Pancreatic cancer: symptoms, treatment, stages and prognosis. Why does the disease develop? Tumor in the pancreas

A benign pancreatic tumor is not as dangerous to humans as a malignant one. With it, the quality of life of patients and their survival rate are significantly higher than when cancer is detected.

Causes of tumors in the pancreas

It has been proven that the influence of certain factors increases the likelihood of encountering tumors. This:

• cysts in the gland;
• work in which the body is constantly exposed to harmful chemical compounds;
• calculous cholecystitis;
• chronic pancreatitis with impaired release of pancreatic enzyme;
• cirrhosis;
• diabetes;
• smoking;
• constant consumption of fatty foods.

Benign tumors

The classification of benign tumors depends on the histological nature of the formation. Benign ones are divided into:

• hemangiomas are formations that consist of blood vessel cells;
• fibromas – tumors from fibrous tissue cells;
• Neuromas are formations of nerve tissues and their nodes;
• lipomas - are of fatty origin;
• leiomyomas - formations of tissue that forms smooth muscles;
• adenomas (cystadenomas) - consist of glandular tissue. Adenomas are one of the most frequently detected formations in the gland; cystadenoma is rare.

There are also such diagnoses, for example, gastrinoma, etc.

Symptoms

The discomfort such tumors cause depends on their size, origin and location. Symptoms of the disease are divided into 2 degrees:

• primary – formation of small sizes;
• late – the tumor compresses passing vessels, nerve processes and ducts of the organ, and also rests against adjacent organs.

Possible early symptoms:

• pain in the hypochondrium, which can radiate to the back;
• BMI decreases;
• unpleasant or painful sensations after eating;
• the pain is felt more at night;
• nausea;
• appetite worsens;
• fast fatiguability.

If the disease has progressed to the next stage, symptoms may be as follows:

• obstructive jaundice of the skin and whites of the eyes;
• dark colored urine;
• the color of the stool becomes lighter;
• gagging;
• chills;
• diarrhea;
• liver hurts;
• the body becomes infected;
• a lot of sweat is produced;
• The menstrual cycle in women may be disrupted.

If these problems occur, you should immediately contact a specialist for diagnosis and consultation.

Diagnostics

In order to make a diagnosis, a number of laboratory tests and procedures are performed. Most commonly used:

Treatment and prognosis

A tumor of the gland is treated in the only way - immediate surgery, especially if the symptoms have already manifested themselves. After the formation is excised, it is sent for histology, with the help of which the benignity of the tumor is determined. If the formation is located in such a way that it cannot be reached, it is possible to remove part of the organ.

Today, laparoscopy is becoming more common, which does not require a complete opening of the abdominal cavity, does not leave scars, and also reduces the risk of bleeding and complications. The rehabilitation period after the formation is removed in this way is shorter.

Malignant (cancer) (ICD code C00-C97)

The most common malignant tumor is cancer of the head of the pancreas. Most often it is typical for older people. Cancer develops from epithelial cells, which are rich in the ducts of the organ. Pancreatic carcinoma and pancreatic sarcoma are also common. Cancer develops from epithelial cells, which are rich in the ducts of the organ.

Malignant tumors of the pancreas (ICD code C00-C97) are divided into categories. Classification:

• Cancer: columnar cell, squamous cell, acinous adenocarcinoma, cancer of the islets of Langenhars.
• Sarcoma: angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, lymphosarcoma.
• Cysts of a malignant nature: sarcomatous (contains sarcoma inside), carcinomatous (adenoma of a dense structure with a cyst inside).

Stages

It is important to determine the stages of pancreatic cancer, since treatment depends on this, as well as the patient’s prognosis for recovery. The latter depends on the location, the presence of metastases, as well as the histology of the tumor. Malignant tumors are divided into:

• operable - removal of tumors is possible only surgically, since they have not yet metastasized, this is the initial stage of cancer (its presence is most often determined by chance);
• locally advanced - tumors have spread beyond the pancreas;
• metastasizing - not only nearby organs are covered with metastases, they have covered a significant part of the body, surgical intervention will not bring results.

Symptoms

The symptoms of the disease depend on where exactly the pancreas contains the tumor - in the body, tail or head. On early stages the disease manifests itself unnoticed. If the formations grow beyond the gland and begin to put pressure on the corresponding adjacent organs, the first signs of cancer are recorded. If the formation is localized in the head of the organ, the symptoms are as follows:

• itching of the skin;
• painful sensations on the right under the ribs;
• oily stool;
• obstructive jaundice;
• the number of enzymes that are characteristic of pancreatitis increases.

Signs of pancreatic cancer affecting the tail or body of the organ:

• development of ascites;
• the spleen becomes larger in size;
• body mass index drops sharply;
• pain on the left under the ribs.

Also, oncology (regardless of the location of the tumor) is often accompanied by the following symptoms:

• diarrhea;
• gagging;
• flatulence;
• painful sensations in the abdomen;
• dark coloration of urine;
• stool discoloration;
• decreased appetite.

Causes of pancreatic cancer:

• smoking;
• elderly age;
• diabetes;
• presence of chronic pancreatitis;
• overweight;
• poor nutrition, lack of nutritional regimen;
• hereditary predisposition.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer begins with:

Tests are not the only examination. In addition, the doctor uses various instrumental methods, such as:

• ultrasound diagnostics;
• biopsy (with its help you can find out exactly the type of formation and its histology);
• cholangiography;
• tomography.

Treatment and prognosis - what are the chances?

Treatment for pancreatic cancer most often does not involve surgery. This therapy is the most effective, but is used depending on the degree of the disease. Operable tumors occur in 1 out of 10 cases. This early tumors in the head of the organ, since due to the skin acquiring a yellow tint, they are easier to diagnose.

Surgery at an early stage allows you to remove the entire tumor, sometimes with the removal of all or part of the organ and resection of neighboring ones. After the operation, certain therapy is prescribed, in particular, a pancreatic enzyme is used, which is secreted by a healthy gland. Cancer cells cannot be destroyed with folk remedies.

Radiation therapy involves irradiating the gland with radioactive rays. Chemotherapy is used in parallel. This scheme, among other things, dulls pain. The problem with use is the effect of rays on the entire body.

Nutrition consists of a diet high in carbohydrates, eating frequently in small portions.

Chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer involves introducing toxins into the body that are aimed at destroying cancer cells. Most often used to improve the patient's condition or to prepare the patient for surgery during which the formation is removed. This does not give tumors a chance to metastasize.

The ASD faction is also appointed. ASD fractions have a positive effect on the body's defenses. ASD is not antiviral, it stimulates the body. ASD fractions improve metabolic processes in the body, which improves cell renewal.

The use of ASD in oncology depends on the age of the patient. ASD has an analgesic effect. The use of ASD is prescribed in courses. Its use must be taken seriously, as there are many rules for use. ASD is taken orally.

Nutrition for pancreatic cancer consists of a diet with a large amount of carbohydrates, frequent meals in small portions. How long can you live with a malignant tumor? initial stage? The chances are pretty good. The early stage means that the formation is small, which means it can be gotten rid of forever.

At stage II, tumors give more prognoses for relapse; it is rarely possible to completely get rid of them, so scenarios for a five-year life expectancy are given to only a third of patients. At stage III, intoxication of the body occurs, the patient feels unwell, and accompanying illnesses, surgery can only make things worse. Thanks to combined assistance, it is possible to alleviate a person’s condition and delay death by an average of 7 months to a year. At stage IV, an extremely small percentage of patients live for about 5 more years, since the patient’s well-being is constantly getting worse.

Despite the fact that you can find “grandmother’s” recipes for cancer, treatment with folk remedies does not give results. One of the most famous folk methods is to treat cancer with soda, but this is impossible. Soda will help relieve swelling of the mucous membrane of the throat or swelling of the nose; it also has an effect against fungal diseases of some types, but not in the treatment of tumors.

ATTENTION! The information on the site is provided for informational purposes only! No website can solve your problem in absentia. We recommend that you consult your doctor for further advice and treatment.

Tumor in the pancreas

A pathology such as a pancreatic tumor usually progresses every year.

Formations can be benign or malignant. In the first case, the patient has a better chance of overcoming the disease.

The main problem in diagnosing the disease is the lack characteristic symptoms in the early stages. It is difficult for doctors to formulate the reasons for the appearance of a tumor, so patients should pay attention to a number of factors that may contribute to the further development of the process.

The prognosis and life expectancy depend on the degree to which the disease is diagnosed, the nature of the pathology, the age of the patient and concomitant health problems.

What can lead to the development of the disease

Medicine has not yet been able to specify the causes of formations in the pancreas. But there are certain risk factors, the presence of which increases the likelihood of a tumor developing.

• Heredity. If there were relatives in the family who were diagnosed with pancreatic diseases, then their descendants also have a high risk of developing the disease.
• Age-related changes. Older people are more susceptible to the disease, especially after 60 years of age.
• Availability bad habits, predominantly smoking. 1/3 of all cancerous pathologies of the gland occur for this reason.
• Gender. It has been established that formations occur more often in males.
• Obesity. The presence of excess weight leads to a malfunction of metabolic processes and disruption of the functionality of various internal organs.
• Errors in nutrition. Excessive use Carbohydrate and fatty foods increase the load on the pancreas. One-time problems do not cause complications; the organ recovers on its own. But long-term negative impact leads to depletion of the pancreas and its failure.
• The presence of certain diseases of internal organs: chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, calculous cholecystitis, ulcers.
• Chemical poisoning.
• Decreased immunity.

Type of tumors

Considering the localization of the formation, the pathology can be diagnosed as:

• Tumor of the head of the pancreas.
• Formation on the body of an organ.
• A lesion affecting only the tail of the gland.

