Mild food poisoning symptoms. Food poisoning - first signs and all symptoms

- This is damage to the body due to the ingress of harmful substances or poisons into it. Penetration of toxins is possible through the mouth with food or water, the nasopharynx with air, and also through the skin. The painful state of the body can be very serious, so it is important to know the types of intoxication, symptoms and basic first aid.

Poisoning is the penetration of harmful toxins into the body

Types of poisoning

Based on the pathogenic substance that has become a provoking factor in intoxication of the body, several main types of poisoning are distinguished:

• food;
• damage from toxic substances and chemicals;
• poisoning by alcohol, drugs, medicines;
• alkaline substances and acids;
• carbon monoxide or household monoxide;
• self-poisoning (intoxication of the body with its own waste products - feces).

Depending on the routes of entry into the body, the severity of the disease and the conditions of exposure to internal organs, intoxication has a specific classification.

By route of entry into the body:

• oral – through the oral cavity;
• percutaneous - through the skin;
• parenteral - through injections intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously;
• biological – bites of insects, snakes, animals;
• inhalation - through the respiratory tract;
• cavitary (penetration of toxins into ear canal, genitals, anus).

Harmful substances can enter the body through an injection

According to the degree of impact on life important systems:

• lungs;
• average;
• strong;
• extremely heavy.

According to symptoms:

• acute – one-time damage by toxic substances, manifests itself sharply and clearly;
• chronic - observed as a result of the gradual accumulation of toxins in the body, often symptoms appear and then disappear.

Due to the development of intoxication:

• household;
• random (in children - with medications)
• industrial (vapors, poisons in large enterprises);
• intentional (suicidal).

Types of poisoning differ in clinical manifestations and characteristics of the effect on the human body. To determine the type of intoxication, it is important to know its symptoms and provide first aid in time.

Food poisoning

As a result of consuming contaminated or low-quality food products, food poisoning.

Products at risk include:

• meat and fish products;
• milk, kefir, fermented baked milk, butter, sour cream, yogurt;
• eggs;
• cream cakes, biscuits.

Pathogenic microorganisms in products that have undergone improper heat treatment or storage can cause intoxication, resulting in spoilage.

The first symptoms of food poisoning occur 2–4 hours after eating:

• malaise and weakness appear;
• begins to feel sick, frequent vomiting occurs;
• diarrhea may be mixed with blood and thick greenish mucus;
• pain or paroxysmal discomfort in the abdominal area;
• pallor of the skin.

Food poisoning causes diarrhea

The most dangerous species food intoxication is considered to be damage from poisonous mushrooms (missing, poisonous, improperly stored) and botulism ( acute infection, which has a pathogenic effect on the nervous system).

Drug poisoning

Reasons for getting too much medicinal drugs can be:

• children’s access to the first aid kit (once they get to the medicines, the child is able to eat colorful pills and provoke poisoning);
• accidental overdose (failure to comply daily norm, patient forgetfulness);
• deliberate poisoning (with the aim of committing suicide).

The first signs depend on the specific drug. If a person overdosed on sleeping pills, strong braking nervous system, spasm occurs respiratory tract and an unconscious state is observed.

General symptoms drug poisoning speakers:

• dizziness;
• decreased or increased blood pressure;
• difficulty breathing;
• drowsiness, weakness, malaise;
• abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea.

With drug poisoning, you feel very dizzy

Fecal poisoning

Intoxication of the body occurs due to increased putrefactive processes due to constipation.

Symptoms:

• headaches in the temporal part;
• frequent nausea, often with vomiting;
• painful sensations in muscles and joints;
• the appearance of fever;
• weakness, fatigue, drowsiness;
• loss of appetite.

Fecal poisoning causes fever

At chronic constipation Sleep may be disturbed, swelling appears, hair falls out, and nails peel. To prevent self-poisoning, it is important to avoid bowel retention for more than 2 days.

Alcohol and drug intoxication

Drinking low-quality alcoholic beverages or excessive amounts of them can lead to severe poisoning. This also includes defeat. ammonia.

Intoxication can be recognized by the following signs:

• abdominal pain, diarrhea;
• nausea, severe vomiting;
• headaches and dizziness;
• loss of orientation in space;
• prostration.

Alcohol poisoning causes loss of orientation in space

In severe cases, the person loses consciousness. Paralysis of the respiratory tract is possible, resulting in death.

Poisoning with narcotic drugs is no less dangerous. The first signs of intoxication are similar to alcohol damage, only before their manifestations attacks of aggression, overexcitation or euphoria are possible. Psychotropic substances have a detrimental effect on the central nervous system, which provokes anxiety, spasms of the respiratory tract, and fainting.

Poisoning by poisons and chemicals

Symptoms appear within 20–50 minutes and are severe:

• breathing becomes intermittent;
• the secretion of saliva and sputum increases (a cough develops);
• the person sweats profusely;
• The lower extremities gradually begin to cramp.

Chemical poisoning is characterized by leg cramps

It is important to immediately provide first aid to the patient. Otherwise, there is a high probability of paralysis of the respiratory system and death.

Household or carbon monoxide poisoning

Conditions that can trigger the entry of carbon monoxide into the body are:

• production processes that are involved in synthesis organic compounds– poisoning with paint, silicate glue, toxic detergents;
• poor ventilation;
• leakage of domestic gas in the house due to unclosed dampers in the stoves.

Early clinical picture Such poisoning manifests itself within an hour.

You can recognize it by such signs as:

• feeling of tightness in the head;
• dizziness, migraine, tinnitus;
• increased heart rate.

