Organic damage to the central nervous system is a pathology that consists of the death of neurons in the brain or spinal cord, necrosis of the tissues of the central nervous system or their progressive degradation, due to which it becomes inferior and cannot adequately perform its functions in ensuring the functioning of the body and motor activity of the body. , and mental activity.

Organic damage to the central nervous system has another name - encephalopathy. This may be a congenital or acquired disease due to a negative effect on the nervous system.

Acquired can develop in people of any age due to various injuries, poisoning, alcohol or drug addiction, past infectious diseases, radiation and similar factors.

Congenital or residual - inherited due to genetic malfunctions, fetal development disorders during the perinatal period (the period of time between the one hundred and fifty-fourth day of pregnancy and the seventh day of extrauterine existence), as well as due to birth injuries.

The classification of lesions depends on the cause of the development of the pathology:

• Discirculatory – caused by a violation of the blood supply.
• Ischemic – discirculatory organic lesion, supplemented by destructive processes in specific foci.
• Toxic – cell death due to toxins (poisons).
• Radiation – radiation damage.
• Perinatal-hypoxic – due to fetal hypoxia.
• Mixed type.
• Residual – resulting from a violation of intrauterine development or birth injuries.

Causes of acquired organic brain damage

It is not at all difficult to acquire damage to cells of the spinal cord or brain, since they are very sensitive to any negative impact, but most often it develops for the following reasons:

• Spinal injuries or traumatic brain injuries.
• Toxic damage, including alcohol, medications, drugs and psychotropic drugs.
• Vascular diseases that cause circulatory disorders, and with it hypoxia or lack of nutrients or tissue injury, such as a stroke.
• Infectious diseases.

You can understand the reason for the development of one or another type of organic lesion based on the name of its variety; as mentioned above, the classification is based on the reasons of this disease.

How and why residual damage to the central nervous system occurs in children

Residual organic damage to the central nervous system in a child occurs due to a negative impact on the development of his nervous system, or due to hereditary genetic abnormalities or birth injuries.

The mechanisms for the development of hereditary residual organic damage are exactly the same as for any hereditary diseases, when distortion of hereditary information due to DNA damage leads to improper development of the child’s nervous system or the structures that ensure its vital functions.

An intermediate process to a non-hereditary pathology looks like a failure in the formation of cells or even entire organs of the spinal cord and brain due to negative environmental influences:

• Serious illnesses suffered by the mother during pregnancy, as well as viral infections. Even the flu or a simple cold can provoke the development of residual organic damage to the fetal central nervous system.
• Lack of nutrients, minerals and vitamins.
• Toxic effects, including medicinal ones.
• Bad habits of the mother, especially smoking, alcoholism and drugs.
• Bad ecology.
• Irradiation.
• Fetal hypoxia.
• Physical immaturity of the mother, or, conversely, the advanced age of the parents.
• Consumption of special sports nutrition or certain dietary supplements.
• Severe stress.

The mechanism of the influence of stress on premature birth or miscarriage through convulsive contraction of its walls is clear; not many understand how maternal stress leads to the death of the fetus or disruption of its development.

With severe or systematic stress, the mother’s nervous system suffers, which is responsible for all processes in her body, including the life support of the fetus. With the disruption of its activity, a variety of malfunctions and the development of vegetative syndromes can occur - dysfunctions of internal organs, which destroys the balance in the body that ensures the development and survival of the fetus.

Traumatic injuries of various types during childbirth, which can cause organic damage to the child’s central nervous system, are also very different:

• Asphyxia.
• Injury to the spine or base of the skull due to improper removal and twisting of the child from the uterus.
• Child falling.
• Premature birth.
• Uterine atony (the uterus is unable to contract normally and push out the baby).
• Compression of the head.
• Entry of amniotic fluid into the respiratory tract.

Even during the perinatal period, a child can become infected with various infections, both from the mother during childbirth and from hospital strains.

Symptoms

Any damage to the central nervous system has symptoms in the form of disturbances in mental activity, reflexes, motor activity and disruption of the functioning of internal organs and sensory organs.

It is quite difficult even for a professional to immediately see the symptoms of residual organic damage to the central nervous system in an infant, since the movements of infants are specific, mental activity is not immediately determined, and disturbances in the functioning of internal organs with the naked eye can only be noticed with severe pathologies. But sometimes clinical manifestations can be noticed from the first days of life:

• Violation of muscle tone.
• and head (most often benign, but can also be a symptom of neurological diseases).
• Paralysis.
• Impaired reflexes.
• Chaotic rapid eye movements back and forth or frozen gaze.
• Impaired functions of the sense organs.
• Epileptic seizures.

At an older age, from about three months, you can notice the following symptoms:

• Impaired mental activity: the child does not follow the toys, shows hyperactivity or, on the contrary, apathy, suffers from attention deficit, does not recognize acquaintances, etc.
• Delay physical development both direct growth and acquisition of skills: does not hold his head, does not crawl, does not coordinate movements, does not try to stand up.
• Rapid physical and mental fatigue.
• Emotional instability, moodiness.
• Psychopathy (tendency to affect, aggression, disinhibition, inappropriate reactions).
• Organic-psychic infantilism, expressed in the suppression of personality, the formation of dependencies and increased reporting.
• Loss of coordination.
• Memory impairment.

If a child is suspected of having a central nervous system lesion

If any symptoms of central nervous system dysfunction appear in a child, you must immediately contact a neurologist and undergo comprehensive examination, which may include the following procedures:

• General tests, different kinds tomography (each type of tomography examines from its own side and therefore gives different results).
• Ultrasound of the fontanel.
• EEG is an electroencephalogram that allows you to identify foci of pathological brain activity.
• X-ray.
• CSF analysis.
• Neurosonography is an analysis of neuron conductivity that helps identify minor hemorrhages or disturbances in the functioning of peripheral nerves.

If you suspect any abnormalities in your child’s health, you should consult a doctor as early as possible, since timely treatment will help avoid a huge number of problems, and will also significantly shorten the recovery time. You should not be afraid of false suspicions and unnecessary examinations, since, unlike probable pathologies, they will not harm the baby.

Sometimes this pathology is diagnosed during fetal development during a routine ultrasound examination.

Methods of treatment and rehabilitation

Treatment of the disease is quite labor-intensive and lengthy, however, with minor damage and proper therapy, congenital residual organic damage to the central nervous system in newborns can be completely eliminated, since the nerve cells of infants are able to divide for some time, and the entire nervous system of young children is very flexible.

• First of all, this pathology requires constant monitoring by a neurologist and the attentive attitude of the parents themselves.
• If necessary, drug therapy is carried out both to eliminate the root cause of the disease, and in the form of symptomatic treatment: removal convulsive symptom, nervous excitability, etc.
• At the same time, as a method of treatment or recovery, physiotherapeutic treatment is carried out, which includes massage, acupuncture, zootherapy, swimming, gymnastics, reflexology or other methods designed to stimulate the functioning of the nervous system, encourage it to begin recovery through the formation of new neural connections and teach the child himself to use his body in case of impaired motor activity in order to minimize his inability to live independently.
• In more late age Psychotherapeutic influences are used both on the child himself and on his immediate environment in order to improve the moral situation around the child and prevent the development of mental disorders in him.
• Speech correction.
• Specialized training tailored to the individual characteristics of the child.

Conservative treatment is carried out in a hospital and consists of taking medications in the form of injections. These medications reduce brain swelling, reduce seizure activity, and improve blood circulation. Almost everyone is prescribed piracetam or drugs with a similar effect: pantogam, caviton or phenotropil.

In addition to the main medications, symptomatic relief of the condition is provided with the help of sedatives, painkillers, improve digestion, stabilize the heart and reduce any other negative manifestations of the disease.

After eliminating the cause of the disease, therapy for its consequences is carried out, designed to restore brain function, and with them the work of internal organs and motor activity. If it is impossible to completely eliminate residual manifestations, the goal of restorative therapy is to teach the patient to live with his body, use his limbs and self-care as independently as possible.

Many parents underestimate the benefits of physiotherapeutic methods in the treatment of neurological ailments, but they are the fundamental methods for restoring lost or impaired functions.

The recovery period is extremely long, and ideally lasts a lifetime, since when the nervous system is damaged, the patient has to overcome himself every day. With due diligence and patience, by a certain age a child with encephalopathy can become completely independent and even lead an active lifestyle, the maximum possible at the level of his damage.

It is impossible to cure the pathology on your own, and mistakes made due to a lack of medical education can not only aggravate the situation, but even lead to death. Collaboration with a neurologist for people with encephalopathy becomes lifelong, but the use traditional methods Nobody forbids therapy.

Traditional methods of treating organic damage to the central nervous system are the most effective methods of recovery, which do not replace conservative treatment with physiotherapy, but complement it very well. Only when choosing one method or another is it necessary to consult a doctor again, so as to distinguish between useful and effective methods it is extremely difficult to avoid useless and harmful ones without deep specialized medical knowledge, as well as minimal chemical literacy.

If it is impossible to visit specialized institutions to take a course of exercise therapy, massage and aquatherapy, they can be easily carried out at home, having mastered simple techniques with the help of a neurologist consultation.

No less important aspect treatment is social rehabilitation with psychological adaptation of the patient. You should not overprotect a sick child, helping him in everything, because otherwise he will not be able to fully develop, and as a result, he will not be able to fight pathology. Help is needed only for vital things or special cases. IN Everyday life independent performance of everyday duties will work as additional physical therapy or exercise therapy, and will also teach the child to overcome difficulties and that patience and perseverance always lead to excellent results.