All formations can be benign or malignant. Prognosis, symptoms and treatment depend on which category the tumor belongs to.

The first form of formations consists of cells similar to the affected organ. They can be either epithelial or not, while the progression of the pathology occurs slowly and there are no metastases.

If the disease is malignant, then glandular, epithelial or ductal tissues take part in the formation. The development of the disease is rapid; within several years the body is significantly affected by metastases.

Benign formations

A benign tumor in its structure can be represented by:

• Insuloma, consisting of glandular tissue.
• Fibroma, in which connective cells are involved in the process.
• Lipoma expelled from the fat layer.
• Leiomyoma formed by muscle structures.
• Hemangioma, damage to blood vessels.
• Neuromoma when nerve fibers are involved.
• Schwannoma, formed from the tissues of the nerve sheath.
• Like a pseudopapillary tumor, the contents of the capsule have a liquid consistency.

Malignant tumors

Such formations according to histological factor can be divided into:

• Adenocarcinoma. The most common oncological disease, this type accounts for 4/5 of all pathological processes.
• Cystadenocarcinoma.
• Acinar cell carcinoma.
• Mucinous adenocarcinoma and cystadenocarcinoma.
• Squamous form.
• Undifferentiated species.

Rarely, a neuroendocrine tumor may develop when the tumor consists of nerve cells producing hormonal substances. This type of pathology includes:

Tumor stages

At an early stage, it is difficult to recognize the presence of a tumor, since a minor mutation of individual cells does not cause obvious symptoms of the disease.

As the process progresses, the classification of the disease can take place in 4 phases:

• Stage 1. This stage has two development options. In the first case, the formation is localized in the middle of the gland, its size is no more than 2 cm. Symptoms may be absent. If the tumor is located close to the beginning of the duodenum, the patient experiences diarrhea and nausea. In the second case, the formation begins to grow, signs of jaundice, nausea, vomiting, and pain appear.
• Stage 2 has two phases. The first is characterized by the spread of the tumor to neighboring tissues, and the second by the fact that metastases affect nearby lymph nodes. This stage is remembered expressly pain syndrome in the abdominal area, vomiting, diarrhea and often anorexia.
• Stage 3 is characterized by damage to the main vessels.
• Stage 4 is characterized by metastases affecting internal organs that spread throughout the body. The symptoms have the most vivid picture. Moreover, not only the characteristic signs, but also the symptoms of the disease of the organs involved in the process differ.

Symptoms of benign tumors

Signs of a tumor may not appear immediately, but only when the formation reaches a significant size, for example, 5 cm. Early symptoms include:

• Pain in the epigastric zone and hypochondrium, sensations can radiate to the back.
• Discomfort in the abdominal area.
• Hunger pain or after eating.
• Nausea.
• Decreased appetite.
• Increased fatigue.

Later manifestations of the disease include:

• Mechanical jaundice.
• Change in the color of urine, it darkens significantly.
• Vomit.
• Change in stool color to a lighter color.
• Chills.
• Abnormal bowel movements, most often diarrhea.
• Excessive sweating.
• Painful sensations in the liver area.
• Failure of the menstrual cycle.

Signs of malignant tumors

If the size of the formation is small (up to 4 cm), there may be no symptoms, the exception being the general well-being of the patient. As cancer cells grow, the manifestation of the disease becomes more pronounced.

When the tumor is located in the area of ​​the head of the organ, the patient may encounter the following problems:

• Presence of itching of the skin.
• Pain in the right hypochondrium, which can radiate to the back.
• Fat stool.
• Mechanical jaundice.
• Increase in the number of enzymes.

When the tail or body of an organ is affected, changes in condition include:

• Development of ascites.
• Pain under the ribs on the left.
• Enlarged spleen.
• Fall in body mass index.

Common signs of cancer pathologies include:

Diagnostics

Determining the presence of a tumor during examination is quite difficult, since symptoms of the disease appear only in the later stages. If there is a suspicion of cancer, then laboratory and instrumental examinations are prescribed.

The first include:

• General blood analysis. If there are problems, the indicators of ESR, platelets and hemoglobin change.
• Biochemical screening. The doctor is interested in bilirubin and the amount of liver enzymes, which increase if the pancreas cannot cope with its functions.
• Determination of tumor markers. The values ​​CA-19-9, CA-125, CF-15, CA-494 will be positive. Each of these indicators has its own period of manifestation; the problem remains that in the early stages these data may be missing.

Instrumental methods consist of:

• Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity.
• CT, MRI. Radiation diagnostics helps the doctor to see even minor formations up to 1 cm and the presence of metastases.
• PET scan. With its help, any formation is identified by assessing the functionality of organs. This examination is very informative; in addition to the main problem, it can determine the degree of involvement of other organs in the pathological process.
• Retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an invasive procedure, so it is performed according to special recommendations. In the presence of minor formations, the method may not be informative, since only tumors larger than 2 cm can be seen during the manipulation process.
• Histological examination, the material for which is taken during laparoscopy. It can be performed if necessary during the operation.

Treatment

Tumor therapy consists of carrying out appropriate manipulations that alleviate the patient’s suffering and eliminate pain. Depending on the nature and extent of the disease, the following treatment may be recommended:

Surgical intervention

The main method of eliminating a tumor is surgery. The choice of method for each patient is determined individually. This depends on the size of the formation, location, degree of damage, involvement of nearby organs, and the nature of the tumor.

The following types of manipulations are used:

• Operation Whipple. Indicated in the early stages of the disease. During the manipulation, the head of the organ with the tumor is removed, the area of ​​the duodenum, stomach, gall bladder, and some lymph node tissues are partially excised.
• Complete resection. Indicated for damage to the body of the gland that extends beyond the organ.
• Distal resection. Suitable for cases where the body and tail are involved. When they are completely excised, the head remains intact.
• Segmental resection. The center of the organ is removed, the remaining parts are stitched together, secured with an intestinal loop.
• Palliative surgery. This type of manipulation is resorted to when the formation is inoperable. In this case, obstruction of the intestine or biliary tract, metastases, or part of the tumor that affects neighboring organs can be removed.
• Endoscopic stent. Used for inoperable tumors if they block the flow of bile. IN bile duct insert a tube to drain the contents of the paths.
• Gastric bypass surgery. Indicated for patients who have an obstacle to the passage of food into the intestines.

Tumor removal can be performed with a gamma knife. Such a device allows during the operation not only to remove the formation, but also to irradiate the adjacent tissues involved in the process.

Targeted therapy

This method is considered an innovative treatment method. The drugs are aimed at eliminating the affected cells.

The main advantage is the lack of influence on healthy structures of the body. The big disadvantage is the high cost.

Irradiation

This method is used before and after surgery, as well as in cases where the tumor cannot be removed due to a number of contraindications. Helps reduce pain, reduce the likelihood of relapse and support the functioning of other organs. Manipulation can be carried out:

• In the form of remote gamma therapy.
• Bremsstrahlung radiation.
• Fast electrons.

Chemotherapy

This method involves taking certain drugs that block further development process. Chemotherapy has a number of disadvantages, the main one of which is the effect not only on sick cells, but also on healthy cells, which provokes a decrease in immunity and many side effects.

Treatment can be carried out either with one drug prescribed in certain courses, or with a number of medications in combination.

To improve tolerability and greater effectiveness, the patient must follow an appropriate regimen, monitor nutrition, and give up bad habits.

Diet

The nutrition of a patient who has been diagnosed with a tumor should be complete both before and after surgery. The main direction in changing the diet is the elimination of unhealthy foods: fatty, fried, salty, sweet foods, carbonated drinks, confectionery, and baked goods.

The patient's menu should be expanded with foods high in carbohydrates. You need to eat often, but the serving size should be small.

Forecast

When wondering how long patients with a pancreatic tumor live, it should be noted that the prognosis in the presence of a malignant tumor is disappointing. Almost all such patients last a maximum of 4-6 months. Sometimes life expectancy can reach 5-10 years.

This is due to late diagnosis due to the lack of symptomatic signs at an early stage. The age of the patient is very important; most patients are elderly. If a malignant formation is detected in the initial phase by chance during an ultrasound scan, then the chances of full recovery increase significantly.

Although pancreatic cancer is more often diagnosed in older people, you should be careful about your health. Treatment of an organ tumor is lengthy and does not always end successfully, due to the absence of signs of the disease at an early stage.

To avoid the development of pathology, you should active image life, monitor nutrition, weight and exercise.

Internet encyclopedia on diseases of the digestive tract.

Tumor removal - surgery for pancreatic cancer

Depending on the location of the neoplasm, its stage, and type (benign, malignant), one of the operations is prescribed:

• resection – partial removal of the gland, typical for localization in the tail of the organ
• enucleation – also incomplete removal of cancer, common for insulinomas
• duodenia is a complex intervention affecting most border organs (with their complete or partial removal)
• distal ectomy - cancer of the body and tail of the organ, contraindications - inexperience of the surgeon, stage of development above the second, oncological principles must be strictly observed.

Surgeries for pancreatic cancer

Laparatoscopy is used for direct visual examination of an organ by inserting equipment into the incision. It serves as a method for accurate diagnosis of the pancreas, based on the results of which a diagnosis is made regarding the operability of the tumor (or its impossibility if metastases are detected).