Nausea and vomiting gradually appear. If the irritating factor is not quickly eliminated and the person is not brought to Fresh air, breathing becomes difficult, vision becomes dark, and the patient loses consciousness. With severe damage to toxins, convulsions and shortness of breath develop, and cardiac arrest is possible.

Intoxication with alkalis and acid compounds

Caustic alkalis and acids are used in the chemical, textile, paper industries, in the production of soap, and artificial fiber. Dangerous compounds enter the body in vapor through the respiratory system, mucous membranes (eyes), skin, or in liquid form through the oral cavity.

The first signs of intoxication:

• expressed pain syndrome affected areas (mouth, lips, chest, in the stomach area);
• profuse and painful vomiting of blood;
• swelling of the larynx;
• pain shock.

Alkaline and acid poisoning causes swelling of the larynx

Alkalies and acids provoke chemical burns of the esophagus, nasopharynx, stomach, and oral cavity. High risk suffocation and complications on internal organs.

Stages of poisoning

Acute intoxication can occur in 2 main stages.

1. Toxigenic. It begins to develop immediately after a pathogenic substance enters the body. The toxin begins to affect chemical compounds and destroy them, to which the body reacts violently. The toxicogenic stage lasts until the poison is absorbed into vital tissues.
2. Somatogenic. It begins after the harmful substance has already broken down and provoked specific complications in the body.

The toxicogenic stage of poisoning is the entry of harmful substances into the body

The purpose of dividing intoxication into certain stages is to select the correct treatment. With the toxicogenic form, all the efforts of doctors go to the speedy removal of toxic substances from the body, before they are absorbed into the deeper cellular layers. If the somatogenic stage has arrived, the goal of therapy is to restore the functional properties of those affected by the poison internal organs.

Which doctor should I contact?

A specialist who makes primary diagnosis, performs . The doctor collects anamnesis based on the patient’s symptoms and complaints.

• infectious disease specialist;
• resuscitator (in case of severe or extremely severe poisoning);
• toxicologist (for radiation exposure or consumption of products with radionuclides).

For mild intoxication, an examination by a physician is sufficient. If the patient is unconscious or in in serious condition, you shouldn’t wait for a doctor, you need to call an ambulance and take the patient to intensive care.

Diagnostics

To find out the source of poisoning and make an accurate diagnosis, the patient is prescribed to undergo a series of tests.

1. The clinical picture is being clarified. The doctor performs an examination and survey, which makes it possible to determine the type of intoxication as much as possible based on the first signs.
2. Instrumental research. Using a cardiogram, the condition of the heart is determined, and an encephalogram shows brain activity. To determine the degree of damage to internal organs of ultrasound organizations.
3. Lab tests. The quantitative and qualitative presence of toxic substances in the body is determined, as well as the severity of the effects of poisons on the kidneys, liver, intestines and other vital organs.

Cardiogram shows the condition of the heart

Treatment

Poisoning from food, medicine, alcohol or chemicals requires immediate attention. Let’s take a closer look at what to do at home and how to get help at the emergency room.

First aid at home

Any intoxication requires immediate first aid.

It is important not to hesitate and get your bearings in time:

1. In case of food poisoning, the victim should be given adsorbent medications (activated carbon), rinse the stomach saline solution or use a laxative.
2. In case of toxic damage to the respiratory system (gas, poisons, chemical vapors and acids), the patient must be protected from the irritant and provided with fresh air. It is important to rinse your throat and mouth concentrated solution soda
3. In case of mushroom poisoning, it is important to remove the poisons from the stomach and intestines as soon as possible. If possible, do an enema, give enterosorbents and laxatives (saline solutions are possible).
4. If a person has been poisoned by alcohol, ammonia will help bring him back to his senses. It is important to cleanse the stomach by rinsing with soda solution or plain water.
5. In case of damage to the mucous membrane of the eyes by toxic substances. It is necessary to wash the victim under running water for half an hour. At the end of the procedure, it is better to cover the eyes with a clean bandage.
6. If alkali or acid gets on the skin, immediately remove the pathogenic substance with a cotton pad. In case of alkaline poisoning, treat the affected area with vinegar. The acid is removed under running water.

It is important to provide on time first aid: call a medical team and, while it is on its way, alleviate the condition of the victim and prevent the spread of toxins further throughout the body.

Activated carbon is the first remedy for food poisoning

Emergency

Upon arrival at the victim, the ambulance team assesses the patient’s condition and, depending on the cause of the poisoning, takes appropriate measures. First of all, it cleanses the stomach (for food, drug, alcohol poisoning).

If a person inhales carbon monoxide:

• an antidote is administered (the required amount of oxygen);
• injections of anticonvulsants are administered;
• restore heart function (administration of glucosides).

In case of poisoning carbon monoxide injections of special drugs are administered

In case of poisoning with alkalis and acids, doctors, after washing the stomach with a large amount ordinary water, give to the patient narcotic analgesics to prevent a state of shock. In case of cardiac arrest, indirect cardiac massage is used and artificial respiration.

After providing first aid, a team of specialists hospitalizes the victim in the hospital. The patient is observed in the infectious diseases or toxicology department. If necessary, resuscitation measures are carried out.

What do you eat if you are poisoned?

To improve your condition and speed up the recovery period, it is important to eat right.

• vegetable puree soups, not fried and without meat;
• steamed chicken or rabbit meat cutlets (can be used from day 3 of the diet) –;
• steamed fish meatballs;
• biscuits;
• rice, buckwheat, cooked in water;
• fruits (non-acidic) and vegetables, eaten or boiled;
• soufflé from dietary meat (chicken, beef, rabbit);
• steamed omelette.

