with the penetration of a provoking agent into it. It can be a bacterium, a virus, a foreign body, Chemical substance or another provocateur. The body immediately reacts to an unexpected guest, sending its guards to him - leukocyte cells, which are completely unhappy with him and instantly join the battle. In the place of accumulation of exudate, an infiltrate is formed. In the area of ​​the inflammatory process, you will definitely see swelling.

2. Rubor - redness

As a result of death damaged cells Special substances are released in the body - inflammatory mediators. First of all, the blood vessels located in the surrounding tissues react to them. To slow down the flow of blood, they expand, fill with blood and the result is the appearance of redness. Thus, redness is another characteristic sign of inflammation.

3. Calor - temperature increase

Vasodilation is an indispensable component of any inflammatory process, also because it must be cleaned up on the battlefield. The blood flow brings oxygen and the necessary building materials to the site of inflammation, and takes away all the decay products. As a result of such active work in the area of ​​​​inflammation, it becomes very hot. The third mandatory sign of inflammation is fever.

The fact that somewhere in the body there is an active fight against the pest must be communicated to the brain, and the best way to do this is some kind of bright and expressive signal. To do this, in almost every part of our body there are special bells - nerve endings. Pain is the best signal for the brain, as a result of which a person understands that something is going wrong in a certain area of ​​his body.

5. Functio laesa - dysfunction

The above signs of inflammation in total give another important symptom of this pathological process - a violation of the function of the affected structure. In a combat area, life cannot continue in the usual way. Therefore, inflammation is always accompanied by functional insufficiency of the affected organ. In some cases, this can be very dangerous for the body, for example, in inflammatory processes of the heart, kidneys or other vital organs.

If you notice these five signs of inflammation in yourself, you urgently need to see a doctor.

Remember that the inflammatory process is a serious pathology that cannot be treated on its own. Consultation with a qualified specialist and the selection of an effective treatment regimen will help your body become a winner in the battle against inflammation.

Inflammation of the female genital organs- This is an extensive and very common group of diseases in gynecology. It includes a whole range of pathologies that affect all departments of the female reproductive system. They are divided into inflammation of the external and internal genital organs.

So it is customary to refer to the external vulva, large and small labia, vagina and cervix. And the internal includes the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, as well as their ligaments, which are an integral part of the female reproductive system.

Most often, women of reproductive age face the problem of inflammation of the organs of the reproductive system.

How to get rid of female disease? Irina Kravtsova shared her story of curing thrush in 14 days. In her blog, she told what drugs she took, whether traditional medicine is effective, what helped and what did not.

Since unprotected intercourse has been considered the main mode of transmission for a long time, inflammation occurs mainly in the sexually active part of the female population. The average age is 20 - 40 years.

It should be noted that the risk group for inflammation is occupied by girls and women with more than 3 sexual partners, in which case the incidence of pathology increases several times. The most common inflammations are vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, cervical erosion, and rarely adnexitis.

Inflammatory processes such as bartholinitis are quite rare. Very often, inflammation is associated with the presence of a sexually transmitted infection. Therefore, in the diagnosis and presence of pathology, one should not forget about this type of lesion. Among sexually transmitted infections, trichomoniasis, chlamydia and gonorrhea are currently leading.

Causes of inflammation of the female genital organs

As for diseases such as vaginitis, cervicitis, there are a lot of pathogens. These are not always specific microorganisms.

With a decrease in the body's defenses, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, which are normally found in female body, but immune forces do not allow them to manifest their effects.

These include mainly staphylococcus, streptococcus, fungi of the genus Candida, some viral particles. Of the pathogens, gonococci and others have their negative effect.

Factors contributing to inflammation

They will depend on the form of the process:

Symptoms of the disease

They can be completely different:

Forms of the disease

Firstly, I share all inflammation of the female genital organs for a reason that contributes to its formation:

• bacterial
• fungal
• Viral.

Also, these are the stages of development of inflammation:

• Acute
• subacute
• Chronic
• Latent.

Stories from our readers!
“The gynecologist advised me to take natural remedies. We opted for one drug - which helped to cope with hot flashes. It’s such a nightmare that sometimes you don’t even want to leave the house for work, but you have to ... As soon as I started taking it, it became much easier, you even feel that some kind of internal energy appeared. And I even wanted to have sexual relations with my husband again, otherwise everything was without much desire. "

Types of inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs

Vulvitis

This is an inflammation of the outer part of the vulva. It occurs in female representatives, girls are most susceptible to this inflammatory process.