Consequences

Organic damage to parts of the central nervous system in the perinatal period or at an older age leads to the development of a large number of various neurological syndromes:

• Hypertension-hydrocephalic – hydrocephalus accompanied by increased intracranial pressure. It is determined in infants by the enlargement of the fontanel, its swelling or pulsation.
• Hyperexcitability syndrome - increased muscle tone, sleep disturbance, increased activity, frequent crying, high convulsive readiness or epilepsy.
• Epilepsy is a convulsive syndrome.
• Comatose syndrome with opposite symptoms of hyperexcitability, when the child is lethargic, apathetic, moves little, lacks sucking, swallowing or other reflexes.
• Autonomic-visceral dysfunction of internal organs, which can be expressed as frequent regurgitation, digestive disorders, skin manifestations and many other abnormalities.
• Motor disorders.
• Cerebral palsy is a movement disorder complicated by other defects, including mental retardation and weakness of the senses.
• Hyperactivity is an inability to concentrate and lack of attention.
• Retardation in mental or physical development, or complex.
• Mental illness due to brain disorders.
• Psychological illnesses due to the patient’s discomfort among society or physical disability.

• Endocrine disorders, and as a result, decreased immunity.

Forecast

The prognosis of acquired organic damage to the central nervous system is rather unclear, since everything depends on the level of damage. In the case of a congenital type of disease, in some cases the prognosis is more favorable, since the child’s nervous system recovers many times faster, and his body adapts to it.

After proper treatment and rehabilitation, the function of the central nervous system can be either completely restored or have some residual syndrome.

The consequences of early organic damage to the central nervous system often lead to mental and physical retardation in development, and also lead to disability.

One of the positive aspects is that many parents whose children have received this terrible diagnosis, with the help of intensive rehabilitation therapy, achieve magical results, refuting the most pessimistic predictions of doctors, providing their child with a normal future.

Lecture No. 6

Intracranial birth trauma occupies a special place in the structure of morbidity in children during the newborn period; perinatal damage to the central nervous system occurs in approximately 10-11% of newborns. And among the total number of diseases, 70% are due to perinatal damage to the central nervous system, most often in premature infants. There is a certain connection between the frequency of perinatal lesions of the central nervous system and body weight at birth: the lower the weight, the higher the percentage of cerebral hemorrhages and early infant mortality. Among the causes of perinatal damage to the nervous system, the leading place is occupied by:

1. Intrauterine and intrapartum fetal hypoxia.
2. Mechanical trauma during childbirth.

In the structure of these pathogenetic factors, infectious, toxic and hereditary factors are also important. Intrauterine hypoxia is a universal etiopathogenetic factor of central nervous system damage.

There are 4 types of intrauterine hypoxia:

1. Hypoxic – occurs when there is insufficient oxygen saturation of the blood (in this case, the most common cause is pathology of the placenta)
2. Hemolytic - occurs as a result of a decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood (often with anemia)
3. Circulatory - occurs with disorders of hemodynamics and microcirculation
4. Tissue – the result of metabolic disorders in fetal tissues (enzyme deficiency or inhibition of cellular systems)

Predisposing factors for the occurrence of intracranial birth injury are, first of all, the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the newborn. These include:

1. Resistance vascular wall reduced as a result of a decrease in argyrophilic fibers in it
2. increased vascular permeability
3. imperfect regulation of the central nervous system - vascular tone and hemostasis system
4. functional immaturity of the liver - insufficiency of the blood coagulation system (decrease in the concentration of prothrombin, proconvertin and other coagulation factors).

Predisposing factors may be those leading to the development of hypoxia and asphyxia:

Breech presentation

Prematurity

Postmaturity

Large fruit

Irrational antenatal nonspecific prevention of rickets.

After the discharge of amniotic fluid, the fetus experiences uneven pressure, which leads to microcirculation disorders in the presenting part of the fetus and mechanical damage to the fetal brain tissue during childbirth. Immediate cause birth injury is a size discrepancy bony pelvis women and the fetal head: anomalies of the bony pelvis, large fetus, rapid labor less than 3-4 hours, prolonged labor, incorrect position of the obstetric aid when applying obstetric forceps, rotation of the fetus onto the leg, extraction by the pelvic end, cesarean section.

The causes of hemorrhages may also be the costs of treatment, excess intravenous solutions, administration of sodium bicarbonate, sudden cooling in children weighing 1000-1200 g.

Birth trauma to the brain and hypoxia are pathogenetically related to each other and are often combined. Severe birth injuries also occur, depending not so much on asphyxia during childbirth, but on the unfavorable course of the antenatal period and the severity of intrauterine hypoxia. Metabolic and functional disorders in the fetal body caused by asphyxia lead to cerebral edema, the permeability of the vascular walls increases with the occurrence of small diapedetic hemorrhages. Deep dystrophic changes, which leads to increased fragility, which manifests itself during childbirth. Due to hypoxia, disruption of blood circulation regulation occurs, venous stasis, stasis and release of plasma and red blood cells from the vascular bed, which leads to swelling of the nervous tissue and ischemic damage to nerve cells, which, with prolonged oxygen starvation, can become irreversible, and due to the rupture of hypoxically altered vessels, significant hemorrhages can occur. In children, hemorrhages can occur in utero. In the first hours and days of life, brain damage in a child is mainly of ischemic-traumatic origin. Increased bleeding from the 3rd day of life and later depends on the deficiency of vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors typical for this age. Damage to blood vessels, typical areas of brain necrosis, occur not only during childbirth, but also after birth, and this occurs under the influence of hypoxia, acidosis, blood thickening, arterial hypotension, and the accumulation of infections. These symptoms are often observed in respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, frequent and prolonged apnea.

According to localization they distinguish:

Epidural

Subdural.

Intraventricular

Subaranoid

Intracerebral

Mixed

Hemorrhages into the brain substance, epidural and subdural, are usually of traumatic origin and most often occur in full-term newborns.

Subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhages are most often of hypoxic origin and are observed mainly in premature infants.

The clinical picture is varied and depends on whether the baby is full term or not, i.e. on the degree of immaturity of the newborn. The child's condition is always serious, the skin is pale, there are symptoms of excitement or depression. Noteworthy is the discrepancy between pulse and breathing. The respiratory rate reaches 100 per minute. Heart rate is reduced to 100, and sometimes even to 90 per minute. but on the 2-3rd day the pulse begins to increase and by the end of the week it becomes normal. Blood pressure is always reduced autonomic disorders, which is manifested by regurgitation, vomiting, unstable stools, pathological loss of body weight, tachypnea, peripheral circulatory disorders, muscle tone disorders, there are always metabolic disorders, acidosis, hypoglycemia, hyperbillyrubinemia, thermoregulation disorders (hypo- or hyperthermia), pseudobulbar and movement disorders, posthemorrhagic anemia. Somatic diseases are added (pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, etc.). The clinical picture largely depends on the location and size of the hemorrhage.

Epidural hemorrhage.

It occurs between the inner surface of the skull bones and the dura mater and does not spread beyond the cranial sutures, since in these places there are dense fusions of the dura mater. meninges. These hemorrhages are formed due to cracks and fractures of the bones of the calvarium with rupture of the vessels of the epidural space. The clinical picture is characterized by a gradual onset of symptoms after a certain so-called “bright” interval, which after 3-6 hours is replaced by brain compression syndrome, characterized by a sharp appearance of anxiety in the child. 6-12 hours after injury it worsens sharply general state child until the development of coma, it usually develops after 24-36 hours.

Typical symptoms: pupil dilation 3-4 times on the opposite side, clonic-tonic convulsions, hemiparesis on the side opposite to hemorrhage, frequent attacks of asphyxia, bradycardia, decreased blood pressure, rapidly developing stagnant discs optic nerves. If detected, neurosurgical treatment is indicated.

Subdural hemorrhage.

It occurs when the skull is deformed with compression of its plates. The source of bleeding is the veins flowing into the sagittal or transverse sinus, as well as into the vessels of the cerebellar tentorium. Subacute hematoma may form when clinical symptoms appear 4-10 days after birth or chronic when symptoms arise much later. The severity of the condition is determined by the location, rate of growth of the hematoma and its extent. With a supratentorial subdural hematoma, a period of so-called well-being can be observed for 3-4 days, and then the hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome constantly increases. There is anxiety, tension and bulging of the fontanels, tilting of the head, stiff neck, divergence of cranial sutures, dilation of the pupil on the side of the hematoma, rotation of the eyeballs towards the hemorrhage, contralateral hemiparesis, convulsive seizures. Secondary symptoms progress: bradycardia, impaired thermoregulation, increased frequency of convulsive seizures, and subsequently coma develops. Treatment is neurosurgical.

With an unrecognized hematoma, encapsulation occurs after 7-10 days, followed by atrophy of brain tissue, which ultimately determines the outcome of the injury.
With supratentorial subdural hematoma (rupture of the tentorium cerebellum) and bleeding in the posterior cranial fossa the condition is severe, symptoms of compression of the brain stem are increasing: rigidity of the muscles of the back of the head, impaired sucking and swallowing, deviation of the eyes to the side that does not disappear when turning the head, tonic convulsions, floating movements of the eyeballs, the symptom of “closed eyelids” (turning the head does not open the eyes for inspection, because the 5th pair receptors are irritated cranial nerves in the tentorium of the cerebellum), respiratory disorders, bradycardia, muscle hypotension, which is later replaced by hypertension. The prognosis depends on timely detection and treatment. With early removal of the hematoma, the outcome is favorable in 50%; the rest retain neurological disorders, hydrocephalus, hemisyndrome, etc. Patients with rupture of the tentorium cerebellum die in the early neonatal period.

There is also periventricular hemorrhage inside.

Often develop in very premature babies whose weight is less than 1500 grams, observed in 35-40%. The clinical picture depends on the extent and volume of hemorrhage.