Anesthesia can be general or local; instead of making an incision in the cavity, several punctures are made, the duration varies between 3 - 2 hours. The convenient location of the cancer, combined with its small size, allows it to be removed using this method using special instruments. All other pancreatic operations are of the open type:

• enucleation - the tumor does not have a capsule, surgeons try to remove less tissue, the duct of the organ is examined, and if necessary, an anastomosis is removed into the small intestine (a plastic tube replacing the duct)
• pancreaectomy - using a laparoscope, removal operations are performed on benign tumors, the abdominal cavity is opened to access malignant ones, the spleen can rarely be saved, as well as the bile and lymph nodes, sections of the intestine with lesions and intestines are cut out

The last operation is the most difficult; complications may include:

• damage to neighboring organs
• penetration of pancreatic enzymes into the cavity
• reaction to anesthesia
• infection
• profuse bleeding

Sometimes, the tumor is removed after chemotherapy or radiation therapy (the size of the tumor is reduced). The patient is prescribed tests, hardware examinations, and a medical examination. There is a list of medications that should be stopped one week before surgery:

• antithrombocinar – dopyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel
• blood thinners – warfarin, ginko biloba, lecithin
• antibiotics – naproxen, ibuprofen

After removal, the postoperative wound is sutured with a non-absorbable suture, the drainage tube is removed through the counter-aperture. Synthetic seams slow resorption is used in case of damage to the gland duct. The presence of future complications depends on the enucleation technique.

Surgery for a tumor of the head of the pancreas

Surgery for a tumor of the head of the pancreas is performed due to damage to the organ and the possibility of damage to nearby soft tissues. Emergency surgery is required only in cases where the patient exhibits signs of internal bleeding or peritonitis. If the patient's condition is stable, elective surgery is performed.

Surgery is not performed without general anesthesia. Today, most often partial resection carried out using Whipple technology, which has 2 stages. At the first stage, a laparoscopic method is used, which allows a more detailed examination of the organ and assessment of the degree of its damage. And only after this they begin the second stage - the operation itself, during which a 2-3 cm incision is made on the patient’s body, allowing access to the head of the pancreas.

Since the tumor tends to spread to nearby organs, it may be necessary to remove the affected parts of the duodenum, gallbladder and lymph nodes. After their removal, the doctor “assembles” the digestive system, connecting the body of the pancreas with healthy organs.

Pancreatic cancer after surgery

Pancreatic cancer can recur after surgery, so the patient needs to undergo regular tests to determine the level of hormones in the blood, which begin to rise rapidly when a tumor forms.

The tests also make it possible to determine the presence of inflammatory processes in the body, which occur with cancer in 30% of cases.

If any indicator exceeds the norm, the patient must undergo a full examination to identify pathology. And, if the tumor is detected again, there is a need for repeated surgical intervention.

Removal of the pancreas for cancer

Complete removal of the pancreas for cancer allows the patient to be reinsured against further relapses and complications that arise after partial resection.

However, this method treatment has one big disadvantage - the patient will be forced to take special drugs, the substances of which will replace the enzymes produced by the pancreas, necessary for normal digestion.

Oncological standards used to treat patients were created to systematize the administration of medications. Chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers. When making this diagnosis it is necessary.

Surgeons note that forty cell doublings are guaranteed to lead to death. This allows you to calculate.

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PANCREATITIS

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TREATMENT

NUTRITION BASICS

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Removal of a pancreatic tumor

Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer involves removal of the malignant neoplasm, followed by rehabilitation and restorative therapy. Surgery depends on the spread and form of the cancer process. Partial or complete removal of the pancreatic tumor is performed.

Methods of surgical treatment of tumors

Surgical treatment of the pancreas

Before choosing a method for removing the gland, several diagnostic examination methods are performed. This is a visual examination at an appointment with an oncologist, X-ray analysis, physical examination, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, CT and others. After the cancerous lesion has been completely studied, surgery is performed.

Among the main methods by which the pancreas is removed is laparoscopic surgery. The procedure is carried out exclusively under local anesthesia. During the operation, the oncologist surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdominal cavity - the front part. Special instruments and a video camera are inserted through these incisions. With the help of the latter, the surgeon monitors the progress of the operation with maximum accuracy. And the instruments remotely repeat the movements made by the doctor. This operation is performed when the tumor has not metastasized. Otherwise, chemotherapy is prescribed therapeutic treatment, and radiation therapy to maintain the condition of a cancer patient after the onset of the last stage.

Depending on the location of the pancreatic tumor, several types of surgical removal:

Whipple surgery is performed when the tumor is located in the head of the pancreas. During the removal process, the surgeon excises the tissue of the head and part small intestine, stomach and bile duct. After this, the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract and biliary tract is restored;

Distal pancreatectomy - removal using this method is performed when the malignant neoplasm is localized in the caudal part of the gland. At the same time, the oncologist surgeon excises the body of the gland and the tail part, capturing the spleen;

Total pancreatectomy is performed when the tumor has progressed and already occupied most of the spleen. Or in the case of multiple pathological foci on the gland. Removal includes the following organs: the entire pancreas, part of the small intestine and part of the stomach, bile duct, gallbladder, spleen and regional lymph nodes.

Operation - partial removal of the pancreas is the most difficult in terms of performance and consequences. It lasts at least 6 hours. The operation using the Whipple method is performed in two stages under general anesthesia. First, the gland is examined laparoscopically, after which the surgeon proceeds directly to removal.

First, the surgeon makes an incision of the required size, after which he excises the blood vessels that supply the gland. In addition, other organs close to the pathological focus are removed, and they are sent for research to identify cancer cells in them.

During the procedure, we can say that the surgeon reassembles and reinstalls the digestive system of the cancer patient.

After any type of operation, depending on the outcome, chemotherapy and radiation treatment, aimed at the complete destruction of pathological cells.

When complete removal of the pancreas occurs, then rehabilitation measures differ slightly from standard methods and depend on complications caused by surgery.

Complications after surgery

Complications after surgery

The consequences of surgery on the pancreas cannot be accurately predicted. It all depends on the patient’s condition, the spread of the pathological process, immune system and other factors. But we can highlight the most frequent consequences problems that occur during and after a surgical procedure:

Bleeding that cannot be stopped with available means;

Possible development diabetes mellitus in the postoperative period;

Infection of internal organs;

Damage to nerves and blood vessels.

After the operation, drains remain in the abdominal cavity for a week to remove fluid. It is recommended to spend at least a month after removal of the gland at home, be on sick leave, and avoid physical labor and sexual relations. It is also recommended to undergo a series of vaccinations against infectious pathologies, and receive doses of enzymes and insulin. The level of the latter decreases significantly after removal of the pancreas.

Rehabilitation after treatment

Rehabilitation after treatment

A diagnosis of cancer is always a shock and the patient is in a stressful state. In addition, his condition is worsened by the removal of the pancreas. Therefore, in the postoperative period, such patients need special approach and rehabilitation tactics.

After an operation to remove a pathological process, the patient undergoes regular examinations by an oncologist every three months - the first year, after which he visits the center once every six months, and when the condition has almost recovered - once every two to four years.

Rehabilitation measures consist of a number of rules that a cancer patient must adhere to, these are:

Follow the diet prescribed by a specialist;

Do not drink alcohol and stop smoking;

Do not engage in heavy physical labor;

IN in strict order take all medications prescribed by the oncologist.

In addition, rehabilitation is divided into three main goals, but with a single goal - to restore the health of the cancer patient:

Prevention of pathological complications. Such rehabilitation is aimed at creating good stationary conditions in the postoperative period;

Maintaining a level of health with the help of adequate medication;

Complete recovery is aimed at a positive outcome of the operation without loss of ability for the cancer patient to work.

Principles of rehabilitation measures after tumor removal:

Individual solution for each patient.

For relax pain symptoms During the postoperative period, the cancer patient is prescribed painkillers, which have a positive effect. Patients are also prescribed antitumor vaccines, immune drugs, vitamins, special diet and a relaxed pace of life.

Almost the main goal of rehabilitation is to influence psychological condition the patient, his formation positive thinking and an attitude aimed at full recovery. The psychosomatic picture is very important, because working with a psychiatrist and various trainings will have a beneficial effect on the condition of the cancer patient, because negative thoughts only worsen the disease.

The prognosis for the cancer process after removal is positive. Those who do not undergo treatment in a timely manner may experience relapses. A small percentage of patients do not achieve a complete recovery even after surgery, and then therapeutic treatment is aimed at maintaining the quality of life of the cancer patient.

The pancreas is an important organ that is responsible for the digestion of food and metabolism. Without it, the human body cannot function normally. However, there are some diseases that require immediate removal of the gland, since this is the only way to save a person’s life. And in what situations the pancreas is removed and how the patient’s life changes after this, you will now find out.

Functions of the organ

The pancreas is responsible for the synthesis of enzymes necessary for the normal functioning of digestive processes. They ensure the breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, and also contribute to the formation food bolus, which then enters the intestines. If there is a malfunction in the functioning of the pancreas, all these processes are disrupted and serious problems with health.

But in addition to digestive enzymes, the pancreas produces hormones, the main of which is insulin, which controls blood glucose levels. Its deficiency causes the development of diabetes mellitus, which, unfortunately, cannot be treated and requires the patient to constantly take medications, which also negatively affects the overall functioning of the body. And the patient cannot do without them, because sudden jump blood sugar levels can lead to sudden death.

There are a large number of factors that can lead to disruption of the pancreas. But most often the culprit of problems with these organs is the person himself, who eats unhealthy foods and alcoholic drinks. As a result, pancreatitis develops, characterized by inflammation of the pancreatic parenchyma and disruption of its functionality.

Since this organ is so important to the human body, is the pancreas removed? People with pancreatitis are mainly treated with medication. But this disease is a provocateur of more serious pathologies, such as the formation of malignant tumors on the surface of the gland, cysts, stones in the ducts, or the development of necrosis. In all these cases, the only the right way The treatment is surgery. However, doctors are in no hurry to resort to it, since the pancreas is an important organ in the human body and it is almost impossible to predict the consequences that may arise after its removal.