At the same time, the frequency given inflammation due to the fact that the vulva has an anatomically accessible location for the penetration of the infectious factor.

Currently, several options for the development of inflammation have been identified, among them infectious non-specific cause, as well as specific inflammation and strophic lesions associated with hormonal deficiency.

Symptoms of vulvitis:

This is an inflammatory lesion of the external genital tract -. Normally, they perform very important functions, they are aimed at producing mucus in the vaginal area, as well as lubrication to ensure a full-fledged act.

Consider this disease in more detail:

1. The mechanism of infection is associated with the anatomical features of the location of the gland. This is due to the fact that the excretory duct is located in the vestibule of the vagina, so there is a wide access to the entry of microorganisms.
2. There may be pathogens from the vaginal environment or from the surrounding area, due to the close anatomical connection with the rectum.
3. In addition, in order for the pathogen to show its pathogenic properties, it is necessary to act on provoking factors that contribute to a decrease in immunity, mainly local. These include shaving with other people's tools or old blades, non-observance of personal hygiene rules, wearing tight underwear, especially from synthetic materials.
4. Inflammation is quite rare, mainly occurs at the age of 25 - 35 years, very often it can be combined with other inflammatory pathologies of the genital organs. Begins initially, as a rule, sharply.

The woman notes:

1. The appearance of severe pain irritation in the area of ​​​​the entrance to the vagina.
2. She cannot work normally, it is difficult to sit down and sexual contact is impossible.
3. On the labia, you can palpate the formation, the sizes can be different, from 2-3 cm to 10 cm, the consistency is soft at the initial stage.
4. The skin has an elevated temperature compared to other areas.

If the inflammation is not cured at this stage, then later it becomes chronic or the development of complications such as cysts or abscesses.

When the disease turns into an abscess, the tumor has a dense texture, in most cases the size is large, the shape is round or oval, and in some cases there is a fluctuation. The general condition is disturbed, the temperature rises, signs of intoxication appear, sometimes it flows into a fever. Inflammation of the Bartholin's gland requires mandatory treatment.

This is an inflammation of the cervix. It is an intermediate site between the internal and external genital organs. At the same time, there is involvement in pathological process mucous membrane. Since the cervix is ​​divided into two main sections - exocervix and endocervix.

On the outer sections, stratified squamous epithelium is predominantly located, while inside it is lined with a cylindrical epithelium. It is the inflammation of the cylindrical epithelium that is most dangerous, since the risk of its transition to the uterus increases.

Various factors can cause cervicitis, including bacteria, viruses or fungi. Of great importance is the presence of provoking factors that contribute to the development of inflammation.

For cervicitis, this is:

In most cases, inflammation of the cervix is ​​asymptomatic. Therefore, it is often detected only when a woman is examined by a specialist.

Only in some cases is the presence of secretions from the genital tract. During a vaginal examination, redness of the mucous membrane, the presence of an enhanced vascular pattern, as well as focal defects of the mucous membrane are revealed. From the external pharynx, a discharge of a predominantly pathological nature appears, from creamy to purulent.

This is a pathological process that occurs on the outer part of the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of a defect in the mucous membrane.

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This process can occur in women at any age, but the frequency increases in sexually active women.

The average age of this group is 18-35 years. This is due to the frequent change of sexual partners.

This pathology causes a particular danger when papillomavirus infection is combined with a mucosal defect.

The most dangerous types are 16 and 18, they can contribute to the development of the oncological process. In most cases, it is combined with inflammation in the cervix and vagina, and may be the result of this process.

It is usually asymptomatic. A woman will not feel pain due to the fact that the cervix is ​​devoid of pain receptors, which means that inflammation will manifest itself only morphologically. It can only be manifested by the appearance of bloody or brown discharge, especially after intercourse.

It comes to light mainly at survey in mirrors by the gynecologist. You can see defects on the mucous membrane of the exocervix of the cervix, in this case the cervix will not be uniformly smooth and pink. Hyperemia, hemorrhages, mucosal defects, as well as signs of an old inflammatory process appear on it.

endometritis

This is an inflammatory process, which is characterized by damage to the mucous membrane of the uterine cavity.

The pathological condition affects the functional cells that are rejected during menstruation.

The process can have a different course, it is either acute or chronic.

The acute process has a bright clinic:

In the chronic course of the process symptoms are usually absent. The pain syndrome in this case has an erased course, the pain is slightly pronounced. It increases with physical activity, sexual intercourse, etc.