Acute hemorrhage - typically on the 3rd day, characterized by anemia, a sharp drop in blood pressure, tachycardia turning into bradycardia, secondary asphyxia, hypoglycemia, tonic convulsions, a high-pitched “brain” cry, oculomotor disorders, inhibition of swallowing and sucking, sharp deterioration states when changing position. In the torpid phase: deep coma, convulsions, bradycardia.

Subacute hemorrhage - characterized by a periodic increase in neuro-reflex excitability, which is replaced by apathy, repeated attacks of apnea, bulging and tension of the fontanelles, muscle hypertension, possible hypotension, metabolic disorders (acidosis, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia). The cause of death is a violation of vital functions as compression of the brain stem develops. Upon recovery, hydrocephalus or cerebral insufficiency.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Occurs as a result of a violation of the integrity of blood vessels..???. Blood settles on the membranes of the brain, resulting in aseptic inflammation and cicatricial-atrophic changes in the brain tissue or in the membranes, resulting in a violation of liquor dynamics. Blood breakdown products, including bilirubin, have a toxic effect.

Clinic: meningeal and hypertensive-hypertensive syndrome. Signs: anxiety, general agitation, cerebral screaming, sleep disturbance, anxious face, increased innate reflexes, increased muscle tone, tilting of the head, convulsions, loss of cranial nerve function, nystagmus, smoothness of the nasolabial fold, bulging fontanelles, divergence of cranial sutures, increased head circumference, jaundice, anemia, weight loss.

Intracerebral hemorrhage.

Occurs when the terminal branches of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries are damaged. For pinpoint hemorrhages: lethargy, regurgitation, impaired muscle tone, anisocoria, focal short-term convulsions. When a hematoma forms, the clinical picture depends on its extent and localization: the condition is severe, an indifferent look, a symptom of open eyes, focal symptoms, expansion on the side of the hematoma, impaired sucking and swallowing, unilateral convulsions, tremors of the limbs are typical, the deterioration of the condition is due to an increase in cerebral edema.

Clinic of cerebral edema:

Muscular hypotonia, lack of sucking and swallowing, the child moans, increased drowsiness, but shallow sleep, anisocoria, repeated focal convulsions, vascular spots on the skin of the face and chest, respiratory arrhythmia, asphyxia, bradycardia, pinpoint hemorrhages appear in the fundus. Petechial hemorrhages rarely lead to death; they can resolve without consequences; in some cases, signs of organic damage to the central nervous system can be detected.

All neurological disorders of the newborn are divided depending on the leading mechanism of damage (Yakunin):

1. Hypoxic.
2. Traumatic.
3. Toxic-metabolic.
4. Infectious.

Hypoxic lesions are divided according to severity:

Cerebral ischemia grade 1 (mild excitation or inhibition of the central nervous system for 5-7 days).

Cerebral ischemia grade 2 (average excitation or inhibition of the central nervous system for more than 7 days, always accompanied by convulsive syndrome, vegetative-visceral disorders and intracranial hypertension).

Cerebral ischemia grade 3 (severe excitation or depression of the central nervous system for more than 10 days, convulsions, coma, displacement of stem structures, decompensation, autonomic-visceral disorders, intracranial hypertension).

Periods of intracranial birth trauma.

1. Acute (first month of life)

1.1. Phase 1 – central nervous system stimulation, hyperventilation, oliguria, hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis.

1.2. Phase 2 – central nervous system depression, acute cardiovascular failure, edematous-hemorrhagic syndrome.

1.3. Phase 3 - signs of respiratory damage, interstitial edema, bronchial obstruction, heart failure, coma

1.4. Phase 4 – physiological reflexes of the newborn appear, muscle hypotension, respiratory disorders, heart failure and water-electrolyte changes disappear.

1. Restorative

2.1. early recovery (up to 5 months)

2.2. late recovery (up to 12 months, in premature babies up to 2 years)

1. Period of residual effects (after 2 years).

Main syndromes of the acute period:

1. Hyperexcitability syndrome (anxiety, cerebral scream, tremors of the limbs and chin, the child groans, muscle hypertension, hyperesthesia, regurgitation, shortness of breath, tachycardia, convulsions).
2. Apathy/depression syndrome (lethargy, physical inactivity or adynamia, muscle hypotonia, floating movements of the eyeballs, apnea, hyperthermia, tonic convulsions).
3. Hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome (hyperexcitability, bulging fontanelles, dehiscence of cranial sutures, vomiting, convulsions, increase in head size).
4. Convulsive syndrome.
5. Hemisyndrome / movement disorder syndrome (asymmetry of muscle tone, paresis and paralysis).

In premature infants, birth trauma occurs:

With a poor clinic of all symptoms

With the predominance of general oppression

With a predominance of respiratory disorders

With a predominance of increased excitability.

Main symptoms of the recovery period:

1. Movement disorder syndrome (increase or decrease in motor activity, muscular dystonia, possible development of subcortical hyperkinesis, mono and hemiparesis), observed in 1/3 of patients.
2. Epileptiform syndrome (caused by metabolic disorders, hemodynamic and liquor dynamics disorders). In children with congenital lesion CNS, with brain underdevelopment or as a result inflammatory processes in the brain and its membranes. Sometimes it stops as the hemodynamic disorders disappear, in some it does not stop, but intensifies: the severity and frequency increase. Psychomotor development depends on the severity of the convulsive syndrome. Against the background of organic damage to the central nervous system...??? There is a delay in psychomotor development.
3. Syndrome of delayed psychomotor development (with a predominance of delayed static-motor function, the child later sits, holds his head, stands, walks; with a predominance of mental retardation, a weak monotonous cry is observed, the child later begins to smile, recognize his mother, and shows little interest in the environment).
4. Hydrocephalic syndrome (signs of external or internal hydrocephalus: external hydrocephalus is manifested by an increase in head circumference, divergence of cranial sutures of more than 5 mm, enlargement and bulging of fontanelles, disproportion of the brain and facial skull with a predominance of the first, overhanging forehead (in the first three months the circumference increases by more than 2 cm Internal hydrocephalus is manifested by microcephaly, irritation, loud cry, shallow sleep).
5. Cerebro-asthenic syndrome manifests itself against the background of delayed psychomotor development with minor changes in the environment. When affecting the visual, auditory analyzers excitability, motor restlessness, short-term shallow sleep appear, children have trouble falling asleep, appetite is impaired, instability, weight gain, and with the accumulation of other diseases, the clinic intensifies. When creating optimal conditions, feeding is carried out against the background of intensive drug therapy. The prognosis is favorable.
6. Syndrome of vegetative-visceral dysfunction (increased excitability, sleep disturbance, emotional instability, the appearance of vascular spots, marbling turning into acrocyanosis, gastrointestinal dyskinesia: regurgitation, vomiting, unstable stool, constipation, insufficient weight gain; lability of the cardiovascular system: tachycardia , arrhythmia, bradycardia; lability of the respiratory system: rhythm disturbances, tachypnea; clinical picture intensifies when the child is excited).
7. Acute adrenal insufficiency syndrome (sharp deterioration in the child’s condition, adynamia, muscle hypotension, pallor skin, decreased blood pressure, vomiting, cardiac dysfunction, collaptoid state and shock, on the torso and limbs - petechial or confluent rash, bright red and dark purple spots).
8. Acute intestinal obstruction syndrome (severe anxiety caused by intense cramping pain, vomiting, stool retention or absence, the abdomen is swollen, there is practically no peristalsis, the vascular pattern is pronounced, the abdomen is sharply painful on palpation).
9. Changes in the cardiovascular system, reminiscent of congenital heart disease.

The diagnosis of perinatal damage to the nervous system is made on the basis of anamnesis, neurological examination and additional methods research:

Examination of the fundus (retinal edema, hemorrhages).

Spinal puncture (increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, presence of blood in it, increase in protein).

EchoEG, EEG, CT, REG.

Classification of perinatal lesions of the nervous system.

Provides for identifying periods of action of harmful factors:

Embryonic

Fetal (early, late)

Intrapartum

Neonatal

According to the leading etiological factor:

Hypoxia

Heredity

Infection

Intoxication

Chromosomal aberrations

Metabolic disorders (congenital, acquired)

By severity:

Average

Heavy

By period:

Early recovery

Late recovery

By level of damage:

Meninges

Liqueur-conducting pathways

Cortex

Subcortical structures

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Anterior spinal nerves

Combined forms

According to the leading clinical syndrome

The prognosis is determined by the severity and rationality of therapy in the acute and recovery period. Depends on the course of the intrauterine period. Full development is possible, in 20-40% residual effects(slowing the pace of psychomotor development, speech).

Behavior of resuscitation measures in the delivery room, in the ward intensive care, in the department for injured children (newborn pathologies).

Acute period

hemostasis: vitamin K, dicinone, rutin, Ca preparations. Dehydration therapy: 10% sorbitol, mannitol, Lasix and other diuretics. Detoxification therapy: correction of metabolism, co-carboxylase, 10% glucose solution, ascorbic acid, 4% NaHCO3 solution, symptomatic therapy (elimination of respiratory, cardiovascular, adrenal insufficiency, seizures) gentle regimen, long-term oxygen therapy, craniocerebral hypothermia. Feeding depends on severity (tube, breast).

Recovery period.

Elimination of the leading neurological symptom and stimulation of trophic reparative processes in the nerve cell. Convulsions - anticonvulsant therapy: phenobarbital, finlepsin, benzonal, radodorm. Dehydration: furosemide, potassium preparations (panangin, asparkam). When regurgitating: motilium, cerucal. For movement disorders to relieve muscle tone: alisin, ...???; for muscle hypotension - galantamine, oxosil, prozerin, dibazol.