Even if partial resection of the gland is planned during the operation, this does not provide a 100% guarantee that inflammation will not recur. If we are talking about pancreatic cancer, then in this case the chances of a complete cure after surgery are only 20%, especially if the disease has affected nearby organs.

Indications for removal

The pancreas can be removed if the following diseases develop:

• acute pancreatitis, complicated by necrosis;
• oncology;
• cysts;
• deposition of stones in the gland ducts;
• pancreatic necrosis;
• abscess;
• hemorrhages inside the cyst.

There are many indications for pancreatic removal, but most often the operation is performed for oncology and necrosis

Removal method

For partial or complete resection of the pancreas, a method such as pancreatectomy is used. If it is necessary to completely remove an organ, the operation is performed laparotomically, that is, access to the affected gland is gained through an incision in the abdominal cavity. After all the measures have been taken, the incision site is stitched or secured with staples.

Sometimes during such an operation, drainage tubes are installed in the abdominal cavity, which allow the fluid that accumulates in the area of ​​the surgeon to be removed. In some cases, doctors also place drainage tubes in the intestines. As a rule, this is done only when the need for probed nutrition arises.

If the gland is not completely removed (only part of it), then in this case pancreatectomy can be carried out using the laparoscopic method - access to the organ is gained through punctures in the abdominal cavity by introducing into the abdominal cavity a special device equipped with a camera, which allows you to monitor all the actions taking place on a computer monitor. This operation is less traumatic and requires a shorter rehabilitation period. But, unfortunately, not in all cases it is possible to use this method of surgical intervention.

During the operation, not only the pancreas can be removed, but also other organs located near it, for example:

• gallbladder;
• spleen;
• upper part of the stomach.

During and after the operation, there is a high probability of serious complications occurring. In this case, we speak not only about the possibility of developing inflammation or infection, but also about further work the whole body. Indeed, quite recently, operations during which the gland was completely removed were not carried out in medical practice, since it was believed that without this organ people could not live even one year.

The final stage of pancreatectomy

However, today the situation has completely changed, and the prognosis after such operations is favorable, but only if all the doctor’s instructions are followed. How the body will recover during the rehabilitation period and how long a person can live after this depends on several factors:

• the patient’s weight (people with excess body weight have a harder time recovering from surgery and live less);
• age of the patient;
• nutrition;
• a person has bad habits;
• state of the cardiovascular system;
• the patient has other health problems.

Is it possible for a person to live without a pancreas? Of course! But it should be understood that the more negative factors affect the body, the greater the likelihood that complications will arise after surgery, which may lead to a reduction in life expectancy. After removal of the pancreas, you can live long and happily only if you lead a healthy lifestyle and follow all the doctor’s recommendations.

Rehabilitation period

After removal of the pancreas, a person’s life changes dramatically. Even if only the tail of the organ or another part of it was removed, and the operation itself went without complications, the patient will need a lot of time and effort to fully recover.

If the patient follows all the doctor’s recommendations, the rehabilitation period in 90% of cases proceeds without serious complications

If the pancreas has been removed, the patient will have to comply strict diet, take special medications and use insulin injections to ensure control of blood sugar levels.

Many patients complain for a long time that they have pain in the operated area, and the pain is severe. And to minimize them, doctors usually prescribe painkillers as additional therapy. Full recovery of the body after pancreatic surgery takes about 10–12 months.

Possible consequences in the postoperative period

The consequences of removing the pancreas can vary. Any surgical intervention has a high risk of developing inflammatory or infectious processes in the tissues of the body in the postoperative period. And to avoid them, the doctor prescribes a course of antibiotics before and after the operation. If the patient takes them strictly according to the prescribed regimen, the risks of such complications are reduced several times.

After removal of the gland, diabetes mellitus develops, because after the operation there is an acute lack of insulin in the body, which is why the person is forced to constantly take insulin injections. If you skip them or use them incorrectly, this is also fraught with various consequences, among which is hypo- and hyperglycemic coma.

In addition, even the removal of a small part of the pancreas disrupts it exocrine functions, responsible for digestion. Therefore, the patient will also have to constantly take enzyme preparations (they are prescribed on an individual basis).

Drugs used as replacement therapy after pancreas removal

Nutrition after surgery

After surgery to remove the pancreas, all patients, without exception, are prescribed a strict diet. You will have to stick to it constantly. Remove from the diet once and for all:

• fried and fatty foods;
• smoked meats;
• pickles;
• flour;
• spices;
• canned food;
• semi-finished products;
• sausages;
• spicy dishes and sauces;
• carbonated and alcoholic drinks;
• chocolate;
• cocoa;
• legumes

It is also not recommended to eat vegetables and fruits raw, as they contain a lot of fiber, which is difficult to digest. All dishes should be steamed or baked in the oven, but only without adding oil.

The patient's daily diet must include lean meat and fish. However, they cannot be consumed together with the skin. He also needs to eat dairy and fermented milk products every day (their fat content should not be more than 2.5%).

You also need to eat food according to certain rules:

• for the first 3–4 months after surgery, it needs to be crushed to a puree-like consistency;
• you need to eat small portions at least 5 times a day;
• 30–40 minutes before meals you need to give an insulin injection (only if insulin is used short acting), and while eating it is necessary to take an enzyme preparation;
• food must be warm, hot and cold dishes are prohibited;
• The last meal should be taken 2-3 hours before bedtime.

The diet must be followed not only during the rehabilitation period, but throughout life

If you strictly follow the diet and apply it in a timely manner medicines prescribed by a doctor, you can live a long and happy life even after complete removal of the pancreas. If you neglect the doctor’s recommendations, this can lead to serious consequences and significantly reduce your life expectancy.

Pancreas cancer is a malignant tumor that develops from glandular tissue or ducts. It destroys the organ and quickly grows into neighboring tissues. The tumor has the appearance of a lumpy dense node, white or light yellow in section.

The cause of cancerous tumor a malfunction in the genetic apparatus of cells is considered. They cannot perform the functions characteristic of this organ. Cancer cells can only multiply intensively, which leads to the growth of the tumor.

Pancreatic cancer is the tenth most common adult cancer, but it also has the fourth highest mortality rate. Every year the number of people diagnosed with this disease increases. This form of tumor occurs more often in elderly patients. Men over 50 years of age are slightly more susceptible to this disease than women.

Pancreatic cancer can occur in people over 30 years of age, but the peak incidence occurs after the age of 70. The disease most often affects the head of the pancreas, 75% of cases. On the body and tail of the organ, tumors occur less frequently, in 15% and 10% of cases, respectively.

Because pancreatic cancer is often asymptomatic, it can only be detected in late stages. Therefore, it is difficult to treat. The disease is dangerous because it quickly metastasizes to nearby and distant organs: liver, lungs, bones, brain, lymph nodes, and spreads throughout the peritoneum. However, modern medications can significantly improve the patient’s condition, increase life expectancy, and in some cases lead to a reduction in malignant tumors.

Anatomy and physiology of the pancreas

The pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach, at the level of 1-2 lumbar vertebrae, partially extending into the left hypochondrium. It lies horizontally and extends from the duodenum to the hilum of the spleen. The length of the organ is 13-25 cm, width 3-9 cm, thickness 2-3 cm. Weight of the gland is 70-90 g.

The structure of the pancreas is divided into head, body and tail. The head is hammer-shaped and is located in the horseshoe of the duodenum. The body of the gland is adjacent to the posterior wall of the stomach. On the posterior side it is in contact with the vena cava, aorta and solar plexus. Below the gland is the horizontal part of the duodenum. And the tail of the pancreas enters the gate of the spleen.

The pancreas consists of many lobules. They are separated by thin layers of connective tissue. The outside of the organ is covered with an elastic capsule of connective tissue.

The pancreas plays an important role in digestion and metabolism. It is the only organ that produces both digestive enzymes and hormones.

Exocrine function of the pancreas. Each lobule consists of special epithelial cells. They are collected in alveoli, to which excretory ducts approach. The function of the lobules is the formation of pancreatic juice. A person secretes 0.7-1.5 liters of this liquid per day, which has a sharply alkaline reaction. It is excreted through the ducts into the duodenum. Pancreatic secretions contain many enzymes: trypsin, lipase, kallikrein, lactase, maltase, invertase. They are responsible for the digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the intestines. With the help of enzymes, food is broken down into its components. Thanks to this, the body can absorb it.

Endocrine function of the pancreas. The gland contains small oval formations - pancreatic islets, consisting of hormone-producing cells. Their task is to produce hormones: insulin, glucagon, lipocaine, somatostatin. The islets do not have ducts, but are densely intertwined with capillaries and hormones enter directly into the blood. They perform the function of regulating metabolism and are responsible for a stable level of glucose in the blood, the creation of carbohydrate reserves in the body and the absorption of fats.

There is a close connection between the pancreas and duodenum. Both of these organs were formed from one part of the primitive intestine. The excretory duct of the pancreas, which runs from the tail to the head, collects pancreatic juice from all lobules. It merges with the bile duct and together they form the ampulla of Vater's papilla of the duodenum. The ampoule opens into the intestinal cavity by the sphincter of Oddi. This is a formation of smooth muscles that can open and close the ducts, and thus dose the flow of pancreatic juice and bile into the intestines. This joint work causes a close connection between the pancreas, duodenum and gall bladder.