In the autumn-spring period, an exacerbation of the process may occur. The temperature in a chronic process usually does not rise, only in rare cases it is subfebrile.

It may also be noted latent, in which the clinic is very erased, but it is usually the most insidious, since there is a violation in the organ, and complications often develop, and treatment, as a rule, is not prescribed.

This is a common inflammation of the ovaries in a woman. Is very dangerous pathology, since an untimely cured process leads to the development of complications. The risk group for inflammation of the appendages are women young age is 20-30 years old.

The acute process begins to develop as a rule quickly:

Inflammation of the ovaries can spread to nearby tissues, which in some cases is complicated by salpingo-oophoritis, pelivoperitonitis, diffuse peritonitis.

During the transition from an acute process to a chronic, the pain syndrome becomes less pronounced. He begins to disturb a woman with an exacerbation of inflammation or in the autumn-spring period. This course of inflammation can lead to adhesions in the pelvic organs.

The menstrual cycle may be disturbed, it is prone to delays and the absence of the onset of ovulation. The latent course of inflammation leads to infertility.

This is an inflammatory disease of the reproductive system. It can occur at any stage of the external genital organs. This inflammation is caused by fungus of the genus Candida .

It is an opportunistic pathogen that normally resides on skin and mucous membranes and normal condition immunity does not cause inflammation.

Characteristics of candidiasis:

1. For the development of the pathological process, the influence of provoking factors is necessary.. Among them are severe endocrine and somatic diseases, violation of lifestyle, hygiene and nutrition, as well as sexual transmission.
2. Candidal inflammation is characterized by the appearance severe itching and burning, contributing to irritation of the mucous membranes and skin. At the site of the lesion, edema appears in varying degrees of severity, which is also accompanied by reddening of the mucous membrane.
3. For a woman, a similar symptom contributes to a violation of the general condition., there is a deterioration in well-being, the quality of sleep changes, and nervousness and tolerance to stress increase. Urination is manifested by imperative urges, pains and, in some cases, severe pain.
4. Body temperature usually remains normal. It usually rises after the addition of a bacterial or viral infection.
5. The main manifestation of candidiasis of the genital organs are abundant curdled discharge from the genital tract. Usually their color is white or slightly yellowish. The consistency is thick, with dense inclusions. It is due to this that they are called curdled, and the disease is thrush.

Infectious inflammation

- This is an inflammatory lesion belonging to the class of specific. It is caused by a specific microorganism belonging to gram-negative groups.

Characteristics of the disease:

1. This causative agent is specific, it affects mainly the mucous membranes. urinary tract. As a result, there is an inflammatory process that can affect all parts of the reproductive system.
2. The causative agent is sensitive, so it quickly dies in the environment.

Inflammation is caused to a greater extent among females.

Symptoms:

Chlamydia

This is one of the specific inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary tract. Currently, this pathology is very common. This is due to the fact that the causative agent is chlamydia, an intracellular microorganism that is tropic to the organs of the genitourinary system.

It is resistant to environmental factors, is easily transmitted by contact, and is also slightly susceptible to medicines. That is why this inflammatory disease in many women leads to the development of complications. Among them, the most common are the adhesive process.

Chlamydia is most often detected in women aged 25-40 years. At the same time, these characteristics are associated with the fact that women are at risk for inflammatory diseases due to high sexual activity, pregnancy planning, as well as frequent visits to specialists with a possible diagnostic study.

Symptoms:

1. Very often, chlamydia does not manifest itself in any way or the symptoms are mild. In most cases, this inflammation is detected only during an occasional examination for occasional pelvic pain or infertility.
2. Sometimes a woman is worried about itching and discharge from the genital tract. Pathological discharges appear, they become liquid, almost transparent, sometimes accompanied by itching. Separation usually takes place in morning hours, 20-30 minutes after waking up.
3. With a long course, pain syndrome is detected, which has a mild course, increases with physical activity or sexual intercourse. Subsequently, it leads to such complications as ectopic pregnancy or infertility associated with chronic inflammation in the uterine cavity.

This is a viral infection of the organs of the reproductive system. The disease is caused by the herpes simplex virus.

There are several varieties of it, each of which causes damage to a particular department in the body.

In this case, there is a predominant lesion of the organs of the reproductive system, in particular, the external sections.

Prevention

This is a fairly broad concept that relates to gynecological pathology.