In case of poisoning, you should eat vegetable soup without meat

You can drink boiled warm water or mineral, but without gas. On the 3rd day after poisoning, you are allowed to take fruit jelly, chamomile tea with honey (1/2 tsp). Fermented milk products (low-fat kefirs, fermented baked milk, yogurt) are best introduced from day 6 of the diet.

During the recovery period after intoxication, it is prohibited to drink alcohol, junk food(spicy, salty, smoked, sauces and seasonings, carbonated drinks, flour and sweets). This will protect weakened organs from unnecessary stress.

How dangerous is poisoning?

Penetrating into the human body, toxic substances have a detrimental effect on vital systems and disrupt the functioning of the latter.

As a result, the following complications may occur:

• pathological changes in the heart and blood vessels - bradycardia or tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia;
• abnormalities in the nervous system - impaired consciousness, hallucinations, overexcitation, depression (may persist for several years);
• allergic reactions that have not previously been observed (a consequence of food poisoning) - rashes, redness of the skin (occurs in both adults and children).

Poisonings can cause changes in blood pressure

Severe poisoning is characterized by impaired respiratory activity, as a result of which the blood supply to the brain slows down. Pulmonary edema and cardiac arrest are most often fatal.

Prevention

It is possible to protect adults and children from various types of intoxication if preventive measures are strictly followed.

1. Store food correctly, do not eat suspicious foods, unknown or rotten mushrooms, and thoroughly wash vegetables and fruits before eating. Fish and meat products should be subject to high-quality heat treatment.
2. Do not abuse alcohol, do not try surrogate or ammonia as a hangover.
3. Keep medications out of the reach of children, follow the instructions and daily doses.
4. Follow safety rules when working with pesticides, acids and alkalis. Store toxic substances in special containers and rooms.
5. Monitor your household gas. Turn off the valve after cooking food, and regularly check stoves and pipes for leaks.

Unknown types of mushrooms should not be eaten.

Poisoning of the body is dangerous and painful condition, in which there is a strong violation of all vital important organs– breathing becomes difficult, pulmonary edema and cardiac arrest are possible. It is important to provide assistance to the victim in time, otherwise there is a risk fatal outcome. To prevent intoxication of the body, it is necessary to follow safety rules, both at home and at work.

Food poisoning– a non-contagious disease that occurs as a result of eating food containing harmful microorganisms or substances toxic to the human body.

Food poisoning is a collective concept, as it can be caused by a number of various reasons, however, the mechanism of development of the disease, as well as its manifestation, are similar. All types of food poisoning are characterized by: general intoxication, inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, as well as frequent development of dehydration.

Types and classification of food poisoning

There are 2 main groups of food poisoning:

1. Food poisoning microbial origin

• Toxic infections ( Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, E. coli, Bac. cereus, Str. faecalis, etc.)
• Toxicoses
  • Bacterial (toxins produced Staphylococcus aureus, Cl. botulinum.)
  • Fungal (toxins produced by fungi Aspergilus, Fusarium, etc.)
• Mixed

1. Food poisoning non-microbial origin

• Poisoning caused by poisonous plants and animal tissues:
  • Plants that are poisonous by nature (henbane, belladonna, fly agaric, etc.)
  • Animal tissues that are poisonous in nature (organs of fish - barbel, pufferfish, Marinka, etc.)
  • Plant products, poisonous when certain conditions(green potatoes containing corned beef, beans raw beans and etc.)
  • Products of animal origin that are poisonous under certain conditions (caviar, milk, liver of some fish during spawning - mackerel, burbot, pike, etc.)
  • Poisoning due to chemical impurities (pesticides, nitrates, compounds introduced into the product from packaging materials, etc.)

1. Food poisoning of unknown cause.

The main pathogens of food poisoning: Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, E. coli, Bac. cereus, Str. Faecalis, as well as little-studied Hafnia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiela, etc.

Toxicoses– an acute or chronic (in the case of fungal toxicosis) disease in which the development of the disease occurs due to the action of a toxin that has accumulated on food products. The pathogen itself enters the body in small quantities. For example, when cheese is aged for a long time, only staphylococcal toxin without a living microorganism can be preserved.

General mechanisms of food poisoning development

Symptoms and signs of food poisoning

The first symptoms of poisoning

Regardless of the factor that caused the poisoning, the manifestations of the disease are similar and can be divided into 3 main groups of symptoms:

1. Symptoms of inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa (symptoms of gastroenterocolitis)
2. Symptoms of intoxication
3. Symptoms of dehydration

Symptoms of gastroenterocolitis

• Stomach ache
• Discomfort in the abdomen
• Nausea
• Vomit

Symptoms of intoxication

Main symptoms of intoxication:

• General weakness
• Chills
• Headache
• Increased body temperature
• Pain in muscles and joints
• Lethargy
• Nausea
• Vomit

Symptoms of dehydration

• General weakness
• Thirst
• Dry mucous membranes
• Increased heart rate
• Headache
• Nausea
• Vomit
• Diarrhea
• Decreased urine output

• The onset of the disease is acute, sudden (from 30 minutes to 7 days, usually 2-6 hours)
• The disease develops simultaneously in a group of people
• As a rule, the course of the disease is short (3-5 days)
• A clear connection between the disease and the consumption of a certain dish or product
• Food poisoning is not transmitted from patient to healthy person, and this is their main difference from infectious diseases.