Preparations for resorption of hemorrhages: (from 10-14 days) lidase, aloe. Ways to improve myelination: (3-4 weeks) vitamin B1, B6, B12, B15. Methods for restoring trophic processes in the brain: nootropics - piracetam, glutamic acid, cerebrolysin. Stimulation of general reactivity: metacin, Na nucleinate, massage, gymnastics.

Birth injury of the spinal cord.

More often, especially in premature babies. Can be single or at several levels. There may be hemorrhages in the spinal cord and its membranes, epidural tissue, ischemia of the vertebral artery, swelling of the spinal cord, damage between the vertebral discs, damage to the vertebrae before rupture of the spinal cord. The clinic depends on the location and type of damage.

Cervical region: sharp pain, a change in the child’s position causes sudden crying, a symptom of a falling head, torticollis.

Upper cervical segment (1-4) – spinal shock: lethargy, adynamia, diffuse muscular hypotonia, areflexia, tendon reflexes are reduced or absent, spastic tetraparesis, respiratory disorders, worsening with changes in position, urinary retention, focal symptoms, lesion 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, cranial nerves, vestibular disorders (8 pairs).

Causes of death:

Respiratory disorders and principles of asphyxia after injury.

Paresis of the diaphragm (Coferat's symptom) - with a spinal cord injury at the level of 3-4 cervical vertebrae, most often a right-sided symptom, respiratory disorders: shortness of breath, arrhythmic breathing, attacks of cyanosis, chest asymmetry, lag in breathing of the affected half, paradoxical breathing (retraction of the abdominal wall inhalation and protrusion on exhalation), weakening of breathing on the side of paresis, crepitus, pneumonia. Develops as blood pressure decreases pleural cavity+ insufficient ventilation, swelling of the neck, as venous outflow is obstructed. On the affected side, the dome of the diaphragm protrudes,...??? -diaphragmatic sinuses, and on the healthy side the dome is flattened due to compensatory emphysema, displacement of the mediastinal organs to the opposite side.

Heart failure: tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, systolic murmur, liver enlargement. In case of severe paresis, the function of the diaphragm is restored in 6-8 weeks.

Paresis and Duchenne-Erb paralysis (at level 5-6 cervical vertebra– brachial plexus).

The affected limb is brought to the body, extended in elbow joint, the forearm is pronated, the hand is in palmar flexion, turned back and inward, the head is tilted, the neck is short with large transverse folds.

Lower distal paralysis…??? (7 cervical – 1 thoracic or mid-inferior brachial plexus)

Dysfunction…??? In the distal section, upon examination, the hand is pale, cyanotic, (ischemic glove), cold, the muscles are atrophied, the hand is flattened, movements in the shoulder joint are limited.

Weber's total paralysis of the upper limbs (5 cervical - 1 thoracic) brachial plexus: no active movements, muscle hypotonia, absence of tendon reflexes with trophic disorders.

Injuries to the thoracic region: respiratory disorders 3-4 thoracic - + spastic lower paraparesis of the lower thoracic - flattened abdomen (weakness of the abdominal wall muscles) - weak cry, increased with pressure on the abdominal wall.

Injuries in the lumbosacral region: lower flaccid paralysis, upper limbs are normal.

When the sacral segment is involved, the anal reflex, urinary and fecal incontinence, and trophic disorders (atrophy of the leg muscles, development of contractures in the ankle joints) disappear. Partial or complete rupture of the spinal cord (usually in the cervical or thoracic regions): paresis, paralysis at the level of the lesion, dysfunction of the pelvic organs.

Rest, immobilization, traction, stopping and preventing bleeding, pain relief.

Posyndromic therapy.

During the recovery period: normalization of central nervous system functions (nootropics), improvement of trophism muscle tissue(ATP, B vitamins from 2 weeks), restoration of neuromuscular conduction (dibazol, galantamine, proserin), resorption (lidaza, aloe), increased myelination (ATP, vitamins, cerebrolysin), physiotherapy (electrophoresis with improved cerebral circulation and removal pain), thermal procedures (esopyrite), acupuncture, massage, exercise therapy, electrical stimulation.

The prognosis depends on the level of damage and level of therapy. In case of severe disorders, atrophy and degeneration of nerve fibers, scoliosis.

A newborn baby has not yet fully formed organs and systems, and it takes some time to complete formation. It is during the process of the baby’s growth that his central nervous system also forms and matures. The baby's nervous system helps regulate its normal existence in the world.

In some cases, damage to the central nervous system of newborns can be diagnosed, which has recently occurred quite often. Suppression of the nervous system can cause serious consequences and leave the child disabled.

Features of the structure of the nervous system of a newborn

An infant differs from an adult not only in external differences, but also in the structure of its body, since all systems and organs are not fully formed. During the period of brain formation, unconditioned reflexes are clearly expressed in a child. Immediately after birth, the level of substances that regulate hormones responsible for the functioning of the digestive system increases. At the same time, all receptors are already quite well developed.

Causes of CNS pathology

The causes and consequences of damage to the central nervous system of newborns can be very different. The main factors that provoke disruption of the functioning of the nervous system are:

• lack of oxygen, or hypoxia;
• birth injuries;
• disruption of normal metabolism;
• infectious diseases suffered by the expectant mother during pregnancy.

Lack of oxygen, or hypoxia, occurs when a pregnant woman works in hazardous work, with infectious diseases, smoking, or previous abortions. All this disrupts general blood circulation, as well as oxygen saturation of the blood, and the fetus receives oxygen along with the mother’s blood.

One of the factors leading to damage to the nervous system is considered to be birth trauma, since any injury can provoke a disruption in the maturation and subsequent development of the central nervous system.

Disruption of normal metabolism occurs for the same reasons as lack of air. Drug addiction and alcoholism of the expectant mother also lead to dysmetabolic disorders. In addition, taking potent medications can affect the nervous system.

Infectious diseases suffered by the expectant mother while carrying a child can be critical for the fetus. Among such infections it is necessary to highlight herpes and rubella. In addition, absolutely any pathogenic microbes and bacteria can provoke irreversible negative processes in the child’s body. Mostly, problems with the nervous system occur in premature babies.

Periods of CNS pathologies

The syndrome of damage and depression of the nervous system combines several pathological conditions that occur during intrauterine development, during labor, and also in the first hours of a baby’s life. Despite the presence of many predisposing factors, only 3 periods are distinguished during the disease, namely:

• spicy;
• restorative;
• outcome of the disease.

In each period, damage to the central nervous system in newborns has different clinical manifestations. In addition, children may experience a combination of several different syndromes. The severity of each ongoing syndrome allows us to determine the severity of damage to the nervous system.

Acute course of the disease

The acute period lasts for a month. Its course directly depends on the degree of damage. At mild form lesions, shuddering, increased excitability of nerve reflexes, trembling of the chin, sudden uncontrolled movements of the limbs, and sleep disturbances are observed. The child may cry very often for no apparent reason.

With moderate severity, there is a decrease in motor activity and muscle tone, weakening of reflexes, mainly sucking. This condition of the baby should definitely alert you. By the end of the first month of life, existing signs may be replaced by hyperexcitability, almost transparent skin color, frequent regurgitation and flatulence. Often, a child is diagnosed with hydrocephalic syndrome, characterized by a rapid increase in head circumference, increased pressure, bulging of the fontanel, and strange eye movements.

At its most severe, coma usually occurs. This complication requires being under the supervision of a doctor.

Rehabilitation period

Damage to the central nervous system in newborns during the recovery period has the following syndromes:

• increased excitability;
• epileptic;
• motor disorders;
• mental retardation.

With prolonged violation of muscle tone, mental development delays and the presence of disorders often occur. motor functions, which are characterized by involuntary movements provoked by contraction of the muscles of the trunk, face, limbs, and eyes. This prevents the child from making normal, purposeful movements.

When mental development is delayed, the baby begins much later to hold his head up on his own, sit, walk, and crawl. He also has poor facial expressions, decreased interest in toys, a weak cry, and a delay in the appearance of babbling and humming. Such delays in the development of a child’s psyche should definitely alert parents.

Result of the disease

By about a year, damage to the central nervous system in newborns becomes obvious, although the main symptoms of the disease gradually disappear. The result of the pathology is:

• developmental delay;
• hyperactivity;
• cerebroasthenic syndrome;
• epilepsy.

As a result, the child may become disabled.

Perinatal CNS damage

Perinatal damage to the central nervous system in newborns is a collective concept that implies a disruption in the functioning of the brain. Similar disorders are observed in the antenatal, intranatal and neonatal periods.

Antenatal begins from the 28th week of intrauterine development and ends after birth. Intrapartum includes the period of childbirth, from the beginning of labor to the moment of birth of the child. occurs after birth and is characterized by the baby’s adaptation to environmental conditions.

The main reason why perinatal damage to the central nervous system occurs in newborns is hypoxia, which develops during an unfavorable pregnancy, birth injuries, asphyxia, and infectious diseases of the fetus.

The cause of brain damage is considered to be intrauterine infections, as well as birth injuries. In addition, there may be damage to the spinal cord that occurs due to trauma during childbirth.

Symptoms largely depend on the period of the disease and the severity of the lesion. In the first month after the birth of a child, an acute period of the disease is observed, characterized by depression of the nervous system, as well as hyperexcitability. Gradually normalizes. The degree of recovery largely depends on the degree of damage.

The disease is diagnosed in the maternity hospital by a neonatologist. The specialist conducts a comprehensive examination of the baby and makes a diagnosis based on the existing signs. After discharge from the maternity hospital, the child is under the supervision of a neurologist. To make a more accurate diagnosis, a hardware examination is performed.

Treatment should be carried out from the first hours after the birth of the child and diagnosis. At acute form Therapy is carried out strictly in a hospital setting under the constant supervision of a doctor. If the disease has mild course, then treatment can be carried out at home under the supervision of a neurologist.