To prevent inflammation, you should follow a few rules:

Instruction

There are 2 types of inflammation: chronic and acute. An acute process develops as a result of the body's reaction to irritation, injury, infection or an allergen. chronic inflammation contributes to the increased load on certain organs, aging of the body, general overload. Inflammation is manifested by pain, fever. The process proceeds in 3 stages. On the 1st, a reaction develops in response to damage. At the same time, adjacent blood vessels expand, and blood flow to the affected area increases. Together with blood, they come to the site of inflammation nutrients and cells of the immune system.

At the 2nd stage, phagocyte cells fight pathogenic microorganisms. They secrete special substances that destroy pathogenic flora, and also produce antioxidants necessary to protect against possible damage by free radicals. In this case, damaged and dead cells of the body are removed. At the 3rd stage, the focus of inflammation is separated from the surrounding tissues. At the same time, mast cells release histamine, which increases the permeability blood vessels. As a result, the damaged area is cleared of toxins and toxins.

The most noticeable manifestation of the inflammatory process is fever. A rise in temperature occurs when the immune system acts at its limit in response to inflammation. The following symptoms appear: rapid pulse, rapid breathing, increased sweating. At a high temperature, a cascade of reactions occurs in the body aimed at eliminating the causes of its occurrence. This symptom can last up to 3 days. During this period, the body fights infectious pathogens. Elevated temperature leads to the fact that the ability to reproduce bacteria drops sharply, and the number of protective phagocyte cells increases. As a result, they eliminate pathogenic microorganisms.

An increase in temperature is considered an alarming symptom, and the patient does not experience the most pleasant sensations. However, taking antipyretics is still not recommended, as this leads to an interruption of the natural process of fighting infection. In this case, the disease acquires a protracted course and often recurs. Undesirable preparations at temperatures up to 38.5 ° C. The relief of the condition is facilitated by an increase in the amount of fluid consumed, the intake of vitamin C. With a sharp rise in temperature, you should immediately call a doctor.

Any increase in the optimal body temperature in a person without visible signs and reasons serves as a certain protective reaction of the body to infection. Such an ailment can lead to one or another disease. Often, experts warn that an increase in temperature indicates that the body has entered the fray with the infection, producing interferon and protective antibodies.

Hyperthermia or fever

Thermoregulation of the human body occurs at a special reflex level. The hypothalamus, which belongs to the divisions of the diencephalon, is responsible for its optimal performance. Its functions also include control of the nervous and endocrine systems. It is in it that the centers are located that regulate the cycle of wakefulness and sleep, the feeling of thirst and hunger, body temperature and a large number of other psychosomatic and physiological processes.

Pyrogens, protein substances, take part in the increase in body temperature. They are both secondary (internal) and primary (external - in the form of microbes, bacteria and toxins). When a focus of the disease appears, external pyrogens force the cells of the body to produce secondary protein substances, which send an impulse to the thermoreceptors of the hypothalamus. In turn, he gradually begins to adjust the temperature of the body for the natural mobilization of its protective functions. Thus, until the hypothalamus regulates the existing disturbed temperature balance, the person suffers from fever.

Also, the temperature without symptoms can be with hyperthermia. This happens when the hypothalamus does not take part in its increase: it does not receive a signal to protect the body from infection. This increase in body temperature often occurs as a result of a violation of the heat transfer process, for example, during certain physical exertion.

The main reasons for the rise in temperature

Fever or fever occurs in almost any acute infectious disease. In addition, a similar relapse can be observed during an exacerbation of certain chronic diseases. If there are no symptoms, determine the cause elevated temperature body can be a qualified specialist, highlighting the pathogen from the blood or the focus of infection.

It is much more difficult to identify the cause of elevated body temperature without symptoms if the disease has arisen due to exposure to the body of opportunistic microbes (microplasma, fungi, bacteria) against the background of a local or general decrease in the immune system. In this case, a detailed laboratory study of mucus, sputum, bile and silence should be carried out.

Causes of fever without symptoms can be associated with the following diseases:

Cervicitis is an inflammation of the vaginal part of the cervix, which acts as a protective barrier between the body of the uterus and external environment. Depending on the location, cervicitis can be internal (endocervicitis) or external (exocervicitis). The nature of the course is acute and chronic.

Causes of cervicitis

This disease rarely occurs on its own. Its companions can be any inflammation or infection of the reproductive system. More often, against the background of weakened immunity, they attack the mucous membrane of the cervix. The causative agents of infections can be:
- staphylococcus;
- ;
- chlamydia;
- treponema;
- gonococcus (more often with endocervicitis);
- candida (with exocervicitis);
- ureplasma;
- human papillomavirus.