First of all, we should separately highlight diseases such as shigellosis and salmonellosis, which are essentially infectious diseases. However, they are often considered as foodborne diseases. These diseases are somewhat more severe than banal food poisoning and require close attention, especially in treatment.

Dairy product poisoning

Possible causative agents of the disease: Shigella Sonne, name of the disease shigellosis(“urban disease”, dysentery), staphylococcus, etc.

Shigella– a bacterium, shaped like a rod with a rounded end. They live on food in the soil for up to 5-14 days. Perish in the direct rays sunlight for 30 minutes, boiling instantly.

Cause:

1. There are carriers of Shigella Zone infection who hide their illness and do not want to seek medical help; if they do not comply with sanitary rules, food products are contaminated. Contamination of food products by sick people occurs at various stages collection, transportation and sale of these products.
2. Insufficient disinfection or contamination of milk and dairy products directly at dairies and factories.
3. Dairy products are an excellent nutrient substrate for bacterial growth.
4. Sour cream, milk, cottage cheese, kefir, cream, and cheese come first as risk factors.

Symptoms of general intoxication:

• Onset is acute (1-7 days)
• General malaise
• Moderate headache
• Temperature is usually normal, rising to 38 °C or higher is rare
• Sudden loss of appetite

Symptoms of colitis (inflammation of the large intestine):

• Cramping pain, usually on the left side of the lower abdomen
• False urge to defecate(tenesmus)
• Frequent, scanty stools ( rectal spit) with a large amount of cloudy mucus and streaks of blood, often more than 10 times a day

• Shigella is isolated from stool

Poisoning with meat, chicken, eggs, protein poisoning

Salmonella- rod-shaped bacterium with rounded edges, mobile - has flagella over its entire surface.

Salmonella can survive in meat for up to 6 months, in frozen meat for more than six months, in eggs for up to 1 year or more, eggshells up to 24 days. In the refrigerator, being in meat, salmonella not only survive, but are also able to multiply (at low temperatures above zero). Salmonella at 70 °C dies within 5-10 minutes, but in the thickness of a piece of meat it can withstand boiling for several hours.

Symptoms of poisoning:

Type of patient:

• Pallor, possible bluishness of the extremities

• Onset is acute or acute (from 2 hours to 72 hours)
• General malaise
• Headache
• temperature rise to 38°C or higher
• Sudden loss of appetite
• IN severe cases loss of consciousness, convulsions

• Cramping pain, mainly above and around the navel
• The stool is copious, watery, up to 10 times a day, greenish or dark brown, foul odor, sometimes has the appearance of “swamp mud”.
• There is no blood in the stool.

• Salmonella is isolated from vomit and feces. In the common form, from blood and urine.

Confectionery poisoning

Most often, staphylococcus gets into food products from people suffering from various purulent diseases (furunculosis, festering wounds, tonsillitis, sinusitis). Staphylococcus multiplies well in dairy products, especially in confectionery creams, etc. During their life activity, staphylococci are secreted special kind toxin – enterotoxin, which causes poisoning. Enterotoxin does not change the taste or smell of food. The toxin is resistant to heat and can withstand heating up to 100 C for 1-2 hours.

Symptoms and distinctive features of staphylococcal toxin poisoning:

• Rapid onset of illness (30-60 minutes after eating contaminated food)
• Nausea, the most common symptom
• Uncontrollable vomiting
• Strong cutting pain in the stomach, above the navel
• Body temperature is normal or low, rarely rises to 38-39 C, lasts several hours.
• Lethargy
• Dizziness
• Diarrhea in 50% of cases, no more than 2-5 bowel movements per day, duration 1-3 days
• There are no blood or mucus in the stool
• High likelihood of development, seizures and loss of consciousness

Fish poisoning

However, there are fish poisonings that become poisonous on their own under certain conditions. For example, during spawning, milk, liver and caviar of fish such as pike, perch, burbot, barbel, and beluga become poisonous, causing severe poisoning.

There are also poisonings that occur according to the type allergic reaction. After eating fish, symptoms such as redness of the skin, itching, swelling of the face, burning in the mouth, headache, nausea, diarrhea may occur. This manifestation of poisoning is explained high content substances in fish causing symptoms allergies, such as histamine, etc. After the action of histamine ends, all symptoms disappear without a trace, after about 7-8 hours. But for your own safety, it is better to take antiallergic drugs (suprastin, cetirizine, etc.) and consult a doctor, because the development of a true allergic reaction to fish components cannot be ruled out.

Be careful when choosing fish

• It is strictly forbidden to eat fish that has lost its scales, has a swollen belly, or has cloudy eyes.

• Fish is stored at 1 °C
• You should not defrost fish unless you have decided what you will cook. After defrosting, fish very quickly begins to deteriorate and release dangerous toxins.

Mushroom poisoning

Read more about mushroom poisoning in the article: Mushroom poisoning

Canned food poisoning botulism

Read more about canned food poisoning in the article: Botulism

Emergency care for poisoning

Treatment of poisoning at home

Since the causes of the described condition can be very different - food poisoning, botulism, salmonellosis, and rotavirus infection, remember the main rule: no antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription! The best thing you can do in the condition described above without a doctor's prescription is to take a sorbent.
Since 2011, Russia has had treatment standards according to infectious diseases in children from birth. According to them, the drug of choice is the enterosorbent PEPIDOL.
Once in the intestines, it works selectively - it kills harmful microbes, but does not touch beneficial ones. Its composition water solution pectin, 3% for children and 5% for adults. As a result of application, the condition usually normalizes within 24 hours.

Dosage regimen: every three hours (4 times a day) in an age-appropriate dosage, until the condition is completely normalized.