The recovery period is carried out comprehensively, and at the same time, together with medications, physiotherapeutic methods are used, such as physical therapy, swimming, manual therapy, massages, and speech therapy classes. The main goal of such methods is to correct mental and physical development in accordance with age-related changes.

Hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system

Since it is often hypoxia that provokes damage to the nervous system, every expectant mother should know what leads to hypoxia and how it can be avoided. Many parents are interested in what hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system is in newborns. The severity of the main signs of the disease largely depends on the duration of the child’s hypoxia in the prenatal period.

If hypoxia is short-term, then the violations are not so serious; oxygen starvation that continues for a long time is more dangerous. In this case, functional disorders of the brain or even death of nerve cells may occur. To prevent nervous system disorders in infants, a woman must be very attentive to her health while carrying a child. If you suspect the presence of diseases that provoke fetal hypoxia, you should immediately consult a doctor for treatment. Knowing what it is - hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system in newborns, and what the signs of the disease are, you can prevent the occurrence of pathology with timely treatment.

Forms and symptoms of the disease

Damage to the central nervous system in newborns can occur in several various forms, namely:

• light;
• average;
• heavy.

The mild form is characterized by the fact that in the first days of a child’s life, excessive excitability of nerve reflexes and weak muscle tone may be observed. A sliding squint or irregular, wandering movement of the eyeballs may appear. After some time, trembling of the chin and limbs, as well as restless movements, may be observed.

The average form has symptoms such as lack of emotions in the child, poor muscle tone, and paralysis. Convulsions, excessive sensitivity, and involuntary eye movements may occur.

The severe form is characterized by serious disorders of the nervous system with its gradual suppression. This appears in the form of seizures, kidney failure, disturbances in the functioning of the intestines, cardiovascular system, and respiratory organs.

Diagnostics

Since the consequences can be quite dangerous, it is therefore important to diagnose disorders in a timely manner. Sick children generally behave uncharacteristically for newborns, which is why when the first symptoms of the disease appear, you should definitely consult a doctor for examination and subsequent treatment.

Initially, the doctor examines the newborn, but this is often not enough. At the slightest suspicion of pathology, the doctor prescribes computed tomography, ultrasound diagnostics, as well as x-rays. Thanks to comprehensive diagnostics, it is possible to identify the problem in a timely manner and carry out treatment using modern means.

Treatment of central nervous system lesions

Some pathological processes occurring in the baby’s body may be irreversible in an advanced stage, and therefore require urgent measures and timely therapy. Treatment of newborns should be carried out in the first months of their life, since during this period the baby’s body is able to completely restore impaired brain functions.

Deviations in the functioning of the central nervous system are corrected with the help of drug therapy. It contains drugs that help improve the nutrition of nerve cells. During therapy, drugs that stimulate blood circulation are used. With the help of medications, muscle tone can be reduced or increased.

To help sick children recover faster, osteopathic therapy and physiotherapeutic procedures are used in combination with medications. To carry out a rehabilitation course, massage, electrophoresis, reflexology and many other techniques are indicated.

After stabilization of the child’s condition, an individual program of supportive care is developed. complex therapy and regular monitoring of the baby’s condition is carried out. Throughout the year, the dynamics of the child’s condition are analyzed, and other therapy methods are selected to promote rapid recovery and development of the required skills, abilities and reflexes.

Prevention of central nervous system damage

In order to prevent the occurrence of a serious and dangerous disease, it is necessary to prevent damage to the infant’s central nervous system. To do this, doctors recommend planning your pregnancy in advance, undergoing the required examinations in a timely manner and giving up bad habits. If necessary, antiviral therapy is carried out, everything is done necessary vaccinations, and also normalizes hormonal levels.

If damage to the baby’s central nervous system does occur, then it is important to provide assistance to the newborn from the first hours of his life and to constantly monitor the baby’s condition.

Consequences of central nervous system damage

The consequences and complications of central nervous system damage in a newborn child can be very serious, dangerous to health and life, and they are expressed in the form of:

• severe forms of mental development;
• severe forms of motor development, cerebral palsy;
• epilepsy;
• neurological deficit.

Timely detection of the disease and proper therapy will help get rid of serious health problems and prevent complications from occurring.

Perinatal encephalopathy– brain damage with various causes and manifestations. This is a huge variety of symptoms and syndromes, manifestations and features: children with severe perinatal encephalopathy require special attention and mandatory medical supervision. Perinatal injuries of this nature account for about half of the pathologies of the nervous system in children and often become the causes of epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and brain dysfunction.

Perinatal posthypoxic encephalopathy

PPE (transient encephalopathy of newborns) implies the appearance of disorders of the child’s brain that arose before or during childbirth. The most important factors contributing to the occurrence of PPE are birth injuries, neuroinfections, fetal intoxication and oxygen deprivation.

Symptoms also occur in large newborns, premature babies, and if the child was born entwined with the umbilical cord. The diagnosis is indicated by high fetal weakness on the Apgar scale, the absence of a sucking reflex in children, heart rhythm disturbances and constant nervous excitement.

The diagnosis of “hypoxic-ischemic perinatal encephalopathy” is discussed when multiple disorders are noticed in the prenatal period. This leads to a pathology in the supply of oxygen to the fetal tissues, but the brain is primarily affected.

Insomnia during pregnancy can negatively affect mental state mother and, as a result, on the development of the unborn child.

Cervicothoracic osteochondrosis and VSD can also remind you of itself. Read more about this.

Perinatal encephalopathy in newborns

Immediately after birth, a child with brain damage attracts attention with restless behavior, frequent spontaneous flinching and regurgitation, excessive lethargy and stiffness, and increased reactions to sound and light.

Throwing back the head with uncontrollable crying, poor thermoregulation, and disturbed sleep often resolve during the first week of life. CNS depression syndrome in newborns manifests itself in the form of lethargy, lethargy, and often different muscle tone, leading to asymmetry of the body and facial features.

If the symptoms do not disappear during the first month of life, but acquire a new color and strength, doctors diagnose perinatal encephalopathy.

Types of encephalopathy in children

• The residual form of brain damage is diagnosed if, in the presence of previous birth injuries, the child suffers infections, inflammation, and also with poor blood supply to the brain. Such children suffer from headaches, mental problems, decreased intelligence, and learning difficulties are common.
• Discirculatory encephalopathy is damage to brain tissue caused by impaired blood supply. The causes are osteochondrosis, hypertension, increased intracranial pressure, and dystonia.
• Ischemic encephalopathy is expressed in poor blood supply to the brain and destructive processes occurring in certain tissue areas. Excessive smoking, stress and alcohol abuse lead to this diagnosis.
• Toxic encephalopathy is a consequence of brain poisoning with toxic substances during infections, poisoning with chemicals and alcohol. Severe poisoning of brain tissue leads to epileptic seizures.
• Radiation encephalopathy occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation on the brain of patients.
• Encephalopathy of mixed origin is characterized by the presence of extensive complaints and symptoms; only a doctor can make a correct diagnosis based on tests and brain studies.

Severity

During PE it is customary to distinguish several periods.

The period after birth and up to the 1st month of life is considered acute. The recovery period lasts up to a year or two. What follows is the outcome of the disease. Each period is characterized by a special course and the presence of various syndromes; sometimes combinations of manifestations are noted.

Each syndrome requires appropriate treatment and correctly prescribed medications.

Even mild manifestations of brain disorders should be carefully examined - untreated disorders are fraught with developmental delays and adverse outcomes. When the severity of brain damage is severe or moderate, qualified inpatient treatment is necessary.

Mild disorders can be treated on an outpatient basis under the supervision of a neurologist.

Video of Dr. Komarovsky talking about the difference between perinatal encephalopathy and normal physiological reflexes of newborns:

Causes of perinatal encephalopathy

Risk factors contributing to the appearance of this group of brain lesions:

• The presence of chronic diseases of the mother;
• Eating disorders;
• Maternal alcohol intake and smoking;
• Autoimmune conflict;
• Transferred infectious diseases during pregnancy;
• Borderline age of the woman in labor;
• Stress;
• Pathology during pregnancy and childbirth (toxicosis, rapid labor, trauma during childbirth);
• Prematurity of the fetus;
• Unfavorable environmental conditions.

Symptoms of the disease

• Prolonged crying;
• Frequent regurgitation;
• Throwing of limbs;
• Restless shallow sleep at night and short sleep during the day;
• Lethargy or hyperactivity;
• Inadequate reaction to light and sound stimuli;
• Lack of sucking reflexes;
• Muscle tone disorders.

These and many other symptoms need to be carefully studied by your doctor.

At a later age, the child experiences frequent bad mood, absent-mindedness, sensitivity to weather changes, and difficulty getting used to child care facilities.

Together with perinatal encephalopathy, tremor in newborns can also be diagnosed. This article will help you figure out whether it is dangerous.

Sometimes the cause of encephalopathy can be hydrocele of the brain in the fetus, you can read about this here.

Cervical osteochondrosis can cause dizziness and nausea. More details at the link http://gidmed.com/bolezni-nevrologii/golovokruzhenie/golovokruzhenie-pri-osteohondroze.html.