The causes of cervicitis can be the use contraceptives, mechanical damage to the cervix during, abortion or installation, active sex life.

If a woman becomes ill with cervicitis during pregnancy, she must notify her doctor about this. Some drugs that are used in the treatment can affect the development of the embryo.

Signs and symptoms of cervicitis

Obvious signs of cervicitis can occur in the acute course of the disease. These symptoms are:
- slight increase in body temperature;
- purulent, bad vaginal discharge;
- smearing discharge of a dark color;
- hot flashes in the pelvic organs;
- pain in the lumbar region;
- Drawing pain at rest or pain during intercourse;
- burning and itching in the vaginal area;
- Pain when urinating.

Chronic cervicitis does not have such pronounced symptoms, it goes unnoticed. A gynecologist can detect and diagnose it with scheduled inspection or dealing with another problem.
As a rule, women of childbearing age are exposed to the disease, less often it occurs during the menopause.
The danger of cervicitis is that the infection can spread very quickly to nearby organs - appendages, peritoneum, bladder.

Before going to the doctor, you need to refrain from sexual intercourse for 1-2 days. Stop taking medications and using suppositories. Genital hygiene should be performed in the evening, on the eve of the appointment, without douching and detergents.

Treatment of cervicitis

Depending on which infection provoked cervicitis, the doctor prescribes specific treatment. The course of treatment is also prescribed for the sexual partner, even in the absence of symptoms of the disease, after which tests are prescribed.
If untreated, cervicitis thickens, there is a risk of miscarriage, birth with a small body weight, postpartum infections mother.

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Advice 4: Bartholinitis: symptoms, methods of diagnosis and treatment

Bartholinitis is a disease that is associated with an inflammatory process that occurs in the large gland of the vestibule of the vagina. Infectious agents quickly penetrate through the excretory ducts, and the pathological process moves to the parenchyma, causing purulent or serous inflammation. Exudate of a purulent nature captures the lobules of a large gland, a false abscess is formed, which can open at any time.

Bartholinitis symptoms

In acute significantly body, there is a general weakness, chills. The external genitalia swell, itching and discharge are disturbing. With an arbitrary rupture of an abscess general state the patient improves, body temperature decreases.

Diagnosis of bartholinitis

At the first symptoms of bartholinitis, you should immediately contact a gynecologist. External and internal to accurately determine the presence of inflammation. To reliably determine the disease, laboratory studies of the secretion of Bartholin's

The main symptoms of gastritis

You should know that such an ailment is initially asymptomatic. The first signs of such a disease begin to appear when, along with inflammation of the internal surfaces of the stomach, their integrity is violated. A person may experience discomfort in the abdomen after eating. Before eating, spasms in the upper lobe of the epigastrium are often noted. A patient with such an ailment can observe frequent belching and bad breath. Moreover, such symptoms may not be present in a person on an ongoing basis, as a rule, they first appear for a while, and then disappear for a certain period. Therefore, many people who have such an ailment attribute the first signs of gastritis to the usual malaise of the body and are in no hurry to seek help from specialists.

Additional symptoms of gastritis

When the disease progresses to a more serious form, a person may begin to experience nausea and vomiting before and after meals. At the same time, undigested food with a very sour taste will come out at first. Subsequently, along with her, the patient can observe bile and mucus. Along with this, body weight will decrease, frequent and severe dizziness, general weakness and pain in the pit of the stomach, which are acute, will occur. At the same time, there may be cramps in the upper abdomen, which will be quite difficult to relieve with analgesics.

Symptoms of acute gastritis

This form of the disease has the above symptoms, and it also manifests itself with other symptoms. So, the patient may experience diarrhea or severe constipation, persistent migraines, tachycardia, fever, excessive production of saliva, due to a violation of food processing by the body. Also, a person can observe a loss of appetite, belching with fetid discharge, heaviness in the stomach, pulling pain after a meal in the stomach and gurgling in it, flatulence. With this disease, the nails become yellow, brittle and exfoliating, and the hair is faded. There may not be enough hemoglobin in the blood, because of this, you will constantly want to sleep.

Having discovered the symptoms of gastritis, it is necessary to visit a specialist as soon as possible. He will conduct a comprehensive examination and identify at what stage the disease is. Depending on this, a comprehensive and effective treatment will be selected that will ensure a speedy recovery.