What causes pancreatic cancer

• Diseases of the pancreas - chronic pancreatitis, cysts and benign neoplasms
• Smoking (up to 30% of cases)
• Alcoholism (up to 20% of cases)
• Occupational Hazard – Asbestos Exposure
• Previous stomach surgeries
• Unfavorable environmental conditions

Types of pancreatic cancer and their symptoms

According to histological structure (from which cells the tumor was formed):

• ductal adenocarcinoma – from duct cells
• cystadenocarcinoma - as a result of cyst degeneration
• mucinous adenocarcinoma
• squamous cell carcinoma

• head cancer
• body cancer
• tail cancer

Over time, symptoms become more specific.

Signs of different types of pancreatic cancer

Jaundice, itchy skin, dark urine and light-colored stool
These signs occur in 90% of cases of head cancer. This is due to the fact that the tumor compresses the bile duct. Jaundice is growing rapidly. The skin takes on a greenish tint and itching may occur. The temperature remains normal.

Weight loss
This phenomenon is observed in 90% of patients with a tumor in the head of the gland and in 100% of cases when the tumor is in the body or tail. The reason is that not enough pancreatic juice is produced. This disrupts the breakdown and absorption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. A lack of enzymes results in a lot of fat remaining in the stool. It becomes greasy in appearance and is poorly washed off the walls of the toilet.

Loss of appetite (anorexia)
Anorexia is observed in 65% of patients with head cancer. In other forms, it can develop in 30% of cases.

Nausea and vomiting
These digestive disorders develop as a result of compression of the duodenum and stomach by the tumor. Diarrhea is also common. This happens in 45% of cancers of the head and in 35% of tumors on the body and tail of the gland.

Development of secondary diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus develops in 30-50% of pancreatic cancer cases. This occurs due to the fact that the production of hormones responsible for the absorption of carbohydrates is disrupted. At the same time, patients experience a sharp increase in the amount of urine and severe thirst.

Enlarged spleen
This symptom occurs in patients with a tumor in the tail and body of the gland. Internal bleeding from the dilated veins of the stomach is also possible.

Acute cholecystitis and acute pancreatitis
These phenomena are accompanied by the appearance of severe acute pain in the upper abdomen, decreased pressure, severe vomiting, sharp deterioration general condition. This manifestation of the disease is more often observed in patients with head cancer.

Consultation with an oncologist for the treatment of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer grades

Stage I – the malignant formation is small in size. It does not extend beyond the boundaries of the pancreas.
Stage II – has two degrees.

• 2A – the cancer has spread to the bile duct or duodenum. There was no spread to the lymph nodes.
• 2B – the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes. Its sizes may vary.

In pancreatic cancer, metastases can occur in the abdominal cavity, lungs, stomach, liver, intestines, bones, near and distant lymph nodes, brain.

Pancreatic tumors are dangerous due to early metastasis. Often the neoplasm itself may be small in size, but metastases have already appeared far beyond its boundaries.

arise signs of cancer intoxication:

• sudden weight loss and loss of strength
• obstructive jaundice caused by blockage of the bile duct
• severe pain
• ascites or dropsy – accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
• dysfunction of the liver, kidneys, lungs when they are damaged.

Prevention of pancreatic cancer

Be attentive to your health and undergo preventive examinations in a timely manner.

Is there a cure for stage 4 pancreatic cancer?

Symptoms of stage 4 pancreatic cancer

1. Strong cancer intoxication caused by poisoning of the body with waste products of tumor cells.
2. Severe pain syndrome. Neoplasm cells act on sensitive nerve endings, which permeate tissues and organs. The pain decreases somewhat when the patient assumes the fetal position.
3. Severe exhaustion. This is due to the disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. Digestive juices are not secreted in the required quantities, and this complicates the digestion and absorption of food. Often due to metastases, intestinal obstruction occurs, the function of other digestive organs.
4. Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, up to 20 liters. Associated with an abundant release of liquid blood due to metastases in the peritoneum.
5. An increase in the size of the spleen more than 12 cm is splenomegaly. This organ is responsible for maintaining immunity and filtering blood. Therefore, in case of cancer, it activates the work, cleanses the blood and toxins accumulate in it.
6. Significant increase in liver size – hepatomegaly. It can be caused by the appearance of metastases or increased work of the liver, which is trying to fight cancer intoxication.
7. Enlarged supraclavicular and other groups of lymph nodes. These formations filter lymph, which often carries cancer cells. Therefore, they can form secondary tumors.
8. Soft subcutaneous nodules associated with fat necrosis (tissue death) caused by metastases.
9. Migrating thrombophlebitis - the occurrence of blood clots (thrombi) in different areas veins Associated with blood clotting disorders.

Treatment is aimed at improving the patient’s well-being, as well as at slowing tumor growth and stopping the process of metastases.

• The Whipple procedure is the complete or partial removal of the pancreas and parts of surrounding organs.
• Palliative operations aimed at eliminating complications. They restore the patency of the bile duct and intestines, eliminating the risk of bleeding.
• Chemotherapy is carried out with 5-fluorouracil, Carboplatin, Gemzar, Campto. This allows you to extend the lifespan by several months.
• Radiation therapy - treatment ionizing radiation. Radiation destroys protein molecules in cancer cells, which are more sensitive to it than healthy tissue. As a result, there is a decrease in the tumor.
• Radiotherapy using the CyberKnife device.
• Symptomatic treatment is aimed at relieving pain (analgesics, narcotic painkillers) and improving quality of life

Life expectancy for stage 4 pancreatic cancer depends on the number of metastases and how severe the cancer intoxication is, which undermines the body’s strength. And also on how successful the treatment will be, and how the body will respond to chemotherapy. An important factor is the patient’s state of mind and proper care behind him.

The prognosis for life expectancy for stage 4 cancer is unfavorable. Survival rate over a year is 4-5% with intensive treatment. Average term life from several months to six months. The duration will depend on the intensity of the pain syndrome and the degree of poisoning of the body with toxins.

How long do pancreatic cancer patients live?

2-5% of patients with this diagnosis live longer than five years. These are those who were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the early stages, had surgery on time and a course of chemotherapy.

If the patient has a widespread tumor that is considered inoperable, then in this case the life expectancy is reduced to three years after diagnosis. This group includes tumors that have grown into neighboring tissues and organs. This is 30-40% of cases.

When doctors determine that there are distant metastases and there is no point in having surgery, the life expectancy is approximately 6-12 months. The share of such patients is 50%. They are prescribed supportive therapy to alleviate the condition and relieve pain. If the patient does not receive appropriate treatment, then death occurs within 2-3 months.

But 90% of patients with severe cancer live less than 10 weeks. This is associated with high postoperative mortality and complications.

The following helps to prolong the life of patients and improve their well-being:

• use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy
• prescribing appropriate pain medications
• stenosis of the bile ducts - ensuring the drainage of bile
• use of antidepressants and psychological counseling
• skilled nursing

What are the signs of pancreatic cancer?

When collecting anamnesis, the doctor may suspect that the patient has pancreatic cancer. Anamnesis is information about the patient’s well-being and the course of the disease that the doctor receives during a survey. Therefore, it is very important to answer the doctor’s questions clearly and completely.

Signs of pancreatic cancer

1. Pain in the upper abdomen.
   • Usually the pain is aching or pulling.
   • If the tumor is in the head of the pancreas, then pain is felt in the right hypochondrium or in the navel area.
   • A tumor in the body or tail extends to the lower back or the area between the shoulder blades.
   • Unpleasant sensations are not associated with food intake.
   • Increased pain at night.
   • Often the pain intensifies when bending over, which resembles sciatica.


2. Paraneoplastic symptoms are specific signs associated with the occurrence of a tumor.
   • Aversion to a certain type of food: fatty or meat dishes, coffee, alcohol
   • Sleep disorders
   • Sudden weight loss
   • Migrating peripheral venous thrombosis


3. Mechanical jaundice. Yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes is associated with compression of the bile duct. Bile does not pass into the intestines, but is absorbed into the blood, causing a number of changes.
   • Yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, whites of the eyes
   • Darkening of urine
   • Stool clarification
   • Itchy skin
   • Gallbladder enlargement


4. Digestive disorders, which are caused by insufficient flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the intestines.
   • Diarrhea occurs
   • Steatorrhea is an increased content of undigested fats in the feces.
   • A feeling of heaviness and fullness in the stomach caused by compression by a tumor
   • Belching rotten


5. Tumor growth into the wall of the stomach or duodenum causes bleeding.
   • Vomiting that looks like coffee grounds due to the presence of blood in the gastric juice
   • Jet black stool


6. Tumor damage to the splenic vein causes disturbances in the composition of the blood.
   • Anemia – decreased concentration of red blood cells
   • Leukopenia – decrease in the number of white blood cells
   • Thrombocytopenia – drop in platelet count


7. Manifestations of diabetes mellitus occur when the insulin-producing islets of the pancreas are destroyed. This leads to hormone deficiency.
   • Extreme thirst
   • Dry mouth
   • Increased urine volume
   • Itching of the skin and mucous membranes


8. Dropsy (ascites) is caused by the appearance of metastases in the peritoneum and portal vein. They cause copious effusion of fluid into the abdominal cavity.
   • Bloating and weight gain with general weight loss
   • Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

What are the traditional methods of treating pancreatic cancer?

Unconventional treatment methods can help reduce the symptoms of the disease and stop the growth of the cancerous tumor. This is possible if the patient firmly believes in the success of treatment, strictly adheres to the specialist’s recommendations and completes the full course of therapy. The results of such treatment should also be monitored by an oncologist.

Here is an overview of methods that are considered effective.

Shevchenko method: vodka and vegetable oil

Measure out 30 ml of fresh unrefined vegetable oil and vodka. Shake the mixture in a tightly closed jar for 5 minutes to avoid separation. The medicine must be taken at one time. In the future, the dose can be increased to 40+40.