Main syndromes of perinatal encephalopathy

• Hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome is manifested by the presence of an excess amount of fluid inside the brain, which leads to changes in intracranial pressure. The diagnosis is made based on observation of the size of the head and the condition of the large fontanel. Also manifestations of the syndrome are restless sleep, monotonous crying, increased pulsation of the fontanel.
• The syndrome of increased excitability often makes itself felt by increased motor activity, problems with falling asleep and staying asleep, frequent crying, and a decrease in the threshold convulsive readiness, increased muscle tone.
• Convulsive syndrome is known as epileptic and has a variety of forms. These are paroxysmal movements of the body, shudders, twitching and spasms of the limbs.
• Comatose syndrome manifests itself as severe lethargy, decreased motor activity, depression of vital functions, and absence of sucking and swallowing reflexes.
• The syndrome of vegetative-visceral dysfunction is expressed by increased nervous excitability, frequent regurgitation, disorders of the digestive system, enteritis, stool disorder, and abnormal skin condition.
• The syndrome of motor disorders manifests itself in the direction of a decrease or increase in muscle tone, which is often combined with developmental disorders that make it difficult to master speech.
• Cerebral palsy has a complex structure: it includes disorders of fine motor skills, lesions of the limbs, speech dysfunction, visual impairment, mental retardation and reduced ability to learn and social adaptation.
• Hyperactivity syndrome is expressed in children's reduced ability to concentrate and attention problems.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis is made based on clinical data and information about the course of pregnancy and childbirth. The following modern and effective methods.

• Neurosonography reveals intracranial brain damage.
• Doppler sonography studies the amount of blood flow in brain tissue.
• An electroencephalogram, by recording the electrical potentials of the brain, makes it possible to determine the presence of epilepsy and delayed age-related development at various stages.
• Video monitoring helps to evaluate the characteristics of children’s motor activity based on video recordings.
• Electroneuromyography allows you to study the sensitivity of peripheral nerve fibers.
• Available types of tomography are used to assess structural changes in the brain.

Most often, objective information about the disease is obtained using neurosonography and electroencephalography. Sometimes an examination by an ophthalmologist is prescribed, who examines the fundus and the condition of the optic nerves, identifying genetic diseases.

Treatment of encephalopathy in children

If the symptoms are moderate and mild, doctors leave the child for home treatment and give recommendations to parents on how to maintain the condition.

But severe damage to the nervous system and an acute period require inpatient treatment. In any case, it is necessary to select an individual regimen, massage, physical therapy, herbal medicine methods and homeopathic remedies.

Drug treatment

When prescribing treatment, the severity of the diagnosis is taken into account. To improve blood supply to the brain, a newborn is prescribed piracetam, actovegin, and vinpocentine.

Drug therapy is prescribed by a doctor.

• For severe motor dysfunctions, emphasis is placed on the drugs dibazole and galantamine; for increased tone, baclofen or mydocalm are prescribed. To administer drugs, various options for oral administration and the electrophoresis method are used. Massages, physiotherapy, and daily special exercises with the child are also indicated.
• For epileptic syndrome, taking anticonvulsants in doses recommended by a doctor is indicated. Anticonvulsants are prescribed for serious indications and severe epilepsy. Physiotherapy methods are contraindicated for children with this syndrome.
• For disorders of psychomotor development, medications are prescribed that are aimed at stimulating brain activity and improving cerebral blood flow - these are nootropil, actovegin, cortexin, pantogam, vinpocetine and others.
• For hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndromes, appropriate drug therapy is prescribed based on the severity of symptoms. In mild cases, the use of herbal remedies (decoctions of bearberry and horsetail) is indicated; in more complex cases, diacarb is used, which increases the outflow of liquor.

  For particularly severe patients, it is rational to prescribe methods of neurosurgical therapy. Hemodialysis, reflexology, ventilation are also used, parenteral nutrition. Children with PEP syndromes are often prescribed B vitamins.

You should definitely consult a doctor if intracranial pressure is detected in your baby. He definitely needs to be treated.

Because this may subsequently signal a disease such as cerebral encephalitis. More information about the characteristics of the disease can be found here.

Treatment at home

It is important to pay special attention to children with perinatal encephalopathy from the first days of life. Parents should tune in to the need to introduce hardening, massage, swimming, and air baths.

Therapeutic massage and special gymnastics complexes help improve body tone, develop motor functions of the hands, train and strengthen the baby’s health. If a child has been diagnosed with asymmetry of muscle tone, therapeutic massage is indispensable.

Parents should be prepared for the fact that at times of increased stress, all syndromes may worsen. This happens when children go to kindergarten or school, when the weather and climate change, during a period of intensive growth of the child. Childhood infections may also influence symptoms.

Admission required vitamin complexes, you should set aside enough time for walking fresh air, classes and exercises. You also need a balanced diet and a calm, balanced environment in the home, absence of stress and sudden changes in daily routine.

The better a child is treated, the more attention is paid to such children from birth and in the first years of life, the lower the risk of developing severe consequences brain damage.

The most common consequences of perinatal encephalopathy can be: delayed development of the child, brain dysfunction (expressed in lack of attention, poor learning ability), various dysfunctions of internal organs, epilepsy and hydrocephalus. Vegetative-vascular dystonia may occur.

About a third of children recover completely.

A woman's adherence to a daily routine, rules of conduct during pregnancy and personal hygiene, and abstinence from smoking and alcohol can reduce the risk of brain damage in newborns.

Adequately conducted childbirth, qualified medical care and observation by a neurologist, timely diagnosis and treatment reduce the risk of the consequences of perinatal encephalopathy.

Perinatal encephalopathy and can it be cured:

gidmed.com

Cerebral ischemia in newborns

Cerebral ischemia is a condition that occurs as a result of insufficient oxygen supply to brain tissue. Cerebral ischemia in newborns is also commonly called hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), perinatal hypoxic or hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.

The main reason that leads to cerebral ischemia is oxygen deficiency (hypoxia). Hypoxia leads to the fact that metabolic changes and disorders of varying severity begin to occur in brain tissue, which in turn can lead to the death of neurons, the development of necrosis and other severe brain damage.

Causes of perinatal hypoxia:

• Intrauterine fetal hypoxia. This condition most often occurs due to a violation of the uteroplacental (blood flow from the uterus to the placenta is disrupted) or fetoplacental (from the placenta to the fetus) blood flow;
• Asphyxia of a child during childbirth (intranatal) or immediately after birth (postnatal);
• Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS);
• Repeated attacks of apnea (stopping breathing);
• Congenital pneumonia or aspiration syndrome in a newborn;
• Congenital heart disease, hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), long-term persistence (not closure) of fetal communications;
• Disturbances of systemic hemodynamics in a newborn, which lead to sharp fall systemic blood pressure and decreased cerebral blood flow.

Clinical manifestations of cerebral ischemia in newborns

Symptoms depend on the severity of ischemia. There are three degrees cerebral ischemia in newborns: mild (I), moderate (II), severe (III).

Cerebral ischemia in newborns, grade 1

This is a mild degree of brain damage. Occurs, as a rule, as a result of hypoxia during childbirth, or, after suffering mild asphyxia at birth.

The main clinical manifestations at this stage in full-term newborns are symptoms of central nervous system excitation. The syndrome of increased neuro-reflex excitability is characterized by: impaired muscle tone (hypotonicity, hypertonicity, dystonia), increased spontaneous motor activity, tremor of the chin, legs and arms, increased reflexes, restless, shallow sleep of the baby, unmotivated crying, revitalization of reflexes.

It should be noted that in premature infants, grade 1 cerebral ischemia most often manifests itself as CNS depression syndrome. With this syndrome, there is lethargy, decreased muscle tone and motor activity, weakening and suppression of the newborn’s reflexes, including sucking and swallowing.

For mild cases, duration clinical manifestations no more than 5-7 days.

The examination may show the following abnormalities:

In the blood - hypoxemia (decreased amount of oxygen in the blood), hyperkrbia (increased CO2 concentration in the blood), acidosis (shift in blood pH to the acidic side);

Instrumental examination methods:

On NSG (neurosanography), CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - no pathological abnormalities.

Cerebral ischemia in a newborn, grade 2

Causes: intrauterine fetal hypoxia, moderate asphyxia at birth (Apgar score 1 minute after birth 4-7 points); RDS; congenital pneumonia, CHD (congenital heart disease).

Clinical manifestations - may be CNS depression syndrome or CNS excitation syndrome lasting more than 7 days. There is often a change in phases of cerebral activity (excitement syndrome is replaced by depression syndrome).

Also, with ischemia of moderate severity, the addition of seizures is characteristic. In full-term infants, multifocal clonic seizures are more common. Usually they are short-term, one-time. In premature infants, seizures are often tonic or atypical. Atypical seizures include: convulsive apnea (stopping breathing), stereotypical spontaneous oral automatisms, fluttering of the eyelids, rough movements of the arms, pedaling movements of the legs, shuddering.

Also, a manifestation of grade 2 ischemia can be intracranial hypertension and vegetative-visceral disorders (changes in skin color - “marbling”, persistent dermographism, gastrointestinal disorders - constipation, diarrhea, flatulence and others).

Intracranial hypertension can lead to hydrocephalic syndrome (hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome), which is characterized by an increase in head size (increase in head circumference by more than 1 cm in 1 week), opening of the sagittal suture on the head by more than 0.5 cm, increase in size fontanel, opening of other sutures of the skull. IN severe cases nystagmus appears, convergent strabismus, spontaneous Moro reflex, shuddering, there may also be somatovegetative disorders (regurgitation, vomiting, marbling of the skin, cardiac arrhythmia)

The examination reveals:

Laboratory data - manifestations of metabolic disorders in the blood (hypoxemia, hypercarbia, acidosis). The changes are more pronounced and lasting.

Instrumental methods

1. On NSG - local hyperechoic foci in the brain tissue (“brushes”);
2. MRI - focal lesions in the brain parenchyma;
3. CT scan shows local foci of low density in the brain tissue
4. DEG (Doppler encephalogram) - signs of hypoperfusion (decreased blood flow) in the middle cerebral artery in full-term infants and the anterior cerebral artery in premature infants. A decrease in the resistance index and an increase in the diastolic component of blood flow velocity.