What to do?	How?	For what?
Perform gastric lavage	See Gastric lavage	Rapid removal from the body of contaminated food residues, microorganisms and their toxins. Gastric lavage is most effective if performed for the first time hours after poisoning.
Cleanse the intestines if there is no diarrhea.	Take a laxative or do an enema. Saline laxatives: Gauber's salt - 1 tbsp per glass of water. salt. Carlsbad salt - 1 tbsp for half a glass of water. spoon Cleansing enema- high siphon enema (10 liters of water). A siphon enema is done on the same principle as gastric lavage using a thick probe. Only the probe is inserted into the colon 40 cm.	Diarrhea – natural process cleansing the body of harmful substances, so you should give the body some time to remove everything unnecessary on its own. And you should not interfere with it, namely, immediately take antidiarrheal drugs.
Replenish fluid and minerals, lost with vomiting and diarrhea.	Fluid replacement is carried out depending on the degree of dehydration 2 ways to replenish fluid: 1. Orally (Per os) for patients with mild to moderate poisoning. Special solutions are used: Regidron Citralucosol Glucosolan Regidron application: Dissolve 1 packet in 1 liter of boiled water (temperature 37-40 C). You should drink in small sips, 1 glass (200 ml) for 10 minutes. For best effectiveness, you should drink 1-1.5 liters in 1 hour. The first stage of fluid replenishment lasts 1.5-3 hours, in 80% of cases it is enough to normalize the condition. However, if losses continue, correction is carried out within another 2-3 days (stage II). At the first stage of treatment, the required fluid is calculated based on the degree of dehydration and the patient’s weight: I degree 30-40 ml/kg II-III degree 40-70 ml/kg At the second stage of treatment, the required volume of fluid is determined based on the volume of fluid lost with vomiting and diarrhea in the next day. 2. Intravenous infusion: trisol quartasol xlosol The speed and volume of infusions depends on the degree of dehydration and the patient’s body weight: Severe degree - 60-120 ml/kg, 70-90 ml/min Moderate degree – 55-75 ml/kg, 60-80 ml/min	Timely replenishment of lost fluid and minerals quickly normalizes the general condition, accelerates the removal of toxins from the body, and prevents severe metabolic disorders. Contraindications for the use of oral solutions: infectious-toxic shock uncontrollable vomiting fluid loss more than 1.5 l/h diabetes glucose malabsorption dehydration of II-III degree with unstable blood circulation In case of contraindication to oral therapy, intravenous replacement therapy is performed.
In most cases, the above actions are quite enough to improve general condition and the onset of a speedy recovery. However, with accompanying chronic diseases (chronic pancreatitis, cholecystitis, etc.) treatment must be supplemented with some other drugs.
Take enterosorbent - a drug that binds toxins.	Filtrum: 2-3 tab. 3-4 times a day, 3-5 days course. White coal: 3-4 times a day, 3-4 tablets. Enterosgel: One and a half tablespoons 3 times a day Polysorb: 1 tables. Place a spoon with the top in 100 ml of water. 3-4 times a day, 3-5 days.	The drugs bind microbes and their toxins. Reduce symptoms of intoxication, improve general condition, speed up recovery.
Reduce pain	Duspitalin 1 cap. 2 times a day No-shpa 1 tab. 3 times a day	The drugs relieve spasms that occur during poisoning, thereby eliminating pain.
Protect the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines	Take astringents and enveloping agents: Kassirsky powder: 1 powder 3 times a day; bismuth subsalicylate - 2 tablets. four times a day.	Protects the mucous membrane from irritation and damage, helps reduce pain.
Take an antiseptic (for severe diarrhea)	Intetrix: 1-2 drops. 3-4 r. per day, for 3-5 days Intestopan: 1-2 t.. 4-6 times a day, duration 5-10 days	Has a detrimental effect on the causative agent of the disease. It has antimicrobial, antifungal and antiprotozoal effects.
Take enzymes	Mezim Festal Panzinorm 1 tablet 3 times a day with meals. For 7-14 days after poisoning.	As adjuvant therapy, considering possible violations secretion of the digestive glands and insufficient secretion of digestive enzymes.
Restore intestinal microflora	Normaze, 75 ml per day, for 2-3 weeks Bio-cocktail “NK” During acute diarrhea, 2-3 tablespoons, 3-4 times a day, 1-2 days. After which 1-2 tbsp. 3 times a day for 1-3 months. You can also use other eubiotics: bactisubtil (1 capsule, 3-6 times a day, before meals), linex (2 capsules, 3 times a day), bifidumbacterin forte Duration of treatment is 2 weeks.	Normaze - lactulose included in the drug, promotes the growth of healthy microflora, thereby preventing the development of putrefactive ones. Biococktail is an ecological, clean food product that normalizes intestinal microflora, binds, neutralizes and removes toxins from the body.
Specific treatment food poisoning caused Shigella: Antibacterial drugs: The drug of choice is furazolidone, Application: 4 times a day, 0.1 g for 5-7 days At moderate severity diseases – Biseptol, Application: 2 r. 2 tablets per day, for 5-7 days. In severe cases - ampicillin, Application: 4 times a day, 0.5 g, for 5-7 days.
Some features of the treatment of poisoning caused by salmonella: Antimicrobial drugs are not indicated for the gastrointestinal form of the disease. In the presence of Salmonella carriage, Salmonella bacteriophage is indicated, 2 tablets. 3 times a day, for 30 minutes. before meals, 5-7 days. Those sick with salmonellosis are allowed into the team only after complete recovery.