Use the product 15 minutes before meals on an empty stomach. Do this 3 times a day every 6 hours. Eat only 3 times a day 25-30 minutes after treatment.

Treat in courses of 10 days. After the first course, a break of 5 days and again 10 days of treatment. After the second course there are also 5 days of rest and a third course of treatment. After that there is a break of 14 days. The treatment regimen looks like this: 10/5/10/5/10/14. Then it all starts from the first year. And so on for several years. During breaks, you need to weigh yourself, do a blood test and see an oncologist.

Note: People suffering from chronic pancreatitis should not start treatment.

Herbal treatment using the Alefirov method

It is based on the use of tincture of Aconite Djungarian 2.5%. It is necessary to start treatment with 1 drop per dose. Adding a drop daily, bring the dose to 30 drops. Then gradually reduce the dose from 30 to 1 drop. Dilute the tincture in a glass clean water. Drink 3 times a day 40-50 minutes before meals.

30 minutes after the medicine, you need to drink a herbal decoction:

• Iris lactiflora root 2 parts;
• Herb agrimony pharmaceutical 3 parts;
• Common hops (cones) 2 parts;
• Calendula officinalis flowers 1 part;
• Fragrant dill seeds 1 part;
• Calamus root 1 part;
• Potentilla erecta root 2 parts.

It must be remembered that treatment with traditional methods cannot replace surgery to remove the tumor. Therefore, you should not waste time trying to get rid of the disease on your own. The moment may be lost and the cancer will metastasize to other organs. Therefore, use traditional medicine recipes to improve the condition and prevent the recurrence of the tumor, and not as an alternative to surgery.

Chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer - what is it?

The action of chemotherapy drugs is aimed at reducing the activity of cancer cells. These drugs also have a toxic effect on the human body, but to a lesser extent. This is due to the fact that immature cells that actively grow and divide, that is, cancer cells, are more sensitive to the effects of toxins. The dose of the drug is selected in such a way that the substance has minimal effect on the human body and maximum effect on the tumor.

When treated with these drugs, life is extended by an average of 6-9 months. There is also a general improvement in condition, weight gain, and a decrease in pain, which leads to a reduction in the consumption of drugs and painkillers by 50%. Currently, chemotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer is used mainly in conjunction with other methods.

Mechanism of action of chemotherapy drugs based on changes in the DNA of tumor cells. This structure contains the genetic information necessary for the division process. If the DNA is destroyed, the cancer cell cannot multiply and reproduce. As a result, the modified cells die. Thus, the growth of the tumor stops and its shrinkage begins.

Chemotherapy is given in cycles. This route was chosen because the cell is most susceptible to chemotherapy during the division period. Therefore, chemotherapy is prescribed when cancer cells have reached the division phase.

This method is considered gentle, as it causes relatively little harm to the human body. There are two types of chemotherapy:

• Monochemotherapy – one drug is used for treatment
• Polychemotherapy – two or more drugs are used for therapy. They are used in parallel or alternately.

• nausea and vomiting
• diarrhea
• hair loss (alopecia)
• hematopoietic disorders (myelosuppression);
• toxic effects on the central nervous system

In some cases, complications may occur during chemotherapy treatment. They are due to the fact that the substances included in their composition have an effect on healthy tissues and organs.

The following drugs are prescribed to treat pancreatic cancer.

1. Gemcitabine (Gemzar) – causes a reduction in the tumor and its metastases by 10% and relief of symptoms of the disease by 30% and a general improvement in condition.


2. Docetaxel (Taxotere) – slows tumor growth by 20% and improves overall health by 15%. Used for monotherapy.


3. Combination FP – Fluorouracil and Cisplatin. This polychemotherapy does not help everyone. But for those patients who have a positive response to treatment, life expectancy increases to 11-12 months.


4. Combination GF – Gemcitabine (Gemzar) and Fluorouracil. It works on 60% of patients and prolongs life by up to a year or more. A 20% slowdown in tumor growth is noted.

• Don't accept any medications and nutritional supplements during chemotherapy without a doctor's permission. This may cause an allergic reaction.
• Drink more fluids. The minimum daily intake is 2 liters (water, compotes, teas, juices). Drugs and toxins are eliminated through the kidneys. Therefore, by increasing the amount of urine, you will reduce the concentration of poison in the body.
• Nutrition should be balanced and easy to digest. It must include large quantities of vegetables, fruits, seafood, fish, lean meat, and eggs. Fermented milk products will be an excellent source of calcium. Carbohydrate foods: cereals, potatoes, flour products will provide the body with energy. Alcohol is completely excluded!
• To reduce nausea and vomiting, the doctor may prescribe special medications - Cerucal. You can also suck on pieces of ice and frozen fruit juice. Avoid feeling hungry. Eat small meals.
  Dishes should be at medium temperature.
• The antidepressant Duloxetine will help reduce pain caused by the effect of drugs on the nervous system.
• Hair loss is one of the common side effects. Therefore, before starting the course, it is recommended to have a short haircut. After treatment, the hair will definitely grow back.
• During treatment, patients often suffer from depression and apathy caused by an imbalance of the stress hormone cortisol. Using ginseng tincture will help defeat it.
• Can increase motivation for recovery and vitality psychological consultation. Relatives who are responsible for caring for the patient will also need the help of a psychologist.
• If possible, try to go to fresh air and communicate with people. Learn different relaxation techniques. These are effective means of combating insomnia.

When is surgery needed for pancreatic cancer?

When should surgery be done?

This issue is decided by the oncologist depending on the degree of development of the process. If the patient has been scheduled for surgery to remove the pancreas, this indicates that the moment has not yet been missed and the tumor has not had time to spread to other organs. In this case, there is no time to waste to prevent cancer cells from spreading throughout the body. Since this leads to the appearance of metastases. The doctor chooses the type of operation together with the patient after the size of the tumor and its features are determined. For more later stages Surgeries can alleviate a person’s condition, but not rid him of the disease.

What types of surgery are there?

There are three types of operations

1. Diagnostic (explorative) operation. Often, the true size of the tumor, its spread and the presence of metastases can only be determined during surgery. The procedure is carried out quite quickly and allows you to choose the right direction of treatment.


2. Radical (complete) tumor removal. It is used in the early stages of the disease and provides a significant chance of recovery.


3. Palliative operations aimed at prolonging life and improving its quality. They have two directions:
   • Removing part of a tumor when it is impossible to get rid of it entirely. This increases the chances of success of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
   
   
   • Removal of metastases in other organs or elimination of complications: intestinal or bile duct obstruction, prevention of gastric rupture.

Complete removal of the pancreas. Allows you to get rid of a tumor that has spread to all parts of the pancreas. The advantage of this operation is that it causes a minimum of postoperative complications. However, after the operation, the patient will be forced to take enzyme preparations to normalize digestion.

Operation Whipple. This is a standard technology for tumors of the head of the pancreas. During this procedure, the head of the gland, duodenum, part of the bile duct and pylorus of the stomach, gallbladder and nearby lymph nodes are removed. This operation reduces the risk reappearance tumor and its metastases. And also preserve part of the pancreas, which is important for normal digestion in the future. The disadvantages include that during the operation, tissue that is not yet affected by cancer cells may be removed.

Distal pancreatectomy. It is performed when the tumor affects the tail and body of the gland. These parts are removed, leaving only the head. Often the spleen and gallbladder are also removed during surgery. The operation allows you to completely remove small tumors that are located in the tail and body, but it is considered highly traumatic.

Segmental resection of the pancreas. This is an operation to remove the central part of the gland. It is carried out in order to preserve the healthy parts of the organ as much as possible. To restore the outflow of gastric juice, an intestinal loop is sewn to the tail and head. This type of surgery is often performed to remove metastases.

Minimally invasive surgery. The surgery is performed through a small hole using a robotic surgical system such as the daVinci. It allows you to carry out complex operations that cannot be performed in normal conditions. In addition, it is possible to avoid an extensive incision in the abdominal area.

Cryogenic treatment method is based on “freezing” tumor cells at low temperatures, which leads to their destruction. It is recognized as one of the safest, does not cause complications and has a good analgesic effect. Significantly increases the patient's chances of survival. Its disadvantage is that few specialists practice it.

Palliative operations aimed at eliminating complications caused by the tumor.

• with obstructive jaundice - provide an internal pathway for the removal of bile into the intestine or removal of bile outwards
• at intestinal obstruction– remove part of the intestine affected by the tumor.
• at internal bleeding- suturing the affected vessels
• if there is a danger of organ rupture due to metastasis, remove the affected part.

To consolidate the results of the operation and to prevent re-growth of the tumor, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are performed. In the future, the patient will need to take a course of medications/

Pain relief for pancreatic cancer

1. At the initial stage, the first stage of chronic pain is prescribed non-narcotic analgesics.
   • Analgin 2-3 times every 6-7 hours. In this case, 2 ml of a 50% solution is administered intramuscularly or intravenously. Exceeding the dose and long-term use may cause kidney damage.
   
   
   • Paracetamol tablets. Single dose 500 mg. Take at intervals of 5-6 hours. If the daily dose is increased, it may be dangerous for the liver.
   
   
   • Naproxen tablets. Drink 250-400 mg 2-3 times a day with meals.


2. The second stage of treatment for chronic pain. Non-narcotic analgesics do not have an analgesic effect. Narcotic analgesics are prescribed - opioids (weak opiates).
   • Tramadol - Dose of 50-100 mg every 4-6 hours. Available in tablets and solutions for intramuscular and intravenous administration or in the form of injections and droppers.
   