Cerebral ischemia in newborns, grade 3

Causes: severe and prolonged intrauterine hypoxia of the fetus and/or severe perinatal asphyxia of the newborn; extracerebral (not in the brain) causes of brain hypoxia, such as congenital heart defects, respiratory distress syndrome, hypovolemic shock and others.

Clinical manifestations are progressive loss of cerebral activity over 10 days. Most often, with this degree of ischemia, in the first 12 hours of life the newborn experiences deep depression or coma, then (in the period from 12 to 24 hours of life) a short-term increase in the level of wakefulness, after which, in the period from 24-72 hours, an increase in depression, up to development of coma.

With grade 3 cerebral ischemia, there may be repeated seizures; dysfunction of the brain stem, which is manifested by disturbances in the rhythm of breathing, pupillary reactions, and oculomotor disorders; vegetative-visceral disorders; intracranial hypertension. With extensive lesions, a posture of decortication and decerebration may develop (stretching of the body and limbs with internal rotation of the arms, dilation of the pupils, rolling of the eyes downwards).

Comatose syndrome is an extreme degree of depression syndrome and is observed with very severe brain damage. Coma syndrome is characterized by: coma, muscle atony (sharp decrease in muscle tone), eyes and mouth open, rare blinking, “floating” eyeballs. There are: arrhythmia of breathing and pulse, arterial hypotension, bradycardia, sluggish intestinal motility, urinary retention, metabolic disorders.

Survey

• In the blood - persistent metabolic disorders.
• On NSG there is a diffuse increase in the echogenicity of the brain parenchyma. Narrowing of the lateral ventricles of the brain. Later, cystic periventricular cavities (PVC) are formed, and signs of atrophy of the cerebral hemispheres appear.
• On CT - a decrease in the density of the brain parenchyma, narrowing of the liquor spaces, foci of low density;
• MRI - lesions in the brain parenchyma;
• DEG - paralysis of the main arteries of the brain, with further transition to persistent cerebral hypoperfusion.

Treatment of cerebral ischemia in newborns

The main goal of treatment is to restore blood circulation to the brain, eliminate the consequences of hypoxia and create conditions for the full activity of undamaged areas of the brain.

Treatment for cerebral ischemia is selected individually - taking into account gestational age, severity of brain damage, concomitant pathology and other factors.

With mild damage, in most cases, you can do without drug therapy.

The main directions in treatment are: ensuring optimal conditions for caring for a newborn, minimal aggressiveness of treatment; adequate pulmonary ventilation; maintaining a stable level of hemodynamics, both systemic and cerebral; monitoring and eliminating biochemical abnormalities; prevention and treatment of seizures.

Early diagnosis and timely treatment have a beneficial effect on the course and outcome of cerebral ischemia in a newborn baby.

All children who had neurological disorders (even mild ones) in the maternity hospital should be registered with a pediatrician and a neurologist.

It is necessary to carry out rehabilitation therapy, which should be aimed at the timely development of age-related motor skills. Of the restorative methods, the greatest effect is achieved by massage, therapeutic exercises, and water procedures.

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Damage to the central nervous system in newborns

A newborn baby is born not yet fully developed and it takes some time for its internal systems and organs to form. It is during the period of growth that the baby’s central nervous system matures and the first bricks are laid in its structure. The child's central nervous system is the most important system, which regulates the harmonious existence of the baby in this world. Due to various circumstances, a newborn may be diagnosed with damage to the central nervous system, which is not uncommon in modern medicine. CNS depression in a newborn can lead to serious consequences and leave the child permanently disabled.

Features of the structure of the NS of a newborn

A baby differs from an adult not only in external differences, but also in the internal structure of the body; all components of the life support system are just beginning their life and formation.

During the period of brain formation, the baby has a clearly expressed reaction of unconditioned reflexes. Even in the first day after its appearance, the level of substances that regulate the hormones responsible for the functioning of the digestive system increases. At the same time, visual, auditory, olfactory receptors and taste analyzers are quite well developed.

Causes of CNS pathologies

Analyzing the statistical data of modern medicine, every second baby is, to one degree or another, susceptible to perinatal pathological processes of the central nervous system. If you delve deeper into this data, the more detailed figures look a little different:

• more than 60% of all cases in which damage to the central nervous system is diagnosed occurs as a result of premature birth;
• and only about 5% are full-term babies born on time and naturally.

The impetus for the development of pathological abnormalities in the development of the baby can be any negative impact to the fetus inside the mother's womb. Among the most common causes are the following risk factors:

1. Birth injuries, mechanical damage during childbirth. This can happen as a result of a difficult birth, during weak labor, due to doctors’ mistakes or negligence, etc. It is the trauma of a child in the first hours of life that can cause the development of serious problems in the future.
2. Fetal hypoxia. Lack of oxygen during intrauterine development can be caused by a woman’s smoking during pregnancy, exposure to hazardous work, viral or infectious diseases, and early abortions. At the moment when oxygen does not enter the child’s blood or its amount is insufficient for normal life activities, a complication develops.
3. Infections. Any disease of a pregnant woman entails a certain risk of complications, but infectious diseases are most vulnerable to the child’s body. Therefore, when the slightest sign illness, it is important to carry out timely treatment and prevent any risks of infection of the fetus.
4. Metabolic disorder. An unhealthy lifestyle of the expectant mother, alcohol abuse, smoking, unbalanced diet, and taking illegal medications can cause problems in the unborn body.

Forms and manifestations of pathology

Among pathological disorders The central nervous system has three forms:

• light. In the first days of a baby’s life, one can observe excitability of nerve reflexes or a decrease in reflex function and weak muscle tone. A squint and involuntary movement of the eyeballs may occur. After some time, the following may occur: trembling of the chin and limbs, involuntary twitching and restless movements of the baby;
• average. Immediately after the birth of a baby, decreased muscle tone occurs, a symptom of flaccid paralysis, which is replaced after a couple of days by hypertonicity. Convulsive phenomena, increased sensitivity, oculomotor disorders, involuntary eye movements may be observed;
• heavy. In this case, the most serious disorders of the central nervous system are observed with sharp depression and pronounced pathological manifestations: convulsions, disturbances in work respiratory tract, kidney failure, heart failure, intestinal relaxation.

Periods of the pathology

Regardless of the origin of the disease, there are three periods of development of the disease, each of which is characterized by different symptoms.

The acute period is diagnosed during the first month of the baby’s life.

In a mild form of the disease, this period can manifest itself in the form of increased excitability and be expressed in the form of minor symptoms: restless sleep, causeless crying, anxiety, trembling of the chin and impaired muscle tone (can be decreased or increased).

With moderate severity disorders, muscle tone and reflexes decrease. The child does not cope well with the process of sucking and swallowing.

In extremely severe cases, the acute period begins with coma. This condition requires urgent medical care, immediate hospitalization and resuscitation measures. Therapeutic measures are carried out in a short time and as quickly as possible, so as not to miss a minute, because lost time can cost the baby’s life.

The recovery period on average begins at 3 months of a child’s life and lasts approximately up to a year. Before this period, symptoms may not appear at all. The period is characterized by the following manifestations:

• lack of emotions and reactions to environmental changes;
• no interest in toys, games, or peers;
• weak facial expressions;
• a barely audible scream;
• speech delay.

Outcome of the disease. Basically, after a year, the symptoms and other manifestations of the pathology disappear, but this does not mean that the disease has receded and will no longer bother the child. There are many consequences that can result from damage to the nervous system in newborns:

• child hyperactivity, restlessness, absent-mindedness, inability to concentrate on one process;
• learning difficulties, tantrums, poor memory;
• aggressiveness and apathy;
• developmental delays (mental and physical);
• sleep disturbance, weather dependence;
• epileptic seizures, cerebral palsy, disability.

Methods for treating pathological abnormalities of the central nervous system

Some pathological processes developing in a child’s body may be irreversible and therefore require urgent measures and surgical treatment. After all, it is during the first months of life that the child’s body is able to restore impaired brain functions and return to a healthy state. At the first, even minor, signs of deviations from the norm, you should consult your doctor to refute suspicions or confirm the diagnosis and begin treatment immediately. It is adequate and timely treatment that helps to avoid many complications and negative consequences.

Deviations in the functioning of the central nervous system are corrected with the help of drug therapy. It contains special agents to improve the nutrition of nerve tissue cells and stimulate the maturation of brain tissue. During treatment, drugs that stimulate blood circulation are used, which promote better microcirculation of blood and its flow to the brain. With the help of medications, muscle tone is reduced or increased.

If the dynamics are positive, osteopathic therapy and physiotherapeutic procedures are used in combination with medications. For rehabilitation, a massage course, electrophoresis, reflexology and other methods are used.

After stabilization of the newborn’s condition, a further program of maintenance therapy is developed and regular monitoring of the health of the little organism is carried out. Throughout the year, the dynamics of health status are analyzed, treatment is adjusted, and special techniques, promoting the rapid development of skills, abilities and reflexes.

Tags: NS diseases

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Hypoxic ischemic damage to the central nervous system: features of the disease

Today, 10% of newborn babies are diagnosed with encephalopathy of varying severity. This pathology occupies a leading place in modern neonatology and represents a significant problem. Medicine is not able to completely cure its consequences, since structural damage to the brain can be irreversible. What is neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)?

Origin of HIE

While in the womb, the fetus “feeds” on what it receives from the mother’s blood. One of the main components of nutrition is oxygen. Its deficiency negatively affects the development of the central nervous system of the unborn child. And the oxygen needs of his developing brain are even higher than those of an adult. If a woman experiences harmful influences, eats poorly, is sick or leads an unhealthy lifestyle, this inevitably affects the child. He receives less oxygen.

Arterial blood with low oxygen content causes metabolic disorders in brain cells and the death of some or entire groups of neurons. The brain has increased sensitivity to fluctuations in blood pressure, especially low blood pressure. Metabolic disorders cause the formation of lactic acid and acidosis. Further, the process increases - cerebral edema forms with increased intracranial pressure and necrosis of neurons.