Poisoning, treatment with folk remedies

• Bath or sauna will help actively remove toxins from the body.
• Dill decoction with honey. For 200 ml of water 1 tsp. dry herbs or 1 tbsp. fresh greens. Boil for 20 minutes over low heat, cool, add boiled water to the initial volume, then add 1 tbsp. l. honey. It is recommended to drink the decoction 30 minutes before. before meals 100 ml . Dill has an analgesic effect, relieves spasms, accelerates the elimination of toxins due to increased urination. Normalizes the functioning of the digestive tract. Honey relieves inflammation, has bactericidal properties, binds toxins, and contains a healing composition of vitamins and minerals.
• Marshmallow infusion. 1 tbsp. chopped marshmallow root, pour 200 ml of boiling water, close the lid and leave for 30 minutes. Strain, drink 1 tbsp. before meals 4-5 times a day.

• Ginger tea. Pour 1 tsp. ground ginger 200 ml boiling water, leave for 20 minutes. Drink 1 tablespoon every 30 – 60 minutes. Ginger actively binds toxins and promotes their elimination. Has antibacterial properties, eliminates spasms, strengthens immune mechanisms body.
• Water with lemon juice, tea from rosehip, rowan. Drinks contain large amounts of vitamin C, which is involved in the processes of neutralization and removal of toxins. In addition, other vitamins and minerals found in drinks well replenish micro and macroelements lost through vomiting and diarrhea.
• During the day, instead of food, it is recommended to consume decoctions of rice and flaxseed. Prepare congee: 1 part rice to 7 parts water, boil for 10 minutes, take 6 times a day, 1/3 cup.

Diet for poisoning, what can you eat?

Diet No. 4
A diet with limited fat and carbohydrates and normal protein content. Products that have a mechanical and chemical effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa (milk, sweets, legumes), products that enhance the processes of fermentation and putrefaction in the intestines, as well as products that stimulate gastric secretion and bile secretion (sauces, spices, snacks) are excluded.

• Free liquid 1.5-2 liters
• Energy value – 2100 kcal
• Diet 5-6 times a day
• Dishes are pureed, boiled or steamed.
• Recommended: soups, non-concentrated broths, boiled lean fish, water porridge (rice, buckwheat, oatmeal), mashed potatoes, jelly, cottage cheese, dried white bread, cookies, tea, rosehip infusions, blueberry jelly.
• Exclude: bakery and flour products, milk and dairy products, legumes, fruits and vegetables, sweets, fatty varieties meat, fish, canned food, soups with cereals and vegetables.

Poisoning prevention

• Correctly determine the suitability of a product for consumption; refuse “suspicious” products, especially if:
  • Product has expired or is about to expire
  • The seal of the packaging is broken
  • The smell, taste, color of the product has changed
  • Uncharacteristic consistency of the product (heterogeneous, layered)
  • The appearance of bubbles when stirring, sediment at the bottom, lack of transparency, etc.
• Don't experiment with eating raw eggs
• It is better to refrain from snacking on the go from stalls
• During this time, put food in the refrigerator.
• You should not defrost food in the place where you will cook it later.
• It is good to heat-treat foods, especially meat, fish, eggs. You cannot marinate foods at room temperature.
• Protect products from contact with insects, rodents and other animals that may be carriers of harmful microorganisms.
• Wash your hands thoroughly before eating. Wash for at least 20-30 seconds with soap, preferably under warm water.
• Keep kitchen utensils clean. Kitchen surfaces should be wiped down both before and after cooking.
• Be sure to wash vegetables and fruits well before eating.

Poisoning occurs when poison enters the body, which can be any substance that has a harmful effect, and sometimes even leads to fatal outcome. It is important to remember that poison can enter in various ways: through the mouth, lungs, skin (more often in children), mucous membranes (eyes, nose, etc.), insect and snake bites. First aid and treatment of poisoning largely depend on how the poison entered the body, as well as on the condition of the patient.

First aid tasks for poisoning:

• Stop or limit the flow of poison into the body.
• Remove any poison that has already entered as soon as possible, if possible.
• Provide the victim with a safe environment.
• Bring the victim to his senses, if necessary, perform artificial respiration and chest compressions.
• Take the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.

First aid can be provided both by strangers and by the victims themselves. It often turns out that timely first aid in the treatment of poisoning helps save lives. According to statistics, in the vast majority of cases, household poisoning accounts for 97-98%, while industrial poisoning accounts for only 2-3%.

Household poisonings are divided into alcohol intoxications, domestic accidents and suicidal poisonings undertaken intentionally. More than 500 toxic substances are described in the literature.

Main signs and symptoms of poisoning

• nausea, vomiting
• cold sweat
• chills
• convulsions
• sudden lethargy
• drowsiness
• loose stools;
• headache and dizziness.
• depression of respiratory function and disturbances of consciousness (in severe cases)
• drooling and/or lacrimation
• burns around the lips, on the tongue or on the skin
• strange behavior of the victim

What to do in case of poisoning, depending on the route of entry of the poison:

In case of poisoning alcohol, poor quality food, mushrooms, poisonous plants and their fruits, and other poisons, When poison enters the body through the mouth. If the victim is conscious, he is given a large amount of liquid to drink, then vomiting is induced by pressing on the root of the tongue (for persons over 6 years old) with fingers, the procedure is repeated until the rinses are clean.

After gastric lavage, crushed activated carbon (1 tablet per 10 kg of weight), smecta and other sorbents are used in the treatment of poisoning. Can be accepted white clay, saline laxative.