   
   • Dihydrocodeine is a long-acting drug up to 12 hours. Available in tablets. Dose 60-120 mg every 12 hours.
   
   
   • Promedol is taken 25-50 mg every 6 hours. The maximum daily dose is 200 mg. Possibly addictive.


3. The third stage of treatment for chronic pain. If weak opiates no longer have an effect, move on to strong opiates.
   • Prosidol tablets for lozenges under the tongue or in the form of injections. The daily dose should not exceed 200 mg. Weaker than morphine, may be addictive.
   
   
   • Fentanyl in the form of injections or droppers. Stronger than morphine, but has a short-term effect. Also available in the form of a patch with a long-lasting effect of up to 72 hours.

This issue must be addressed by the attending physician. At the same time, it takes into account the strength pain patient. A stepwise scheme has been developed in which mild pain is treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Moderate pain (second stage) with a combination of non-narcotic analgesics and weak opiates. For severe pain (the next steps), the prescription of strong opiates is required.

The doctor determines the drug and its dosage. Writes out a prescription. Cancer patients with a confirmed diagnosis have the right to free receipt medicines or a 50% discount.

Rules for purchasing narcotic analgesics.

Narcotic painkillers are sold at pharmacies with a prescription. This is a special form of a standard form with the seal of a doctor and a medical institution. The prescription written by the doctor must be certified by the head of the clinic.

The patient is prescribed only a specific drug. For this prescription, you cannot buy substitutes at the pharmacy. If a prescription is not used within 15 days, it becomes invalid.

The prescription may contain medications for a course of treatment of up to a month. This should be specifically stated on the recipe. There is a maximum amount of the drug that can be purchased at a pharmacy.

The patient is assigned to the pharmacy at his place of residence. For this purpose, an order is issued from the head of the medical institution, which is updated monthly.

Pancreatic cancer is a fairly aggressive form of malignant tumor and is widespread. No geographical differences in the frequency of its occurrence have been noted, but it is known that residents of industrialized countries get sick somewhat more often.

Among all malignant tumors, pancreatic cancer accounts for no more than 3%, but In terms of mortality, this type of tumor occupies a confident fourth place, which makes it very dangerous. In addition, every year the number of cases in different countries continues to grow steadily.

It is believed that the disease is equally common in men and women, however, some sources indicate that there are slightly more men among patients. This may be due to the greater prevalence of bad habits (in particular, smoking) among males.

Like many other tumors, pancreatic cancer primarily affects the elderly population and occurs in patients over 60 years of age. By this age, natural mechanisms of antitumor defense decrease, various spontaneous mutations accumulate, and cell division processes are disrupted. It is also worth noting that most older people already have pathological changes in the gland (pancreatitis, cysts), which also contribute to the growth of cancer.

Very often, the presence of a tumor is not accompanied by any specific symptoms, and patients make complaints even in advanced cases of the disease. This is partly due to not always good treatment results and an unfavorable prognosis.

Pancreatic head cancer accounts for more than half of the cases of all tumors of this location. Up to a third of patients have total pancreatic damage. The manifestations of the tumor are determined by the part in which it is located, but symptoms appear earlier when the head of the pancreas is affected.

Causes of cancer

The causes of pancreatic cancer are varied, and contributing factors are quite common in the population.

The main risk factors for pancreatic tumors are:

• Smoking;
• Nutritional features;
• The presence of diseases of the gland itself - pancreatitis, cysts, diabetes;
• Diseases of the biliary tract;
• Hereditary factors and acquired gene mutations.

Smoking causes the development of many types of malignant tumors, including pancreatic cancer. Carcinogenic substances, entering the lungs with inhaled smoke, are carried with the blood throughout the body, realizing their negative effect in various organs. In the pancreas of smokers, hyperplasia of the ductal epithelium can be detected, which can become a source of malignant transformation in the future. Perhaps with the more frequent spread of this addiction among men there is also a slightly higher incidence of incidence among them.

Peculiarities nutrition to a large extent contribute to damage to the pancreatic parenchyma. Abuse of fatty and fried foods, alcohol provokes excessive secretion of digestive enzymes, dilation of the ducts, stagnation of secretions in them with inflammation and damage to the glandular tissue.

Chronic diseases pancreas, accompanied by inflammation, atrophy of the islets, proliferation of connective tissue with compression of the lobules (chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, cysts after acute inflammation or necrosis, etc.) are conditions that significantly increase the risk of cancer. Meanwhile, chronic pancreatitis is found in most elderly people, and can also be a substrate for type 2 diabetes mellitus, in which the risk of carcinoma doubles.

pancreatitis and others chronic diseases Gastrointestinal tract may be precancerous conditions

Diseases of the biliary tract, for example, the presence of stones in the gall bladder, cirrhosis of the liver prevents the normal emptying of the pancreatic ducts, which leads to stagnation of secretions, damage to epithelial cells, secondary inflammation and sclerosis, and this can become a background to the development of cancer.

The role of hereditary factors and genetic disorders continues to be researched. There are known familial cases of the disease, and more than 90% of patients have a mutation in the p53 and K-ras genes. Research into genetic abnormalities in pancreatic cancer has not yet been carried out among the population, however, very soon such an opportunity may appear, which will make it easier early diagnosis diseases, especially with an unfavorable family history.

Since carcinoma usually occurs in already changed tissue, processes such as adenoma (benign glandular tumor), chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cysts can be considered precancerous.

As you can see, a large role in the genesis of cancer is played by external adverse influences, to which most of us do not attach importance, while such simple rules as balanced nutrition, a healthy lifestyle, and the elimination of bad habits greatly help to maintain a healthy pancreas even in old age.

Features of the classification of pancreatic tumors

The pancreas is very important not only for proper operation digestive system. As is known, it also carries out endocrine function, producing hormones, in particular insulin, glucagon, etc.

The bulk of the organ is formed by glandular tissue that produces digestive enzymes, and the endocrine function is performed by specialized cells grouped into the so-called islets of Langerhans.

Since the main part of the pancreas is represented by exocrine parenchyma, it most often becomes a source of cancerous tumors.

The classification of malignant neoplasms of the pancreas is based on their histological structure, localization, degree of damage to the organ, lymph nodes, etc. Based on all of these signs, the stage of the disease is established.

Depending on the histological structure There are different types of neoplasia:

1. Adenocarcinoma;
2. Cystadenocarcinoma;
3. Squamous cell carcinoma;
4. Acinar cell carcinoma.

These varieties are characteristic of the exocrine part of the gland, and the most common form is adenocarcinoma varying degrees differentiation, occurring in more than 90% of cases.

A tumor of the endocrine region is diagnosed much less frequently, and its type is determined by the type of endocrine cells it originates from (insulinoma, glucagonoma, etc.). These neoplasms, as a rule, are not malignant, but due to hormonal activity and the ability to grow to significant sizes, they can lead to significant adverse consequences.

Traditionally, the TNM system is used to classify cancer. however, it is only used for tumors of the exocrine part of the gland. Based on data characterizing the tumor (T), lymph node involvement (N) and the presence or absence of metastases (M), stages of the disease:

• IA – characterizes a tumor up to 2 cm located within the gland, the lymph nodes are not affected, and there are no distant metastases;
• IB – the neoplasm exceeds 2 cm, but is still localized in the gland, without going beyond its boundaries; metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs are not typical;

• IIA – neoplasia extends beyond the pancreas, but large arterial trunks (celiac, superior mesenteric artery) remain intact; metastasis at this stage is not detected;
• IIB – tumor up to 2 cm or more, can extend beyond the boundaries of the organ without growing into the vessels, but metastases are detected in nearby lymph nodes;

• III – the tumor invades the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, regional lymphogenous metastases are possible, but there are no distant ones;
• Stage IV is the most severe degree of tumor damage, accompanied by the detection distant metastases, regardless of the size of the tumor itself, the presence or absence of changes in the lymph nodes.

Like any other malignant tumor, pancreatic cancer tends to spread throughout the body in the form of metastases. The main route is lymphogenous (with lymph flow), and the lymph nodes in the region of the head of the organ, celiac, mesenteric, and retroperitoneal are most often affected.

The hematogenous route is realized by circulatory system, while metastases can be found in the lungs, bones and other organs and characterize an advanced process. Hepatic metastases are detected in approximately half of patients and can even be mistaken for liver cancer, although they are not.

Since the pancreas is covered on three sides by the peritoneum, when the tumor reaches its surface, cancer cells spread throughout the serous covering of the abdominal cavity - carcinomatosis, which underlies the implantation path of dissemination.

Manifestations of a pancreatic tumor

There are no specific symptoms of pancreatic cancer, and often the signs of a tumor are caused by damage to neighboring abdominal organs when they are invaded by a neoplasm.

Such early symptoms like change taste preferences, loss of appetite or weakness do not always force the patient to immediately consult a doctor, since they can be characteristic of many other diseases.

Often the tumor grows for quite a long time and does not cause any concern to the patient himself, but upon detailed questioning it still turns out that not all is well with the gastrointestinal tract. The fact is that most often cancer affects older people who have certain diseases of the digestive system, therefore symptoms of disorders in the functioning of the abdominal organs are not rare, they are common and can remain in the early stages without proper attention.

Jaundice is an alarming symptom characteristic of various diseases Gastrointestinal tract

The manifestations of pancreatic cancer depend not only on the stage of the lesion, but also on the location of the tumor in the organ. Most often found:

1. Stomach ache;
2. Jaundice;
3. Nausea and vomiting;
4. Weakness, loss of appetite;
5. Weight loss.

A feature of lesions of the gland parenchyma is the tendency of patients to thrombosis various localizations, which is associated with the entry into the bloodstream of excess proteolytic enzymes, disrupting the coordinated functioning of the coagulation and anticoagulation systems.