Perinatal damage to the central nervous system can develop in utero, during childbirth and the first days after birth. Doctors consider the time range from a full 22 weeks of pregnancy to 7 days after birth. Intrauterine risks:

• disorders of uterine and placental circulation, umbilical cord abnormalities;
• toxic effects from smoking and taking certain medications;
• hazardous production where a pregnant woman works;
• gestosis.

During childbirth, risk factors are:

• weak labor activity;
• long or rapid labor;
• prolonged lack of water;
• birth injury;
• bradycardia and low blood pressure in a child;
• placental abruption, umbilical cord entanglement.

Immediately after birth, the development of hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system in newborns is possible due to low blood pressure, the presence of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (a pathology of hemostasis accompanied by increased thrombus formation in the microcirculatory vessels). In addition, HIE can be provoked by heart defects and breathing problems in the newborn.

Clinical periods and degrees of brain damage

The clinical course of hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system is divided into periods:

• acute occurs in the first 30 days after birth;
• recovery lasts up to a year;
• After a year, long-term consequences are possible.

CNS lesions due to hypoxia in newborns in the acute period are divided into three degrees depending on the presence and combination of syndromes:

First degree

Neurologically, it manifests itself as a syndrome of increased neuro-reflex excitability. As a rule, by the end of the first week of life, the symptoms smooth out, the baby becomes calmer, his sleep normalizes, and no further development of neurological pathology is observed.

An examination by a neurologist after the first month is not mandatory. But if a child continues to have even the slightest symptoms associated with oxygen deprivation, it is necessary to undergo a thorough examination. The doctor may prescribe medications or physical therapy. By the time the child is one year old, functions are fully restored.

Second degree

Deeper brain hypoxia causes moderate ischemic damage. Neurological symptoms are determined by a gradual increase in intracranial pressure. These babies have impaired reflexes and involuntary motor activity - at the very beginning they may not show it at all. Their skin is bluish in color, muscle tone is reduced or increased. The autonomic nervous system is unbalanced, which is expressed in an acceleration or slowdown of the heartbeat, respiratory arrest, intestinal dysfunction, and weight loss due to constant regurgitation.

The main syndromes characteristic of the second degree of the disease are hypertensive-hydrocephalic, depression syndrome. The newborn's condition becomes more stable by the end of the first week of life. Further, during the recovery period, neurological manifestations may soften and decrease with intensive treatment. An unfavorable course involves their worsening, even to the point of coma.

Third degree

This form of ischemia is most often caused by severe maternal gestosis, which occurs with all the unfavorable pathological manifestations - high blood pressure, edema and protein excretion by the kidneys. Newborns with third-degree hypoxic-ischemic injury usually do not survive without resuscitation immediately after birth. One of the development options is comatose syndrome.

Another severe manifestation of severe hypoxia may be post-asphyxia syndrome. It is characterized by suppressed reflexes, low mobility, lack of response to touch, decreased temperature and bluish skin. Severe cerebral ischemia makes it impossible to feed the child naturally; life is maintained with the help of intensive care techniques. By the 10th day of life, the condition may stabilize, but more often the prognosis remains unfavorable.

Overall spicy pathological process can occur with different intensity:

• symptoms of HIE disappear quickly;
• gradual regression of neurological symptoms by the time of leaving the hospital;
• severe course with persistence and further development neurological deficit with subsequent disability;
• hidden current manifesting nervous disorders(slow development and decreased cognitive function) after 6 months.

Recovery period

During the recovery period, ischemia manifests itself mainly as a syndrome of increased neuro-reflex excitability. Manifestations of convulsive and hydrocephalic syndrome are possible. Symptoms of neurological deficiency include developmental delay, speech impairment and other disorders. Another syndrome characteristic specifically for the recovery period is vegetative-visceral. Its signs:

• violation of thermoregulation;
• the appearance of vascular spots;
• indigestion – vomiting, regurgitation, stool disorder, bloating;
• low weight gain;
• violations heart rate;
• rapid shallow breathing.

If a child begins to hold his head up later, smile, sit up, crawl and walk, then he has delayed psychomotor development syndrome.

Treatment

Treatment is aimed at restoring body functions, since it is impossible to treat the brain in isolation. Therapy involves the use of medications depending on the most severe syndrome.

Treatment in the acute period consists of the use of drugs that relieve seizures, restore breathing, and diuretics for hydrocephalus. To reduce hyperactivity, sedatives are used, including herbal ones (valerian, mint, lemon balm). To increase blood volume - plasma and albumin. To improve metabolic processes in nerve tissues, Piracetam and glucose solution are used.

During the recovery period, drug treatment is combined with hydrotherapy and massage, which gives good results. Cerbrasthenic syndrome is corrected with the help of sedatives, sedative herbs and drugs that improve cerebral circulation (Cinarizine, Cavinton).

Persisting hydrocephalus continues to be treated with diuretics and absorbable drugs (Cerebrolysin, Lidaza, aloe). Impaired motor activity is restored with B vitamins, ATP, and Proserin. For delayed psychomotor development, B vitamins and nootropics are also used.

A child diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system, at best, needs constant monitoring. If you strictly follow the doctor’s prescriptions, then over time many syndromes will go away, and the baby will be no different from his peers. The main thing is not to waste time.

Patient, 68 years old.

Diagnosis: Chronic venous insufficiency. Trophic disorders of the lower extremities. Osteochondrosis lumbar region spine.

I would like to thank all the doctors at this clinic for their knowledge of their field; for sensitive attitude towards patients of any age, attentiveness when performing any procedure.

I would like to say a special thank you to the head of the class. Lyudmila Petrovna for her caring, sensitive heart, ability to understand and empathize; our pain to empathize with; Lyudmila Petrovna - A doctor from God, smart, a lover of humanity.

Huge success, health, goodness to all employees! Orenburg region village Saraktam.

Helpful information

Joint pain

Joint pain is becoming a common problem among not only the elderly, but also the young. The most common diseases, the main symptom of which is pain, are arthritis, bursitis, gonarthrosis (arthrosis of the knee joint, the treatment of which requires a long time), etc. Others no less important reasons This disease causes diseases of the muscles, ligaments and bone structure of the joint. Synovitis, ligament rupture or sprain, as well as rheumatoid and reactive arthritis are becoming “modern” causes of joint pain.

How to eliminate headaches and dizziness?

Doctors at the M-clinic medical center strongly recommend reducing the intake of painkillers, since removing this unpleasant symptom does not eliminate the cause of the disease. Constant use of medications, even in small doses, can provoke the development of addiction syndrome and cause a blow to the body.

CNS depression syndrome - Causes, symptoms and treatment

Neonatal depression syndrome

Depression syndrome is the consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system in a child during the period from 28 weeks of intrauterine development to 7 days after birth. Perinatal lesions of the central nervous system occur in 85% or more of children.

CNS depression syndrome is the bottom of the manifestations of intrauterine fetal hypoxia, birth injuries, IUI. CNS depression syndrome in newborns develops somewhat less frequently than hyperexcitability syndrome, but it is still one of the most common in childhood. The main causes of perinatal lesions of the central nervous system, including oppression syndrome, are: hypoxia, asphyxia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, trauma during childbirth due to improper use of obstetric care, as well as intrauterine infections. The main infections that affect the brain during the neonatal period are CMV ( cytomegalovirus infection), herpes infection, as well as syphilis. Oppression syndrome in newborns first appears months and days of life.

Symptoms

The depression syndrome is manifested by the main symptoms: lethargy, physical inactivity, sluggish sucking, hyporeflexia, suppressed reflexes of newborns, decreased swallowing reflex.

The syndrome of depression in newborns can be combined with excitement up to the development of convulsions, strabismus, nystagmus and drooping of the lower jaw, asymmetry of the facial muscles, sometimes bulbar (impaired pronunciation of sounds, swallowing due to paresis of the muscles of the pharynx, soft palate and tongue), pseudobulbar (appearance of violence) develops. vein crying, laughing) syndrome. Often, CNS depression syndrome in newborns is accompanied by lethargy, decreased emotional tone and decreased response to pain; in extreme cases, a coma state can form. CNS depression syndrome is a common reason why parents turn to a neurologist for specialized assistance. The depression syndrome can be corrected using physiotherapy methods and massage. Symptoms depend on the severity of the disease, mild depression syndrome can be hidden and parents very often do not notice the slight lethargy of the baby in

his everyday behavior. In moderate cases, the syndrome of central nervous system depression is usually manifested by symptoms of muscle hypotonia, hyporeflexia, which can be replaced by muscle hypertonicity, and sometimes convulsions, anxiety and hyperesthesia may appear.

CNS depression syndrome in newborns may also accompany vegetative-visceral disorders. Severe central nervous system depression syndrome is manifested by convulsions, intestinal paresis, respiratory disorders, and adrenal hypofunction.

Treatment of neonatal depression syndrome

Oppression syndrome is a reason to seek help from a neurologist. Correction is an important stage, since it is impossible to eliminate the causes, since they are associated with the intrauterine period of the baby’s development. CNS depression syndrome in newborns can be corrected by physical therapy methods, which are quite effective, painless and applicable from the very beginning. small age. In this case, treatment occurs comprehensively, i.e. Various methods of physiotherapy and massage are used.

CNS depression syndrome can lead to disruption of the baby’s adaptation in later life, a decrease in physical activity and psycho-emotional comfort. You can get high-quality help and advice from specialists who have been dealing with this problem for quite a long time at the Belozerova hardware therapy center “M-Clinic”.

Our specialists treat all of the listed diseases using proprietary methods; do not deny yourself the opportunity to be healthy.