The victim is placed in a recovery position - on his side (so that he does not choke on vomit), and his legs are warmed with heating pads. Give plenty of fluids (tea and water are suitable for this).

An emergency medical team is called as soon as possible to hospitalize the victim, as his condition may worsen. It is advisable to save and give to the doctor the substance that poisoned the patient.

In case of poisoning with acids (vinegar) and alkalis, it is impossible to rinse the stomach.

In case of poisoning by gaseous chemicals ( carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, bromine vapor, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, etc..),When the poison enters the body through the lungs when inhaled. According to the frequency of gas poisoning, poisoning carbon monoxide occurs more often than poisoning with other gaseous poisons. Carbon monoxide is formed when any type of fuel is burned: gas, oil, kerosene, wood or coal.

In case of poisoning carbon monoxide, the victim must first be taken out into fresh air and provided with comfortable horizontal position, free from restrictive clothing.

It is necessary to rub the victim’s body, then wrap him warmly, apply warming pads to his legs, let him sniff cotton wool with ammonia, if the victim is conscious, he can rinse his throat and mouth with a soda solution. In case of absence of breathing or its significant weakening, artificial respiration must be started .

Regardless of the degree of poisoning, the victim is hospitalized in a hospital in case complications from the nervous and respiratory systems arise later;

In case of poisoning by toxic substances penetrating through skin covering (some poisonous plants, chemical solvents and insect repellents - FOS - organophosphorus compounds (karbofos, dichlorvos, etc.)), the poison enters the body through the skin and mucous surfaces.

If a toxic substance gets on the skin, you need to remove this substance from the surface of the skin as quickly as possible with a cotton or gauze swab or rag, being careful not to smear it on the surface of the skin.

After this, the skin should be washed well with warm water and soap or a weak solution of drinking (baking) soda, and treat the affected area on the skin with a 5-10% solution of ammonia. If there is a wound, such as a burn, apply a clean or sterile wet bandage. Next, rinse the stomach twice with a 2% solution baking soda(1 tsp soda per 1 glass of water).

Then you should drink 0.5 cups of a 2% solution of baking soda with the addition of activated carbon or saline laxative. The victim is given strong tea to drink. Wait for the ambulance team to arrive.

If a toxic substance gets into your eyes, rinse them immediately with a stream of water with your eyelids open. Rinsing should be thorough for 20-30 minutes, since even a small amount of a toxic substance that gets into the eyes can cause deep damage. After rinsing the eyes, apply a dry bandage and immediately consult an eye doctor.

What NOT to do

• do not induce vomiting if the person is unconscious
• do not induce vomiting in pregnant women
• do not induce vomiting in those who weak heart and for convulsions
• do not induce vomiting in case of poisoning with petroleum products, acids, alkalis
• do not give a laxative in case of poisoning with petroleum products, acids, alkalis
• Don't give soda!
• Do not give acid in case of alkali poisoning and vice versa!!!

Food poisoning - acute disorder digestion caused by consuming low-quality or toxic foods and drinks.

• Foodborne illnesses(PTI). Occur due to consumption of food contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. For example, stale food. Failure to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards can also provoke PTI.
• Toxic (non-infectious) poisoning They occur when natural or chemical toxins enter the body with food. For example, poison from inedible mushrooms and plants, as well as chemicals.

The last type of poisoning is the most dangerous. You shouldn't fight them on your own. If you suspect non-infectious nature poisoning follows consult a doctor immediately.

Also, regardless of the type of poisoning, a qualified health care necessary for pregnant and lactating women, children and the elderly.

But usually people encounter toxic infections that can be treated at home. Next, we will talk about what steps to take to cope with PTI on your own.

Symptoms and pathogenesis

The course of food poisoning depends on the age and general condition of the person, as well as the type of pathogenic bacteria. But the general picture is this:

• obsessive nausea;
• repeated vomiting;
• weakness, malaise;
• changed complexion;
• diarrhea;
• chills;
• elevated body temperature.

Characteristic for PTI short period incubation. The first signs appear 2–6 hours after eating and progress quickly without treatment.

Treatment

Step 1. Gastric lavage

When the first symptoms appear, the remaining toxic food must be removed from the body. To do this, wash the stomach. The actions are the same as when providing first aid.

1. Prepare weak solution potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) or baking soda (1 tablespoon of soda for 1.5–2 liters of water at room temperature).
2. Drink some of the solution.
3. Induce vomiting (press the root of the tongue with two fingers).
4. Repeat the procedure several times until the vomit is clear.

Step 2. Taking sorbents

Sorbents are drugs that help remove toxins from the body. The most famous of them is activated carbon.

Activated carbon reduces the absorption of toxins and salts into the gastrointestinal tract heavy metals, alkaloids and other harmful substances, and also promotes their removal from the body.

Dosage for poisoning: one tablet for every 10 kg of body weight.

In other words, if you weigh 70 kg, then you will need at least seven tablets. In severe cases, the dosage should be increased.

In case of poisoning, it is better to take coal in the form of an aqueous suspension. To do this, crush the tablets and mix with 100 ml boiled water room temperature. This mixture tastes quite nasty, but it effectively fights poisoning.

You can also use instead of the usual white coal. It is believed that this is a selective, concentrated sorbent. It not only removes toxins, but also preserves nutrients. In this case, the dosage is halved: for an adult, 2–4 tablets, depending on the degree of poisoning.

Instead of coal, you can use other sorbents (according to the instructions). For example, “Smecta”, “Lactofiltrum”, “Enterosgel” and others.

Step 3: Drink plenty of fluids

Vomiting and diarrhea severely dehydrate the body - you need to replenish fluid losses and maintain water balance.