All manifestations of cancer can be grouped into three phenomena:

• Obstruction – associated with the germination of the bile ducts, intestines, and pancreatic duct itself, which is fraught with jaundice, increased pressure in the biliary tract, and impaired passage of food masses through the duodenum;
• Ontoxication – associated with the progression of the tumor and its release of various metabolic products, as well as disruption of digestion processes in small intestine due to a lack of pancreatic enzymes (loss of appetite, weakness, fever, etc.);
• The phenomenon of compression is caused by compression of the nerve trunks by the tumor node, accompanied by pain.

Since the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct open together into the duodenum, gland head cancer, squeezing and growing into nearby tissues, accompanied by difficulty in the outflow of bile with signs of jaundice. In addition, it is possible to palpate an enlarged gallbladder (Courvoisier's sign), indicating damage to the head of the pancreas.

Pancreatic body cancer is characterized predominantly by a pain syndrome, when the pain is localized in the epigastrium, lumbar region, left hypochondrium and intensifies when the patient takes a supine position.

Pancreatic tail cancer It is diagnosed relatively rarely, and symptoms appear only in advanced stages. As a rule, this is severe pain, and when the tumor grows into the splenic vein, its thrombosis is possible, increasing pressure in the portal system, which can lead to enlargement of the spleen and varicose veins veins of the esophagus.

The first pronounced symptoms of cancer are pain, and after a few weeks jaundice may develop.

Pain is the most frequent and most characteristic feature regardless of the location of neoplasia growth. Greater intensity accompanies a tumor of the body, and is also possible when the tumor grows into the nerve plexuses and blood vessels. Patients describe the pain in different ways: dull constant or acute and intense, localized in the epigastrium, right or left hypochondrium, radiating to the interscapular region, encircling. Often the pain intensifies with errors in diet (fried, spicy, fatty foods, alcohol), as well as at night and in the evening, then patients take a forced position - sitting, leaning forward slightly.

Pain in pancreatic cancer is similar to that in acute or exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, osteochondrosis or herniated intervertebral discs, so cases of delayed diagnosis of cancer are possible.

tumor germination and metastasis into the duodenum

A very significant manifestation of pancreatic cancer is considered jaundice, diagnosed in 80% of patients with cancer of the head of the organ. The reasons for it are tumor invasion of the common bile duct or enlarged compression due to metastasis lymph nodes. Violation of the passage of bile into the duodenum leads to an enlargement of the gallbladder, absorption of the bile pigment bilirubin through its wall back into the blood, and skin and the mucous membranes acquire a yellow tint. The accumulation of bile acids in the skin causes intense itching and promotes scratching, and patients are prone to irritability, anxiety, and sleep disturbances.

No less important symptoms pancreatic neoplasias are decline weight and dyspeptic disorders: vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, loss of appetite, etc. Disruption of digestive processes is associated with a lack of enzymes normally produced by the exocrine apparatus of the pancreas, as well as with difficulty in the outflow of bile. In addition, the character of the stool changes - steatorrhea, when the stool contains a significant amount of undigested fat.

Similar symptoms of dyspepsia can occur with stomach cancer, especially when the tumor spreads to the pancreas. The opposite situation is also possible: pancreatic cancer grows into the wall of the stomach, leading to disruption of the passage of contents, narrowing antrum etc. Such cases require careful diagnosis and clarification of the primary source of tumor growth, since this will determine both treatment tactics and prognosis in the future.

As a result of damage to the islets of Langerhans, symptoms of diabetes due to a lack of insulin may be added to the described signs of the tumor.

As tumors progress, they grow larger general symptoms intoxication, fever appears, digestive disorders worsen and weight decreases sharply. In such cases, a severe degree of damage to the pancreas is diagnosed.

Rare forms of neoplasms of the endocrine part of the gland are manifested by symptoms characteristic of disturbances in the level of a particular hormone. Thus, insulinomas are accompanied by hypoglycemia, anxiety, sweating, and fainting. Gastrinomas are characterized by the formation of ulcers in the stomach due to increased production of gastrin. Glucagonomas are manifested by diarrhea, thirst and increased diuresis.

How to detect a tumor?

Detecting pancreatic cancer is not an easy task. In the early stages, its detection is very difficult due to scanty symptoms and few and nonspecific complaints. Often, patients themselves put off visiting a doctor. Suffering for a long time chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory processes in the stomach or intestines, patients attribute symptoms of indigestion or pain to an existing pathology.

Diagnosis of the disease begins with a visit to a doctor who will examine, palpate the abdomen, and find out in detail the nature of the complaints and symptoms. After this, laboratory and instrumental examinations will be prescribed.

General and biochemical tests blood are mandatory for suspected pancreatic cancer, and they can be detected changes such as:

• Anemia, leukocytosis, increased ESR;
• Decrease in quantity total protein and albumin, an increase in bilirubin, liver enzymes (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase, amylase, etc.

Occupies a special place definition tumor markers, in particular, CA-19-9, however, this indicator increases significantly only in the case of massive tumor lesions, while in the early phase of the tumor it may not change at all.

Among instrumental methods for detecting pancreatic cancer, they have a high diagnostic value Ultrasound, CT with contrast, MRI, biopsy with morphological verification of the diagnosis.

Currently, endoscopic examination is preferred to conventional ultrasound examination, when the sensor is located in the lumen of the stomach or duodenum. Such a close distance to the pancreas makes it possible to suspect even a small tumor.

Among the radiological methods used CT, and retrograde pancreatocholangiography, which allows using a contrast agent to visualize the excretory duct of the gland, which in case of tumors will be narrowed or not passable in certain areas.

To identify lesions of the stomach or intestines, it is possible to introduce a radiopaque contrast agent followed by radiography, fibrogastroduodenoscopy.

In some cases, doctors come to the aid radionuclide study (scintigraphy), and surgical techniques up to laparoscopy.

Even with the use of the entire arsenal of modern research methods, the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is very complex, and scientists are constantly searching for simple and accessible methods that can become screening methods.

Interestingly, a real breakthrough in this direction was made by 15-year-old student D. Andraka from the USA, whose close family friend suffered from pancreatic cancer. Andraka invented a simple paper-based cancer test, similar to one used to diagnose diabetes. Using special paper impregnated with antibodies to mesothelin secreted by tumor cells, the presence of a neoplasm can be assumed with a probability of more than 90%.

Treatment

Treatment of pancreatic cancer is a very difficult task for oncologists. This is due to the fact that most patients, being of advanced age, suffer from various other diseases that make it difficult to perform surgery or use other methods. In addition, the tumor is usually detected in advanced stages, when its invasion of large vessels and other organs makes it impossible to completely remove the tumor.

Postoperative mortality is, according to various sources, up to 30-40%, which is associated with a high risk of complications. The operation, which is traumatic in its scope, the need to remove fragments of the intestine, bile duct and bladder, as well as the production of various enzymes by the affected gland, predisposes to poor regeneration, failure of the sutures, the possibility of bleeding, necrosis of the gland parenchyma, etc.

The main and most effective method remains surgical removal of the tumor. however, even in this case, under the most favorable circumstances, patients live for about a year. With a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, life expectancy can increase to one and a half years.

Main types surgical interventions Radical and palliative operations are considered. Radical treatment involves removal of the affected part of the gland along with the tumor, a fragment of the duodenum and jejunum, the antrum of the stomach, the gallbladder and the distal portion of the common bile duct. Naturally, lymph nodes and tissue must also be removed. In the case of cancer of the body and tail of the gland, the scope of intervention also includes the spleen. It is clear that with such an operation it is difficult to count on good health and complete recovery, but still it prolongs life.

Option of surgery for pancreatic head cancer. The organs to be removed along with part of the gland and tumor are highlighted in grey.

In rare cases of total cancer, the entire pancreas is removed, however, the subsequent development of severe diabetes mellitus, which is difficult to correct with insulin, significantly worsens the prognosis. The five-year survival rate of operated patients with advanced forms of cancer does not exceed 10%.

Treatment methods such as chemotherapy and radiation are more often used in combination with surgery, and their isolation is carried out only in cases of contraindications to surgery.

When chemotherapy is administered with several drugs simultaneously, some regression of the tumor can be achieved, but relapse is still inevitable.

Radiation exposure is carried out both before surgery and during or after it, and patient survival is about a year. There is a high probability of radiation reactions in elderly patients.

A diet for pancreatic cancer involves eating easily digestible foods that do not require the production of large amounts of enzymes. It is necessary to exclude from the diet fatty, fried, spicy foods, smoked meats, canned food, as well as any alcohol, strong tea and coffee. If diabetes develops, you will also have to give up carbohydrates (confectionery, baked goods, sweet fruits, etc.).

Many patients who have been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer are inclined to self-medicate with the help of folk remedies, however, with such severe forms of malignant tumors they are unlikely to be effective, so you should prefer traditional medicine, which, if not cure, will at least prolong life and will ease suffering.

Pancreatic cancer is an insidious tumor, for a long time hiding under the “mask” of pancreatitis or completely asymptomatic. It is impossible to prevent cancer, but everyone can prevent it with the help of preventive measures, and this requires proper nutrition, a healthy lifestyle and regular visits to the doctor if there are any signs of damage to the pancreas.

Video: pancreatic cancer in the program “Live Healthy!”

Video: pancreatic cancer in the program “About the Most Important Thing”

The author selectively answers adequate questions from readers within his competence and only within the OnkoLib.ru resource. Unfortunately, face-to-face consultations and assistance in organizing treatment are not provided at the moment.