Drink at least 2–3 liters of boiled water per day.

You can also take special rehydration products: “Rehydron”, “Oralit” and others. These are powders and solutions containing mineral salts and glucose and prevent dehydration.

Other medicines

As for taking other medications for toxic infections, there are several general rules:

• When active vomiting stops, you can use drugs that restore the intestinal microflora (Hilak Forte, Linex, Mezim and others).
• If the temperature rises above 37.5 degrees, it must be brought down with antipyretics (paracetamol, ibuprofen and others).
• Taking painkillers is not recommended: they can complicate diagnosis in case of complications.
• Antimicrobial drugs (mostly antibiotics) are used in severe cases of toxic infection and are prescribed exclusively by a doctor.

Step 4. Routine and diet

With a food infection, the patient feels severe weakness. Should be adhered to bed rest and for the first day refuse to eat (if appetite is impaired and the body rejects food).

On the second or third day, you can indulge in jelly, crackers (without poppy seeds, raisins, vanilla or any other additives), as well as liquid mashed potatoes or rolled oats porridge, cooked in water.

As active treatment symptoms subside - improvement should occur within a few hours. The body finally returns to normal, usually within three days. But abdominal pain, weakness, and flatulence may persist for several more days.

If the main symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, fever) do not decrease and do not go away more than six hours after starting treatment, consult a doctor.

Step 5. Prevention

No one is immune from foodborne infections. But everyone has the power to reduce their risk to a minimum.

1. Wash your hands before eating.
2. Keep the kitchen clean and follow cooking techniques.
3. Be demanding about the quality of products when purchasing. For example, do not buy fish with an ammonia smell and a “rusty” coating. (All recommendations for choosing fish.)
4. Do not eat at questionable gastronomic establishments, and do not drink tap water.

Follow these and other precautions and stay healthy!

The symptoms of food poisoning are familiar to everyone - vomiting, diarrhea, as well as general weakness with fever make a person think about what he ate the day before, since it is the nutritional history that the doctor initially finds out when interviewing the patient.

Many people do not seek help from doctors for food poisoning, but such heroism can end sadly, especially when it comes to small children.

Understand the difference between food poisoning and acute intestinal infections, learn to recognize the symptoms characteristic of a particular food poisoning - this is what we will discuss in our article.

Classification of food poisoning

The concept of food poisoning implies an acute polyetiological non-contagious disease that occurs as a result of eating food in which certain microbes have multiplied and (or) accumulated toxins, both microbial and non-microbial in nature, as well as toxic substances of chemical or natural origin.

Based on the type of pathogen that caused the disease, food poisoning is classified into:

• microbial - microbial poisoning is divided into two main groups - food toxic infections and food toxicosis or intoxication
• non-microbial (poisonous mushrooms, chemical substances, poisonous plants)
• and unknown etiology.

Differential diagnosis of intestinal infections, food toxic infections and intoxications

Causes of food poisoning

• Consumption of food products produced in violation of production technology;
• Eating improperly stored food;
• Eating expired, spoiled foods;
• Consumption of chemical toxic substances (in food, accidental exposure to food, with alcohol);
• Consumption of toxic animal substances and plant origin(mushrooms, berries, fish).

Among the products, the greatest etiological significance is:

• confectionery cream products;
• unpasteurized dairy products (milk, cottage cheese, sour cream, especially homemade);
• smoked meats (fish and meat);
• salads dressed with mayonnaise;
• home canning (vegetables, meat, fish);
• mushrooms;
• seafood;
• fresh fruits and vegetables.

Signs of poor quality products

• Expired or borderline expiration date. No matter how trite it sounds, not everyone pays attention to this indicator. Moreover, many ignore these deadlines, believing that nothing happened to the same yogurt in a day or two. In fact, this behavior is a direct path to the infectious diseases hospital.

• Atypical, unpleasant, pungent odor;
• Atypical, strange taste, not characteristic of the product;
• Mold spots and areas or borders of discoloration;
• Bubbles of foam or gas visible in liquid food;
• Wet and sticky coating with unpleasant smell on the surface of the product;
• Bombing of lids of canned products, release of gas when opening the can.

Many people believe that simply heating or boiling an inferior product makes it safe and edible. However, this is very dangerous tactic– poisonous mushrooms remain poisonous even after cooking, the toxins of Staphylococcus aureus are not killed by boiling, and botulinum toxin can be inactivated only after half an hour of boiling!

Common symptoms characteristic of food poisoning

When diagnosed with acute food poisoning, the symptoms can be very diverse, but highlight general symptoms, characteristic of almost any type of poisoning:

• nausea;
• abdominal cramps and intestinal colic;
• stool disorder in the form of diarrhea;
• vomit;
• hypersalivation;
• hyperthermia;
• hypotension;
• dysfunction of the central nervous system, in severe cases - coma.

Symptoms of food poisoning in children

Symptoms of food poisoning in children, especially young ones, are more acute and occur with a clear picture of general intoxication. If we are talking about children under one year old, then within a few hours after the onset of symptoms, the development of critical condition up to renal failure and hypervolimic shock. Therefore, at the first signs of food poisoning, especially if the disease begins with diarrhea and vomiting, you should immediately call an ambulance and this is the only way - self-medication in this case is tantamount to causing irreparable harm.

Symptoms of the most dangerous poisonings

Comparative characteristics of the most common intestinal infections - dysentery, salmonellosis and rotavirus infection

At the initial signs of any food poisoning, you should assess the severity of the sick person’s condition and immediately seek medical help.